Oracle database 12c administrator's reference

Oracle® Database
Administrator’s Reference
12c Release 1 (12.1) for Linux and UNIX-Based Operating Sys-
tems
E10638-23
September 2016

Oracle Database Administrator's Reference, 12c Release 1 (12.1) for Linux and UNIX-Based Operating
Systems
E10638-23
Copyright © 2006, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Bharathi Jayathirtha
Contributing Authors: Tanaya Bhattacharjee, Kevin Flood, Pat Huey, Clara Jaeckel, Emily Murphy, Terri
Winters, Prakash Jashnani, Namrata Bhakthavatsalam, Ashmita Bose
Contributors: Subhranshu Banerjee, Mark Bauer, Robert Chang, Jonathan Creighton, Sudip Datta,
Thirumaleshwara Hasandka, Joel Kallman, George Kotsovolos, Richard Long, Rolly Lv, Padmanabhan
Manavazhi, Matthew Mckerley, Krishna Mohan, Rajendra Pingte, Hanlin Qian, Janelle Simmons, Roy
Swonger, Douglas Williams, Joseph Therrattil Koonen, Binoy Sukumaran, and Sumanta Chatterjee.
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iii
Contents
Preface................................................................................................................................................................. ix
Audience....................................................................................................................................................... ix
Documentation Accessibility..................................................................................................................... ix
Related Documentation.............................................................................................................................. ix
Conventions ................................................................................................................................................. ix
Command Syntax........................................................................................................................................ x
Terminology................................................................................................................................................. x
Accessing Documentation.......................................................................................................................... xi
Changes in This Release for Oracle Database Administrator's Reference............ xiii
Changes in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1).................................................................................. xiii
1 Administering Oracle Database
1.1 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Environment Variables .............................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2.1 Oracle Database Environment Variables ......................................................................... 1-2
1.2.2 UNIX Environment Variables............................................................................................ 1-4
1.2.3 Setting a Common Environment....................................................................................... 1-5
1.2.4 Setting the System Time Zone ........................................................................................... 1-6
1.3 Initialization Parameters............................................................................................................ 1-6
1.3.1 ASM_DISKSTRING Initialization Parameter.................................................................. 1-6
1.3.2 DISK_ASYNCH_IO Initialization Parameter (HP-UX).................................................. 1-7
1.3.3 PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME Initialization Parameter............................................... 1-7
1.4 Managing Diagnostic Data ........................................................................................................ 1-8
2 Stopping and Starting Oracle Software
2.1 Stopping and Starting Oracle Processes .................................................................................. 2-1
2.1.1 Stopping and Starting Oracle Database and Oracle Automatic Storage Management
Instances 2-1
2.1.1.1 Stopping an Oracle Database or Oracle Automatic Storage Management Instance ..
2-2
2.1.1.2 Restarting an Oracle Database or Oracle Automatic Storage Management Instance
2-3
2.1.2 Stopping and Starting Oracle Restart ............................................................................... 2-3
2.2 Automating Shutdown and Startup......................................................................................... 2-3

