Open Source Software (OSS) applications in libraries: Special Reference to Selected ILS and DL Software’s

IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
Volume 1, Issue 3, Mar 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
1
Open Source Software (OSS) applications in
libraries: Special Reference to Selected ILS
and DL Software’s
Sumeet Kumar Handa
Dy. Librarian
THDC-Institute of Hydrpower Engineering
& Technology
Tehri, Tehri-Garhwal-249001(Uttarakhand)
librarian.thdcihet@gmail.com
Dr. Sudhir Tyagi
Head, Dept. of Lib. & Info. Sci
Swami Vivekanand Subharti University,
Meerut-250002 (U.P.)
Email: slib53@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT:
ICT (Information and Communication
Technology) has transformed the libraries‟
working environment entirely. Today, most
of the libraries have been performing their
routine works with the assistance of
computer technology and this technology
has brought with it many benefits such as
advancement; reduction in work timing,
reduced man power, data preservation and
security etc. In this era of technology,
Internet is an indispensible phenomenon
and has been providing so many technical
supports especially in the field of library
and information science in the form of
Open Sources Software (OSS). These days
open sources softwares are becoming
prevalent due to its immense significance.
The Open Sources software provides free
and easy accesses to the libraries as well as
users can do changes and modification in it
as well as they can run, copy, share, and
improve the software with the desired
requirements. However, library
professional requires basic knowledge of
computer to installation and maintenance
for Open Source Software. Hence, this
paper aims to describe Open Source
Software (OSS) applications in libraries
theoretically and highlight some major

2
open source library softwares concerns with
ILS (Integrated Library System) and DL
(Digital Library). Besides, the applications
of Open Source Software (OSS) in the
current scenario of libraries shall be
discussed.
Keywords: ICT, OSS, ILS, DL, Open
Sources Software, Computer Technology,
Library Technology.
INTRODUCTION:
Open Source Software (OSS) is becoming
prevalent nowadays. Open Source emerged
as an alternative model of software
development and revolutionized the
software development. The open source
projects, usually, start voluntarily and
developers‟ community normally crosses
the national boundaries. Internet
technologies facilitated a lot to easily share
and distribute the project announcements,
source codes, software, patches, etc. Open
Source Software has dominated the
infrastructure of Internet and web services,
and has a long history of supporting
technology infrastructure (Altman, 2001).
Open source is also known as open source
software (OSS) or free OSS. The Open
Source software whose source code which
are available under a public licence or
agreement that permits users to read,
change and improve the software according
to their requirements. The „„source‟‟ in
open source refers to source code. Source
code is a computer file containing
statements in a programming language, and
those statements are intended to define the
performance of a task. If a source code was
printed, it would appear to consist of words,
abbreviations and mathematical symbols.
Source code in itself is useless. It is like a
script for a play that has never been
performed (Poulter, 2010, 655).
The popularity of open source software is
increasing day by day among the users due
to its open uses features. Open Source
Software is free for anyone but more
importantly that it is not only free available
software, although, it is also provides
facility to copy, share, modify etc. This
increases the possibilities of a software
program's potential because of this free-
thinking model. Many large groups of
programmers have customized basic open
source programs into whatever they
deemed necessary, and have in turn given
these modifications back to the open source
community for free where others can

