OOPs Java Module 1.pptx marketing trends social media company profilesmarketing trends social media company profiles
- 1. Module 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING AND INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
- 3. Procedural Languages 🔹 Definition: ● Procedural Programming is a programming paradigm based on procedure calls, where code is organized into functions or procedures. ● Focus: Emphasize a sequence of instructions (procedures or functions) to tell the computer what to do step-by- step. ● Structure: Programs are organized into a set of functions or subroutines. Data is often separate from the functions that operate on it. ● Data Handling: Data is typically passed around between functions. Global data might be used, leading to potential issues (see disadvantages below). ● Examples: C, Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL.
- 4. Characteristics of Procedural Programming: ● Top-Down Approach: The main program is broken down into smaller functions, each performing a specific task. ● Algorithms First: The primary focus is on designing the algorithms to solve a problem. ● Global Data: Data can often be accessed and modified by any function, leading to a "shared memory" model.
- 5. Disadvantages of Procedural Programming : 1. Complexity with Large Programs: As programs grow, managing data flow between hundreds of functions becomes difficult. 2. Lack of Data Security/Integrity: Global data can be accidentally or maliciously modified by any function, leading to bugs that are hard to trace. 3. Difficult to Model Real-World Problems: Real-world entities have both properties (data) and behaviors (functions). Procedural languages separate these. 4. Poor Code Reusability: Functions are often specific to the data structures they operate on, making them less reusable in different contexts. 5. Maintainability Issues: Changes in data structures often require changes in many functions that access that data. 6. Concurrency Challenges: Managing shared global data in multi-threaded environments can lead to complex synchronization issues.
- 6. Definition of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) 🔹 What is OOP? ● OOP is a programming paradigm that uses objects and classes to structure code. ● It helps in modeling real-world entities like students, employees, cars, etc. 🔹 Origin: ● OOP concept was introduced with Simula (1960s). ● Popularized by C++, later Java, Python, C#, etc. 🔹 Key Principle: “Combine data and behavior into a single unit called object.”
- 7. 🔶 Procedural Programming vs OOP Feature Procedural Programming Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Focus Functions (procedures) Objects (data + behavior) Data Global/shared Encapsulated within objects Code Reusability Limited (via functions) High (via inheritance, polymorphism) Modularity Low High Real-World Modeling Difficult Natural and intuitive Maintainability Harder in large projects Easier and scalable
- 8. Basic concept of OOP
- 9. Object 🔹 Definition: It's a real-world entity that has a state (values for its attributes) and behavior (actions it can perform or that can be performed on it) ● An object is a real-world entity that has: ○ State (data/attributes) ○ Behavior (functions/methods) ● It is a runtime instance of a class. Key Characteristics: ● It's a physical entity that exists in memory when the program runs. ● Each object has its own unique set of values for the attributes defined by its class. ● Objects communicate with each other by calling each other's methods. 🔹 Example: In Java: Dog d1= new Dog(); // d1 is an object
- 10. Class ● Definition: A class is a blueprint, a template, or a prototype from which objects are created. It defines the structure (attributes/fields/properties) and behavior (methods/functions) that all objects of that class will have. Key Characteristics: ● It's a logical entity, not a physical one (it doesn't consume memory when defined, only when objects are created from it). ● It acts as a user-defined data type. ● It defines the state (data/attributes) and behavior (methods) that its objects will possess.
- 11. Class Example : class Dog { // This is the class definition // Attributes (State) String name; String breed; int age; // Methods (Behavior) void bark() { System.out.println(name + " says Woof!"); } void eat() { System.out.println(name + " is eating."); } }
- 12. Data Abstraction 🔹 Definition: ● Abstraction means showing only the essential features and hiding the complex implementation details. ● Focuses on what an object does, not how it does it. 🔹 Benefits: ● Simplicity ● Focus on relevant details ● Improved security
- 13. Data Encapsulation 🔹 Definition: ● Encapsulation is the process of binding data and methods that operate on that data into a single unit (class). ● It protects data by making variables private and exposing methods as public. Benefits: ● Prevents unauthorized access ● Better control of data ● Easy maintenance and testing
- 14. Data Hiding 🔹 Definition: ● Data hiding means restricting access to internal object details (like variables). ● Achieved using access modifiers: private, protected, public. ● Only specific parts of code (usually within the same class) can access hidden data. Member Functions 🔹 Definition: ● Functions (methods) defined inside a class are called member functions. ● Used to operate on data members (variables).
- 15. Reusability 🔹 Definition: ● OOP allows you to reuse code by creating reusable classes, especially using inheritance. ● Reduces redundancy and speeds up development. Inheritance 🔹 Definition: ● Inheritance allows a class (child/subclass) to inherit features (variables and methods) from another class (parent/superclass). ● Single, Multiple and Hierarchical inheritance
- 16. Creating New Data Types 🔹 What it Means: ● In OOP, you can define your own data types using classes. ● These types combine attributes and behaviors into a single structure. Example: class Book { String title; String author; double price; void display() { System.out.println(title + " by " + author + " costs " + price); } }
- 17. Polymorphism 🔹 Definition: ● Polymorphism means “many forms”. ● It allows the same function name to behave differently depending on the object or context. ● Compile time and Run time polymorphism Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism) 🔹 Definition: ● Same method name with different parameters. Dynamic Binding (Run-time Polymorphism) 🔹 Definition: ● Method to be called is decided at runtime, using inheritance and overriding.
- 18. Message Passing 🔹 Definition: ● Objects communicate with each other by calling methods. ● This is called message passing. 🔹 Example: car.start(); // 'start' is the message sent to the object 'car' 🧠 Object car receives a message (method call) and responds by executing the method.
- 19. 1. Modularity 2. Reusability 3. Encapsulation 4. Abstraction 5. Easy Maintenance 6. Polymorphism 7. Scalability and Productivity 8. Improved Software Development Lifecycle Benefits of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
- 20. Applications of OOP (in Points) 1. 🎮 Game Development ○ Objects represent players, enemies, weapons, scores, etc. 2. 📱 Mobile Application Development ○ Android (Java/Kotlin) and iOS (Swift) apps use OOP extensively. 3. ️ 🖥️Desktop GUI Applications ○ Tools like Java Swing, JavaFX, .NET use objects for buttons, forms, dialogs. 4. 🌐 Web Development (Backend) ○ Languages like PHP, Python (Django), Java (Spring), and Node.js apply OOP for server-side logic. 5. 🧠 Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning ○ OOP helps structure complex algorithms and data pipelines into reusable modules. 6. 🧪 Scientific and Engineering Applications ○ Simulation, modeling systems, and design tools benefit from modular OOP design. 7. 🛒 E-Commerce Platforms ○ Manage products, users, carts, orders using object-oriented design. 8. 🏥 Healthcare Systems ○ Represent patients, records, appointments, prescriptions as objects. 9. ️ 🛠️System Software & Tools ○ Operating system modules, compilers, interpreters use OOP. 10. ️ 🗃️Database Management Systems ● ORM tools like Hibernate and Sequelize map database tables to objects.