iv
2.2.1 Automating Database Startup and Shutdown on Other Operating Systems............. 2-4
3 Configuring Oracle Database
3.1 Using Configuration Assistants as Standalone Tools............................................................ 3-1
3.1.1 Using Oracle Net Configuration Assistant ...................................................................... 3-1
3.1.2 Using Oracle Database Upgrade Assistant...................................................................... 3-2
3.1.3 Using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant............................................................. 3-2
3.2 Relinking Executables ................................................................................................................ 3-2
4 Administering SQL*Plus
4.1 Administering Command-Line SQL*Plus............................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Using Setup Files ................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1.2 Using the PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE Table................................................................. 4-2
4.1.3 Using Oracle Database Sample Schemas ......................................................................... 4-2
4.1.4 Installing and Removing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help............................................ 4-2
4.1.4.1 Installing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help................................................................ 4-2
4.1.4.2 Removing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help.............................................................. 4-3
4.2 Using Command-Line SQL*Plus.............................................................................................. 4-3
4.2.1 Using a System Editor from SQL*Plus ............................................................................. 4-3
4.2.2 Running Operating System Commands from SQL*Plus............................................... 4-4
4.2.3 Interrupting SQL*Plus ........................................................................................................ 4-4
4.2.4 Using the SPOOL Command ............................................................................................. 4-4
4.3 SQL*Plus Restrictions................................................................................................................. 4-4
4.3.1 Resizing Windows............................................................................................................... 4-4
4.3.2 Return Codes........................................................................................................................ 4-5
4.3.3 Hiding the Password........................................................................................................... 4-5
5 Configuring Oracle Net Services
5.1 Locating Oracle Net Services Configuration Files ................................................................. 5-1
5.2 Using Adapters Utility............................................................................................................... 5-2
5.3 Using Oracle Protocol Support ................................................................................................. 5-2
5.3.1 IPC Protocol Support .......................................................................................................... 5-2
5.3.2 TCP/IP Protocol Support ................................................................................................... 5-3
5.3.3 TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer Protocol Support.................................................... 5-3
5.4 Setting Up the Listener for TCP/IP or TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer....................... 5-4
6 Using Oracle Precompilers and the Oracle Call Interface
6.1 Overview of Oracle Precompilers ............................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.1 Precompiler Configuration Files ....................................................................................... 6-2
6.1.2 Relinking Precompiler Executables................................................................................... 6-2
6.1.3 Issues Common to All Precompilers................................................................................. 6-2
6.1.4 Static and Dynamic Linking............................................................................................... 6-3
6.1.5 Client Shared and Static Libraries..................................................................................... 6-3
6.2 Bit-Length Support for Client Applications............................................................................ 6-4
6.3 Pro*C/C++ Precompiler ............................................................................................................ 6-5
6.3.1 Pro*C/C++ Demonstration Programs.............................................................................. 6-5

v
6.3.2 Pro*C/C++ User Programs................................................................................................ 6-6
6.4 Pro*COBOL Precompiler ........................................................................................................... 6-7
6.4.1 Pro*COBOL Environment Variables................................................................................. 6-8
6.4.1.1 Micro Focus Server Express COBOL Compiler ....................................................... 6-8
6.4.1.2 Acucorp ACUCOBOL-GT COBOL Compiler .......................................................... 6-9
6.4.2 Pro*COBOL Oracle Runtime System............................................................................. 6-10
6.4.3 Pro*COBOL Demonstration Programs.......................................................................... 6-10
6.4.4 Pro*COBOL User Programs............................................................................................ 6-11
6.4.5 FORMAT Precompiler Option........................................................................................ 6-12
6.5 Pro*FORTRAN Precompiler .................................................................................................. 6-12
6.5.1 Pro*FORTRAN Demonstration Programs .................................................................... 6-12
6.5.2 Pro*FORTRAN User Programs ...................................................................................... 6-13
6.6 SQL*Module for ADA............................................................................................................. 6-14
6.6.1 SQL*Module for Ada Demonstration Programs.......................................................... 6-14
6.6.2 SQL*Module for Ada User Programs............................................................................ 6-15
6.7 OCI and OCCI .......................................................................................................................... 6-15
6.7.1 OCI and OCCI Demonstration Programs ..................................................................... 6-15
6.7.2 OCI and OCCI User Programs ....................................................................................... 6-16
6.8 Running Oracle JDBC/OCI Programs with a 64-Bit Driver.............................................. 6-16
6.9 Custom Make Files .................................................................................................................. 6-17
6.10 Correcting Undefined Symbols ............................................................................................. 6-17
6.11 Multithreaded Applications................................................................................................... 6-18
6.12 Using Signal Handlers............................................................................................................. 6-18
6.13 XA Functionality ...................................................................................................................... 6-20
7 SQL*Loader and PL/SQL Demonstrations
7.1 SQL*Loader Demonstrations .................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 PL/SQL Demonstrations ........................................................................................................... 7-1
7.3 Calling 32-Bit External Procedures from 64-Bit Oracle Database PL/SQL........................ 7-4
8 Tuning Oracle Database
8.1 Importance of Tuning................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2 Operating System Tools............................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2.1 vmstat .................................................................................................................................... 8-2
8.2.2 sar........................................................................................................................................... 8-3
8.2.3 iostat....................................................................................................................................... 8-3
8.2.4 swap, swapinfo, swapon, or lsps....................................................................................... 8-4
8.2.5 Oracle Solaris Tools ............................................................................................................. 8-4
8.2.6 Linux Tools ........................................................................................................................... 8-4
8.2.7 IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) Tools ................................................................... 8-4
8.2.7.1 Base Operation System Tools...................................................................................... 8-5
8.2.7.2 Performance Toolbox................................................................................................... 8-5
8.2.7.3 System Management Interface Tool .......................................................................... 8-6
8.2.8 HP-UX Tools......................................................................................................................... 8-6
8.3 Tuning Memory Management.................................................................................................. 8-7
8.3.1 Allocating Sufficient Swap Space...................................................................................... 8-7