3
continue to build on their work. There are
many different kinds of open source
software solutions out there today that
could be embraced by the library. There's
basic operating system, document
processing programs, Library Management
Software (LMS) and Digital Library
software.
Eventually, Open source software is
software that provides access to the source
code, meaning that users are free to see
how the product is made. Additionally,
users have the right to modify the product
(change the code) to their liking,
experiment with different versions, and
give away or resell the new product with
the guarantee that they must also provide
their source code, and so on. Modifying the
product and redistribution are the two main
components of open source software. OSS
offer attractions to the libraries as majority
libraries around the world, especially in
developing countries, do not afford to
purchase costly commercial software.
Nevertheless OSS offer cheap alternatives
to expensive commercial software with
freedom from vendor lock-in and facilitate
flexibility to modify for local needs
(Rafiq,2009,138).
BACKGROUND AND BRIEF
HISTORY OF OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE:
1980 was the year when the open source
software movement started. In that era,
computer manufacturers inclined to create
their own proprietary operating systems for
their computers. They also produced their
own software applications or sometimes
allowed software companies to do as well.
Seldom, they bought in a proprietary
operating system from a software company.
Here, we can‟t forget name of revolutionary
person who had changed the thinking of
society regarding open softwares. The name
of that person was “Richard Stallman”.
Richard Stallman was a highly regarded
programmer, who worked at MIT‟s
artificial intelligence lab. He grew up
writing software that incorporated source
code written by others. He was happy to
share source code he had created.
According to his opinion building of
software was community efforts and when
he saw that software was kept hidden form
programmer community then he resigned

4
from his position of programmer and he
founded GNU project. For spreading
awareness and freely use of open software
he created a different kind of copyright
license, which he termed „„copyleft‟‟.
Under the GNU general licence, you were
free to use and modify source code , but if
you do modify code , then you must make
that modification freely available to others.
Stallman was not against selling software.
You could sell GNU-licensed software, but
you could not sell any software from
derived source code that was not freely
available to others. To Stallman, free
software should be free of restrictions, not
necessarily free from cost (Poulter, 2010,
656).
In 1998, Netscape announced it was
releasing the source code for its web
browser, which sparked a conference held
in Palo Alto, California to discuss the
strategic process for this extraordinary
event. There, the term "open source"
software was born and is attributed to
Christine Peterson
[http://www.opensource.org/history]. The
Open Source Initiative was soon founded
by Eric Raymond, another attendee at the
conference, which continues to promote
open source education, community
building, and awareness of the benefits of
open source software. The GNU General
Public License (GPL), created by Richard
Stallman, is one example of a free software
license, cleverly nicknamed a copyleft
license. Effectively, copyleft licenses use
copyright law to require the derived works
to be available for modifying and
distributing under the general philosophies
of free and open source software. Obtaining
a GPL, or another form of copyleft, assures
that these open source rights are legally
enforced (Lochhaas and Moore, 2010).
The successful examples of OSS solutions
include operating systems like LINUX,
FreeBSD, openBSD and NetBSD, web
browsers that include Firefox and
Konqueror, graphical environment like
KDE and Gnome, productivity applications
like OpenOffice and programming
language and infrastructure solution like
Apache and MySQL, library management
and Digital library software such as Koha
and Dspace. (Hanumappa, Dora and
Navik 2014, 409)
SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SOURCES
SOFTWARES:

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Today open source software has become
critical for almost every organization.
Almost everything requires open source
software, be it telecommunication systems,
inventory, accounting, personal
productivity applications, contact
management and operating systems
amongst others. In the field of library and
information science, open source software
has been giving immense support to make
this field more automated and advanced.
Following are the significance of Open
Source Software in view of library and
information science field:
Least cost then commercial software:
Open Source software generally not
required any type of licensing fee or we can
say that most of the open sources are
available free of cost, although sometimes
software requires expenditure for media,
documentation and support.
Simplified license management: Open
source software provides simplified license
to users. They called “Four Freedoms” in
which they provide license to their user:-
(a) Use the software without access
restrictions, within the terms of the
licence applied.
(b) View the source code.
(c) Improve and add to the object and
source code, within the terms of the
licence applied and this may include
a term making it mandatory to
publish modified code on the
community website.
(d) Distribute the source code.
More Flexible: open source software not
need to abide by a specific IT architecture
that might require you to upgrade your
software and even hardware often. Rather,
you can mix and match your software and
create a unique IT infrastructure that best
suits your needs. There‟s no need to fret
since there‟s a wide range of options in the
market, so you only have to browse through
them and pick one those that match your
requirements and specifications.
No need of vendor Agreements: Software
vendors can apply a number of tactics to
persuade their customers to upgrade more
or less willingly. Typical tactics include
moving to allegedly new and improved file
formats (which require the new and
improved software to read them) or to
withdraw support and bug fixes for older
versions after a short period. The problem
for users of the software is that they rarely
have much control over that process and are