vi
8.3.2 Controlling Paging .............................................................................................................. 8-8
8.3.3 Adjusting Oracle Block Size ............................................................................................... 8-9
8.3.4 Allocating Memory Resource ............................................................................................ 8-9
8.4 Tuning Disk Input-Output ........................................................................................................ 8-9
8.4.1 Using Automatic Storage Management ........................................................................ 8-10
8.4.2 Choosing the Appropriate File System Type ............................................................... 8-10
8.5 Monitoring Disk Performance ............................................................................................... 8-11
8.5.1 Monitoring Disk Performance on Other Operating Systems..................................... 8-11
8.5.2 Using Disk Resync to Monitor Automatic Storage Management Disk Group........ 8-11
8.6 System Global Area ................................................................................................................. 8-11
8.6.1 Determining the Size of the SGA.................................................................................... 8-12
8.6.2 System Resource Verifier Utility .................................................................................... 8-13
8.6.2.1 Purpose of the sysresv Utility.................................................................................. 8-13
8.6.2.2 Preconditions for Using sysresv.............................................................................. 8-13
8.6.2.3 Syntax for sysresv...................................................................................................... 8-13
8.6.2.4 Examples of Using sysresv....................................................................................... 8-13
8.6.3 Guidelines for Setting Semaphore Parameters............................................................. 8-14
8.6.4 Shared Memory on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)........................................ 8-14
8.7 Tuning the Operating System Buffer Cache ........................................................................ 8-16
A Administering Oracle Database on Oracle Solaris
A.1 Oracle Solaris Shared Memory Environment........................................................................ A-1
A.1.1 About Optimized Shared Memory .................................................................................. A-1
A.1.2 Checking for Optimized Shared Memory....................................................................... A-1
A.1.3 About ISM and DISM......................................................................................................... A-2
A.1.4 Checking for ISM or DISM................................................................................................ A-2
A.1.5 About the oradism Utility ................................................................................................. A-3
A.1.6 How Oracle Database Decides Between OSM, ISM and DISM ................................... A-3
B Administering Oracle Database on Linux
B.1 Using HugePages on Linux...................................................................................................... B-1
B.2 Supporting Asynchronous Input-Output .............................................................................. B-1
B.3 Asynchronous Input-Output Support .................................................................................... B-2
B.4 Enabling Direct Input-Output Support .................................................................................. B-2
B.5 Enabling Simultaneous Multithreading ................................................................................. B-3
B.6 Allocating Shared Resources.................................................................................................... B-3
C Administering Oracle Database on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)
C.1 Memory and Paging .................................................................................................................. C-1
C.1.1 Controlling Buffer-Cache Paging Activity...................................................................... C-1
C.1.2 Tuning the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) File Buffer Cache ......................... C-2
C.1.3 Allocating Sufficient Paging Space .................................................................................. C-3
C.1.4 Controlling Paging ............................................................................................................. C-4
C.1.5 Setting the Database Block Size ........................................................................................ C-4
C.1.6 Tuning the Log Archive Buffers ....................................................................................... C-4
C.1.7 Input-Output Buffers and SQL*Loader........................................................................... C-5

vii
C.2 Disk Input-Output Issues ......................................................................................................... C-5
C.2.1 IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) Logical Volume Manager ............................... C-6
C.2.2 Using Journaled File Systems Compared to Raw Logical Volumes ........................... C-6
C.2.3 Using Asynchronous Input-Output................................................................................. C-9
C.2.4 Input-Output Slaves......................................................................................................... C-11
C.2.5 Using the DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT Parameter............................. C-12
C.2.6 Using Write Behind .......................................................................................................... C-12
C.2.7 Tuning Sequential Read Ahead...................................................................................... C-12
C.2.8 Tuning Disk Input-Output Pacing ................................................................................. C-13
C.2.9 Resilvering with Oracle Database .................................................................................. C-13
C.3 CPU Scheduling and Process Priorities................................................................................ C-14
C.3.1 Changing Process Running Time Slice.......................................................................... C-14
C.3.2 Using Processor Binding on SMP Systems ................................................................... C-15
C.4 Setting the AIXTHREAD_SCOPE Environment Variable ................................................. C-15
C.5 Network Information Service external naming support.................................................... C-16
C.6 Simultaneous Multithreading on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) 5.3 ................. C-16
C.7 Configuring IBM JSSE Provider with Oracle JDBC Thin Driver ...................................... C-16
D Administering Oracle Database on HP-UX
D.1 HP-UX Shared Memory Segments for an Oracle Instance .................................................. D-1
D.2 HP-UX SCHED_NOAGE Scheduling Policy......................................................................... D-2
D.2.1 Enabling SCHED_NOAGE for Oracle Database............................................................ D-2
D.3 Lightweight Timer Implementation........................................................................................ D-3
D.4 Asynchronous Input-Output.................................................................................................... D-3
D.4.1 Granting MLOCK Privilege .............................................................................................. D-3
D.4.2 Implementing Asynchronous Input-Output .................................................................. D-4
D.4.3 Verifying Asynchronous Input-Output .......................................................................... D-6
D.4.3.1 Verifying That HP-UX Asynchronous Driver is Configured for Oracle Database.....
D-6
D.4.3.2 Verifying that Oracle Database is Using Asynchronous Input-Output .............. D-7
D.4.4 Asynchronous Flag in SGA............................................................................................... D-7
D.5 Large Memory Allocations and Oracle Database Tuning.................................................... D-8
D.5.1 Default Large Virtual Memory Page Size ....................................................................... D-8
D.5.2 Tuning Recommendations ................................................................................................ D-9
D.5.3 Tunable Base Page Size...................................................................................................... D-9
D.6 CPU_COUNT Initialization Parameter and HP-UX Dynamic Processor Reconfiguration.....
D-9
D.7 Network Information Service external naming support...................................................... D-9
D.8 Activating and Setting Expanded Host Names and Node Names................................... D-10
E Using Oracle ODBC Driver
E.1 Oracle ODBC Features Not Supported................................................................................... E-1
E.2 Implementation of Data Types ................................................................................................ E-2
E.3 Limitations on Data Types........................................................................................................ E-2
E.4 Format of the Connection String for the SQLDriverConnect Function ............................. E-3
E.5 Reducing Lock Timeout in a Program.................................................................................... E-4