6
left isolated if they choose to remain with
older versions that they consider to be
acceptable. In that case open source
software gives freedom to the users that
they are not bound to purchase upgrade
module or don‟t need to pay any annual
maintenance charge (AMC).
Integrate Management: Through open
source software, libraries can benefit from
integrated management. Integrated
management means incorporative system in
which libraries can perform their daily
works freely moreover that system provides
common information model (CIM) and web
based enterprise management (WBEM).
These ultra modern technologies enable
you to integrate and combine server,
application, and service and workstation
management. This integration would result
in well-organized administration.
Reliability: There are two main reasons
why open source software is reliable.
Firstly, they‟re developed chiefly by skilful
and talented experts who do their best to
create high-quality programs. Second,
they‟re worked on by tens or hundreds of
people, which means there are numerous
eyes that can monitor for the presence of
bugs and many pairs of hands that can fix
these defects within the shortest amount of
time. Both of these factors lead to products
that have excellent quality and helpful
features and perform well most (if not all)
of the time.
Globally Support: As we are discussing
that mostly open source software are
available free of cost and these software
accessible through the online communities
with help of Internet. These online
communities provide online support to the
users with the open hart at globally. Many
communities are working to provide
supports of any issue concern with
software‟s 24X7 with any charge. Besides,
some of tech companies are now providing
their support to installed and execute open
source software with charges.
Advanced and Quality Software: Many
survey and research shows that qualities of
open source software‟s are reliable and day
by day this software is being advanced. For
instance, Koha, Linux, Dspace theses are
the some example of open source software
which are being advanced gradually.
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR
LIBRARIES:

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Open source library software presents a
system for managing and presenting of
information collections. It helps to operate
and manage libraries and building
collections with data searching facilities.
Moreover, they are easily maintained and
can be augmented and rebuilt
automatically. With many Open Source
Software (OSS) applications now available
for library and information management,
Organizations now have novel options for
acquiring and implementing systems. The
Open Source Software applications for
library and Information management that
will be discussed in this paper are in two
major parts:
(a) Library Management Softwares (
Integrated Library Systems)
(b) Digital Library Management
Softwares (DLMS)
(A) LIBRARY MANAGEMENT
SOFTWARES:
Some of the renowned library management
software‟s are as follows:
(a) Koha:
Koha is one of the most popular open
source ILS (Integrated library system)
being used by the libraries globally. It was
the first open source library management
software for libraries developed in 1999 by
Katipo Communications from New
Zealand. The name Koha comes from the
“Maori” (it is one of New Zealand's official
languages) word for a gift or donation,
which is very convenient, considering
Koha‟s availability for a distribution under
the open source General Public License
(GPL). Koha is an application based on
Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl. To
keeping Indian libraries scenario in the
mind, many libraries can‟t afford expensive
library management software, for them
Koha is a best alternative. As we discussed
it is an open source so it is available free of
cost for everyone. Besides, Koha uses
library ILS standards and gives the OPAC/
Web OPAC (open public access catalogue)
facility to the users and very advanced
features. Moreover, Koha communities
provide technical support worldwide in
order to solve any problem during use of
Koha by libraries.
Key Features of Koha: Some of the key
features of Greenstone are as follows:
(Aute & Ghumare, 2014, 321)
User Friendly: Koha is a very user friendly
software. It has easy-to-use circulation