viii
E.6 Linking ODBC Applications .................................................................................................... E-4
E.7 Obtaining Information About ROWIDs ................................................................................. E-4
E.8 ROWIDs in a WHERE Clause .................................................................................................. E-5
E.9 Enabling Result Sets .................................................................................................................. E-5
E.10 Enabling EXEC Syntax ............................................................................................................ E-11
E.11 Supported Functionality ......................................................................................................... E-12
E.11.1 API Conformance ............................................................................................................. E-12
E.11.2 Implementation of ODBC API Functions...................................................................... E-12
E.11.3 Implementation of the ODBC SQL Syntax.................................................................... E-13
E.11.4 Implementation of Data Types ....................................................................................... E-13
E.12 Unicode Support ...................................................................................................................... E-13
E.12.1 Unicode Support Within the ODBC Environment ...................................................... E-13
E.12.2 Unicode Support in ODBC API...................................................................................... E-14
E.12.3 SQLGetData Performance ............................................................................................... E-14
E.12.4 Unicode Samples............................................................................................................... E-15
E.13 Performance and Tuning ........................................................................................................ E-20
E.13.1 General ODBC Programming Guidelines..................................................................... E-21
E.13.2 Data Source Configuration Options............................................................................... E-21
E.13.3 DATE and TIMESTAMP Data Types ............................................................................ E-23
E.14 Error Messages ......................................................................................................................... E-23
F Database Limits
F.1 Database Limits.......................................................................................................................... F-1
G HugePages
G.1 Overview of HugePages ........................................................................................................... G-1
G.1.1 Tuning SGA With HugePages .......................................................................................... G-1
G.1.2 Configuring HugePages on Linux ................................................................................... G-2
G.1.3 Restrictions for HugePages Configurations.................................................................... G-4
G.1.4 Disabling Transparent HugePages................................................................................... G-4
Index

ix
Preface
This guide provides platform-specific information about administering and
configuring Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1) on the following platforms:
■ Oracle Solaris
■ IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)
■ Linux
■ HP-UX Itanium
This guide supplements the Oracle Database Administrator's Guide.
Audience
This guide is intended for anyone responsible for administering and configuring
Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1). If you are configuring Oracle RAC, then refer to
Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide.
Documentation Accessibility
For information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle
Accessibility Program website at
http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.
Access to Oracle Support
Oracle customers that have purchased support have access to electronic support
through My Oracle Support. For information, visit
http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit
http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing
impaired.
Related Documentation
For important information, refer to your platform-specific Release Notes, Installation
Guides, and Examples Installation Guide in the Oracle Database Documentation Library.
Conventions
The following text conventions are used in this document:

Convention Meaning
boldface Boldface type indicates graphical user interface elements associated
with an action, or terms defined in text or the glossary.
italic Italic type indicates book titles, emphasis, or placeholder variables for
which you supply particular values.
monospace Monospace type indicates commands within a paragraph, URLs, code
in examples, text that appears on the screen, or text that you enter.
x
Command Syntax
UNIX command syntax appears in monospace font. The dollar character ($), number
sign (#), or percent character (%) are UNIX command prompts. Do not enter them as
part of the command. The following command syntax conventions are used in this
guide:
Convention Description
backslash A backslash is the UNIX command continuation character. It is used in
command examples that are too long to fit on a single line. Enter the
command as displayed (with a backslash) or enter it on a single line
without a backslash:
dd if=/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s6 of=/dev/rst0 bs=10b
count=10000
braces { } Braces indicate required items:
.DEFINE {macro1}
brackets [ ] Brackets indicate optional items:
cvtcrt termname [outfile]
ellipses ... Ellipses indicate an arbitrary number of similar items:
CHKVAL fieldname value1 value2 ... valueN
italic Italic type indicates a variable. Substitute a value for the variable:
library_name
vertical line | A vertical line indicates a choice within braces or brackets:
FILE filesize [K|M]
Terminology
The names of some UNIX operating systems have been shortened in this guide. These
are:
Operating System Abbreviated Name
Oracle Solaris on SPARC (64-Bit)
Oracle Solaris on x86-64 (64-Bit)
Oracle Solaris
Note: Where the information for Oracle Solaris is different
on a particular architecture, this is noted in the text.
Linux x86-64 Linux
Note: Where the information for Linux is different on a
particular architecture, this is noted in the text.

xi
Accessing Documentation
The documentation for this release includes platform-specific documentation and
generic product documentation. Platform-specific documentation includes
information about installing, configuring, and using Oracle products on a particular
platform. The documentation is available in Adobe portable document format (PDF)
and HTML format.
All Oracle documentation is available at the following URL:
http://docs.oracle.com/en/
Note: Platform-specific documentation is current at the time of
release. For the latest information, Oracle recommends you to go to
Oracle Technology Network website.

xiii
Changes in This Release for Oracle Database
Administrator's Reference
This preface contains:
■ Changes in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1)
Changes in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1)
This section describes changes in Oracle Database Administrator's Reference for Linux and
UNIX-Based Operating Systems for Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1).
■ New Features
■ Deprecated Features
New Features
The following is a list of new features or enhancements provided with Oracle Database
12c Release 1 (12.1):
■ PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME Initialization Parameter
PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME specifies the name of the processor group in which an
instance is running. This parameter is only supported on Linux x86-64 version
2.6.24 and Oracle Solaris 11 SRU 4 and later.
See "PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME Initialization Parameter" on page 1-7.
■ New Administrator Privileges
Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1) provides support for separation of duty for
Oracle Database by introducing task-specific and least-privileged administrative
privileges. These new privileges are SYSBACKUP for backup and recovery, SYSDG for
Oracle Data Guard, and SYSKM for encryption key management.
See Also:
■ Database Administrator’s Guide for more information about the
OSDBA, OSASM, OSOPER, OSBACKUP, OSDG, and OSKM groups, and the
SYSDBA, SYSASM, SYSOPER, SYSBACKUP, SYSDG, and SYSKM privileges
■ The "Managing Administrative Privileges" section in Oracle
Database Security Guide
■ The "Creating Database Operating System Groups and Users with
Job Role Separation" section in Oracle Database Installation Guide

xiv
Deprecated Features
The following feature is deprecated in this release, and may be desupported in a future
release.
Deprecation Announcement for Oracle Restart
Oracle Restart is a feature provided as part of Oracle Grid Infrastructure. Oracle
Restart monitors and can restart Oracle Database instances, Oracle Net Listeners, and
Oracle ASM instances. Oracle Restart is currently restricted to manage single instance
Oracle Databases and Oracle ASM instances only, and is subject to desupport in future
releases. Oracle continues to provide Oracle ASM as part of the Oracle Grid
Infrastructure installation for Standalone and Cluster deployments.
See Also: My Oracle Support Note 1584742.1 for more information
about the Oracle Restart deprecation announcement and its
replacement:
https://support.oracle.com/epmos/faces/DocumentDisplay?id=15
84742.1&displayIndex=1

1
Administering Oracle Database 1-1
1 Administering Oracle Database
This chapter provides information about administering Oracle Database on
UNIX-based operating systems. It contains the following sections:
■ Overview
■ Environment Variables
■ Initialization Parameters
■ Managing Diagnostic Data
See Also:
■ The appropriate appendix in this guide for platform-specific
information about administering Oracle Database
■ Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide and Database 2 Day DBA for
generic information about administering Oracle Database
1.1 Overview
You must set Oracle Database environment variables, parameters, and user settings for
Oracle Database to work. This chapter describes the various settings for Oracle
Database.
In Oracle Database files and programs, a question mark (?) represents the value of the
ORACLE_HOME environment variable. For example, Oracle Database expands the
question mark in the following SQL statement to the full path of the Oracle home
directory:
SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD DATAFILE ’?/dbs/temp02.dbf’ SIZE 200M
Similarly, the at sign (@) represents the ORACLE_SID environment variable. For
example, to indicate a file that belongs to the current instance, run the following
command:
SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name ADD DATAFILE tempfile@.dbf
1.2 Environment Variables
This section describes the most commonly used Oracle Database and operating system
environment variables. You must define some environment variables before installing
Oracle Database. This section covers the following topics:
■ Oracle Database Environment Variables