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policies, strong patron management,
intuitive navigation, and extensive
permissions for staff accounts.
Excellent data record management: Koha
has an excellent data record management
system. It is like a parent-child relationship
for user‟s records, as well as a „copy‟ user
feature to quickly add families.
Unique Services: Koha provides some
unique services to libraries such as a clubs
and services feature that allows libraries to
manage reading groups, book clubs, and
other community outreach programs. This
feature is easily managed by library staff.
Books holds management: Koha provides
extensive support for holds, including an
option to „suspend‟ and „reactivate‟ a hold,
an option to place holds from a patron‟s
OPAC account, an option to allow staff to
re-organize the holds queue, and an option
to place holds at either the title or item
level.
Records updating features: Koha has a
very good enhanced matching policy rules
for the 001 and 035 tags, allowing libraries
to update older records with a newer
version.
Flexible data import features: Koha
provides excellent features to import data.
If something wrong happens then libraries
have „Undo‟ option for entire import
batches from the catalogue in a single click,
instead of having to delete on a one-by-one
basis.
Standard worldwide technologies: Koha
has numerous worldwide standard
technologies such as OPAC/Web OPAC,
staff, administrative features and self-
checkout interfaces are all based on
standards-compliant. World Wide Web
technologies—XHTML, CSS and
Javascript—making Koha a completely
Web-based solution.
Advanced Technology support: Koha has
good technical support features. Its
provides SIP2 configuration for a wide
variety of vendors and their products,
including ITG, 3M, Envision Ware, Talking
Tech, Overdrive, Tech Logic, and
Librarica. Koha also works with Ez Proxy
as a dual authentication source for remote
database access.
International standards and guidelines:
Koha follows international standards and
libraries guidelines in order to import-
export data like Z39.50, SRU, and SIP2
XML-tagged MARC record storage provide
quick access to data.

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Complete library integrated system: koha
is complete integrated library management
software. It is fully developed ILS
functionality including Course Reserves,
Acquisitions, Serials Control, etc.
(b) NewGenLib:
(New Generation Library) is an integrated
library management system developed by
Verus Solutions Pvt Ltd. Domain expertise
is provided by Kesavan Institute of
Information and Knowledge Management
in Hyderabad, India. On 9th
January 2008,
NewGenLib has been declared Open
Source Software under General Public
License (GPL) by the Verus Solutions Pvt
Ltd, Hydrabad, India.
Some advanced functional features of
NewGenLib:
(a) Android mobile and tablet friendly.
(b) Incorporation with Twitter.
(c) Flexibility of defining own search
field in OPAC.
(d) Enhanced contents and imaging
features available in OPAC like
Book jackets, Google preview etc.
(e) RSS Feeds facility.
(f) Provide suggestion for other book
which is available in the library.
(g) RFID supports.
(h) Configurable SMS system supports.
(i) Incorporation with Gmail.
(j) Catalogue can be harvested through
Google site map and many more.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New
GenLib)
(c) Evergreen:
One of another option in open sources
software is “Evergreen” ILS system. The
Evergreen Project was initiated by the
Georgia Public Library System in 2006 to
serve their need for a scalable catalogue
shared by (as of now) more than 275 public
libraries in the state of Georgia. After
Evergreen was released, it has since been
adopted by a number of library consortia in
the US and Canada as well as various
individual libraries, and has started being
adopted by libraries outside of North
America (https://evergreen-ils.org/about-
us/). Evergreen has feature such as stable,
robust, flexible, secure, and user-friendly.
It‟s developed by Equinox Software.
(B) DIGITAL LIBRARY
MANAGEMENT SOFTWARES:

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Some of the renowned digital library
management softwares are as follows:
(a) Dspace:
DSpace is a groundbreaking digital
institutional repository that captures, stores,
indexes, preserves, and redistributes the
intellectual output of a university‟s research
faculty in digital formats. It manages and
distributes digital items, made up of digital
files (or bit streams) and allows for the
creation, indexing, and searching of
associated metadata to locate and retrieve
the items. DSpace design and developed by
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) Libraries and Hewlett-Packard (HP).
DSpace was designed as an open source
application that institutions and
organizations could run with relatively few
resources. It is to support the long-term
preservation of the digital material stored in
the repository. It is also designed to make
submission easy. DSpace supports
submission, management, and access of
digital content (Naik & Shivalingaiah,
2006, 31).
Key Features of Dspace: DSpace can be
customized in the following key ways to
suit any library needs:
(http://www.dspace.org/)
Customize or theme the user interface:
libraries can fully customize the look and
feel of DSpace website so it will integrate
seamlessly with your own institution's
website and can be more intuitive for your
users. DSpace provides two main user
interface options: the traditional (JSP-
based) interface, and Manakin (XML-
based) which provides various "themes" out
of the box.
Customize the metadata: Dublin Core is
the default metadata format within the
DSpace application. However libraries can
add or change any field to customize the
application. DSpace currently supports any
non hierarchical, flat name space, although
it is possible to ingest other hierarchical
metadata schemas into DSpace such as
MARC and MODS. This requires using
tools such as crosswalk and having some
technical capability to map the transfer of
data.
Configure Browse and Search: libraries
can decide what fields you would like to
display for browsing, such as author, title,
date etc. on the timing of designing DSpace
website. Libraries can also select any

11
metadata fields which they would like to
include in the search interface. All of the
text within a given item and metadata
associated with the item, are indexed for
full text search if desired.
Local authentication mechanisms:
DSpace comes with plugging for most
university authentication methods,
including LDAP (and hierarchical LDAP),
Shibboleth, X.509, IP-based. In addition,
DSpace comes with its own internal
authentication method, or can be configured
to use multiple authentication methods at
once. Libraries can also build your own
authentication plug-in if library use a
custom authentication mechanism.
Standards Compatibility: DSpace
complies with many standard protocols for
access, ingest, and export.The standards
DSpace supports include: OAI-PMH, OAI-
ORE, SWORD, WebDAV, OpenSearch,
OpenURL, RSS, ATOM.
Multiple Languages: The DSpace web
application is available in over twenty
languages. So if English is not your local
language so libraries can customize the
language which DSpace uses. Libraries can
also configure DSpace to support multiple
languages, so that the language your user
sees is the 'preferred language' set in their
web browser.
(b) Greenstone Digital Library
Software:
The Greenstone digital library software is
an open-source system for the construction
and presentation of information collections.
It is a digital library project from New
Zealand that provides a new way of
organizing information and making it
available over the Internet. Collections of
information comprise large numbers of
documents (typically several thousand to
several million), and a uniform interface is
provided to them. Moreover, they are easily
maintained and can be augmented and
rebuilt entirely automatically. The system is
extensible software “plugins” accommodate
different document and metadata types. The
aim of the Greenstone software is to
empower users, particularly in universities,
libraries, and other public service
institutions, to build their own digital
libraries (Naik & Shivalingaiah, 2006, 29).
Key Features of Greenstone:Some of the
key features of Greenstone are as follows:
(Tramboo & Humma, 2012, 5).

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Accessible via web browser: Collections
are accessed through a standard web
browser (Google Chrome or Internet
Explorer) and combine easy-to-use
browsing with powerful search facilities.
Full Text and Field Search: The user can
search the full text of the documents, or
choose between indexes built from different
parts of the documents.
Flexible browsing facilities: The user can
browse lists of authors, lists of titles, lists of
dates, classification structures, and so on
Create access structures automatically:
The Greenstone software creates
information collections that are very easy to
maintain. All searching and browsing
structures are built directly from the
documents themselves. No links are
inserted by hand, but existing links in
originals are maintained.
Make use of available metadata:
Metadata, which is descriptive information
such as author, title, date, keywords, and so
on, may be associated with each document,
or with individual sections within
documents.
Customization: The Greenstone allows
customization of presentation of collection
that are based on Extensible Style sheet
Language transformation (XSLT) and other
agents that govern the definite functions of
Digital library.
Multilingual Support: Unicode is used
throughout the software, allowing any
language to be processed in a consistent
manner. To date, collections have been
built containing French, Spanish, Maori,
Chinese, Arabic and English. On-the-fly
conversion is used to convert from Unicode
to an alphabet supported by the user's web
browser.
Collections support multiple formats:
Greenstone collections can contain text,
pictures, audio and video clips.
Administrative function provided: An
“administrative” function enables specified
users to authorize new users to build
collections, protect documents so that they
can only be accessed by registered users on
presentation of a password, examine the
composition of all collections, and so on.
Collections can be published on the
Internet or on CD-ROM: The software
can be used to serve collections over the
World-Wide Web. Greenstone collections
can be made available, in precisely the
same form, on CDROM.