Environment Variables
1-2 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference
■ UNIX Environment Variables
■ Setting a Common Environment
■ Setting the System Time Zone
To display the current value of an environment variable, use the env command. For
example, to display the value of the ORACLE_SID environment variable, run the
following command:
$ env | grep ORACLE_SID
To display the current value of all environment variables, run the env command as
follows:
$ env | more
1.2.1 Oracle Database Environment Variables
Table 1–1 describes some environment variables used with Oracle Database.
Table 1–1 Oracle Database Environment Variables
Variable Detail Definition
NLS_LANG Function Specifies the language, territory, and character set of the client
environment. The client character set specified by NLS_LANG must match
the character set of the terminal or terminal emulator. If required, NLS_
LANG can be temporarily reset to another character set before starting a
non-interactive batch program to match the character set of files and
scripts processed by this program. The character set specified by NLS_LANG
can be different from the database character set, in which case the
character set is automatically converted.
Refer to Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide for a list of parameters
for this variable.
Syntax language_territory.characterset
Example french_france.we8iso8859p15
ORA_NLS10 Function Specifies the directory where the language, territory, character set, and
linguistic definition files are stored.
Syntax directory_path
Example $ORACLE_HOME/nls/data
ORA_TZFILE Function Specifies the full path and file name of the time zone file. The Oracle
Database Server always uses the large time zone file ($ORACLE_
HOME/oracore/zoneinfo/timezlrg_number.dat). If you want to use the
small time zone file on the client side, you must set this environment
variable to the full path of the small time zone file ($ORACLE_
HOME/oracore/zoneinfo/timezone_number.dat). If you use the small time
zone file on the client side, you must ensure that the database you access
contains data only in the time zone regions recognized by the small time
zone file.
Example $ORACLE_HOME/oracore/zoneinfo/timezlrg_11.dat
ORACLE_BASE Function Specifies the base of the Oracle directory structure for Optimal Flexible
Architecture compliant installations.
Example /u01/app/oracle
ORACLE_HOME Function Specifies the directory containing the Oracle software.
Example $ORACLE_BASE/product/12.1.0/dbhome_1

ORACLE_PATH Function Specifies the search path for files used by Oracle applications such as
SQL*Plus. If the full path to the file is not specified, or if the file is not in
the current directory, then the Oracle application uses ORACLE_PATH to
locate the file.
Syntax Colon-separated list of directories:
directory1:directory2:directory3
Example /u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/dbhome_1/bin:
ORACLE_SID Function Specifies the Oracle system identifier.
Syntax A string of numbers and letters that must begin with a letter. Oracle
recommends a maximum of 8 characters for system identifiers. For more
information about this environment variable, refer to Oracle Database
Installation Guide.
Example SAL1
ORACLE_TRACE Function Enables the tracing of shell scripts during an installation. If it is set to T,
then many Oracle shell scripts use the set -x command, which prints
commands and their arguments as they are run. If it is set to any other
value, or no value, then the scripts do not use the set -x command.
Syntax T or not T
Example T
ORAENV_ASK Function Controls whether the oraenv or coraenv script prompts or does not
prompt for the value of the ORACLE_SID environment variable. If it is set to
NO, then the scripts do not prompt for the value of the ORACLE_SID
environment variable. If it is set to any other value, or no value, then the
scripts prompt for a value for the ORACLE_SID environment variable.
Syntax NO or not NO
Example NO
SQLPATH Function Specifies the directory or list of directories that SQL*Plus searches for a
login.sql file.
Syntax Colon-separated list of directories: directory1:directory2:directory3
Example /home:/home/oracle:/u01/oracle
TNS_ADMIN Function Specifies the directory containing the Oracle Net Services configuration
files.
Example $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
TWO_TASK Function Specifies the default connect identifier to use in the connect string. If this
environment variable is set, then do not specify the connect identifier in
the connect string. For example, if the TWO_TASK environment variable is
set to sales, then you can connect to a database by using the following
command:
SQL> CONNECT username
Enter password: password
Syntax Any connect identifier.
Range of Values Any valid connect identifier that can be resolved by using a naming
method, such as a tnsnames.ora file or a directory server.
Example PRODDB_TCP
Table 1–1 (Cont.) Oracle Database Environment Variables