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(c) EPrints:
EPrints is free software developed by the
“University of Southampton, England”.
EPrints repository collects preserves and
disseminates in digital format the research
output created by a research community. It
enables the community to deposit their
preprints; post prints and other scholarly
publications using a web interface, and
organizes these publications for easy
retrieval. It is the world's first, most widely
used, and by far the most functional of all
the available OA IR software‟s. EPrints
was created in 2000 as a direct outcome of
the 1999 Santa Fe meeting that launched
what eventually became the OAI-PMH.
EPrints is an extensible content
management system. It has been
extensively configured to accommodate the
needs of academics and researchers amid at
dissemination and reporting, but it could be
easily used for other things such as images,
research data, audio archives - anything that
can be stored digitally, but you'll have
make more changes to the configuration.
EPrints is OAI-complaint. It is highly
configurable to achieve diverse needs, built
on a coding platform that is amendable to
rapid development.
Key Features of EPrints: Some of the key
features of EPrints are as follows:
(Tramboo & Humma, 2012, 6).
Accessibility via web browser: EPrints
provides web based interface that makes it
easy to use and administer.
Full Text and Field Search: Searching in
EPrints allows scanning each of the
metadata field types in the database by
using simple or advanced search. Any
metadata field can be searched with fine
granularity by SQL querying the database.
Administrative function provided: EPrints
archive can use any metadata schema as
being provided by the administrator. The
administrator decides what metadata fields
are held about each EPrints item.
Open Source Software: EPrints uses
traditional technologies and runs on pure
Open Source systems. It uses MySQL,
Apache database and web server.
Three user roles: Eprints provides three
users roles such as administrator, editor,
and author. They are controlled all back and
front records.
OAI-PMH Support: EPrints is fully
interoperable with OAI (Open Archives
Initiative) Protocol for Metadata

14
Harvesting. Open Archives protocol allows
sites to programmatically retrieve or
'harvest' the metadata from several sources,
and offer services using that metadata, such
as indexing or linking services.
Multilingual Support: Unicode is used
throughout the software, allowing any
language to be processed in a consistent
manner.
File formats supported: Functions with
many file types, including: PDF, HTML,
JPEG, TIFF, MP3, and AVI etc.
CONCLUSION:
It has observed that ICT (Information and
Communication Technology) has reformed
the field of library and information science
entirely. Today, most of the libraries are
taking help of automation to manage their
daily library works and availability to Open
Source Softwares through Internet which
provides another suitable option to the
library professionals in the field of
automation. Open Source Softwares have
given the opportunity to the librarians that
they can chose free softwares and at the
same time money can also be saved.
Consequently, saved money may be utilized
to purchase other useful things such as
media resources (book, journals, etc) or can
be used to hire educated, technical support
that is provided to the users for the better
use of existing resources. Moreover, these
free softwares are constantly being updated,
changed and customised to meet the
library‟s needs. Apart from this, there is
one more important factor that India is the
country which has been moving towards
digitisation; Indian government has been
promoting electronic ways in each and
every field. So this is the right time when
we the library professional have to accept
the mode of digitisation and take the
benefits from open sources as well as have
to participate in Digital India Campaign.
Therefore, present article has given an
overview on “Open Sources Softwares”
with special reference to library
management softwares and digital library
management softwares for which some of
renowned softwares are discussed.
Hopefully this article will provide some
introductory information to the library
professionals and give motivation towards
“Open Sources Softwares”.
REFERENCES:

15
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