1.2.2 UNIX Environment Variables
Table 1–2 describes UNIX environment variables used with Oracle Database.
NLS_OS_CHARSET Function Specifies the Oracle character set name corresponding to the UNIX locale
character set in which the file names and user names are encoded by the
operating system. You must set the environment variable NLS_OS_
CHARSET, if the UNIX locale character set is different from the Oracle client
character set. These two character sets may differ, for example, if NLS_LANG
is set to a particular character set used to encode an SQL script, which is to
be executed in an SQL*Plus session. Usually, the Oracle client character set
and the operating system character set are the same and NLS_OS_CHARSET
must not be set.
Syntax characterset
Example WE8ISO8859P1
Note: To prevent conflicts, do not define environment variables
with names that are identical to the names of Oracle Database
server processes. For example ARCH, PMON, and DBWR.
Table 1–2 Environment Variables Used with Oracle Database
ADA_PATH (IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-Bit) only)
Function Specifies the directory containing the Ada compiler
Example /usr/lpp/powerada
CLASSPATH Function Used with Java applications. The required setting for this variable depends on
the Java application. Refer to the product documentation for Java application for
more information.
Syntax Colon-separated list of directories or files: directory1:directory2:file1:file2
Example There is no default setting. CLASSPATH must include the following directories:
$ORACLE_HOME/jdk/jre/lib:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib
DISPLAY Function Used by X-based tools. Specifies the display device used for input and output.
Refer to the X Window System documentation for information.
Syntax hostname:server[.screen]
where hostname is the system name (either IP address or alias), server is the
sequential code number for the server, and screen is the sequential code number
for the screen. If you use a single monitor, then use the value 0 for both server
and screen (0.0).
Note: If you use a single monitor, then screen is optional.
Example 135.287.222.12:0.0
bambi:0
HOME Function The home directory of the user.
Example /home/oracle
LANG or LC_ALL Function Specifies the language and character set used by the operating system for
messages and other output. Oracle tools that are programmed in Java, such as
Oracle Universal Installer and Oracle Database Configuration Assistant, may also
use this variable to determine the language of their user interface. Refer to the
operating system documentation for more information.
LD_OPTIONS Function Specifies the default linker options. Refer to the ld man page for more
information about this environment variable.
Table 1–1 (Cont.) Oracle Database Environment Variables

1.2.3 Setting a Common Environment
This section describes how to set a common operating system environment by using
the oraenv or coraenv scripts, depending on the default shell:
■ For the Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell, use the oraenv command.
■ For the C shell, use the coraenv command.
oraenv and coraenv Script Files
The oraenv and coraenv scripts are created during installation. These scripts set
environment variables based on the contents of the oratab file and provide:
■ A central means of updating all user accounts with database changes
■ A mechanism for switching between databases specified in the oratab file
You may find yourself frequently adding and removing databases from the
development system or your users may be switching between several different Oracle
Databases installed on the same system. You can use the oraenv or coraenv script to
ensure that user accounts are updated and to switch between databases.
Note: Do not call the oraenv or coraenv script from the Oracle
software owner (typically, oracle) user's shell startup script.
Because these scripts prompt for values, they can prevent the
dbstart script from starting a database automatically when the
system starts.
The oraenv or coraenv script is usually called from the user’s shell startup file (for
example, .profile or.login). It sets the ORACLE_SID and ORACLE_HOME environment
LPDEST (Oracle Solaris only) Function Specifies the name of the default printer.
Syntax string
Example docprinter
LD_LIBRARY_PATH Function Environment variable to specify the path used to search for libraries on UNIX
and Linux. The environment variable may have a different name on some
operating systems, such as LIBPATH on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit), and
SHLIB_PATH on HP-UX.
Example /usr/dt/lib:$ORACLE_HOME/lib
PATH Function Used by the shell to locate executable programs; must include the $ORACLE_
HOME/bin directory.
Example /bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin/X11:$ORACLE_HOME/bin:
$HOME/bin:
PRINTER Function Specifies the name of the default printer.
Syntax string
Example docprinter
TEMP, TMP, and TMPDIR Function Specifies the default directories for temporary files; if set, tools that create
temporary files create them in one of these directories.
Example /u02/oracle/tmp
Table 1–2 (Cont.) Environment Variables Used with Oracle Database

Initialization Parameters
variables and includes the $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory in the PATH environment
variable setting. When switching between databases, users can run the oraenv or
coraenv script to set these environment variables.
Note: To run one of these scripts, use the appropriate command:
■ coraenv script:
% source /usr/local/bin/coraenv
■ oraenv script:
$ . /usr/local/bin/oraenv
Local bin Directory
The directory that contains the oraenv, coraenv, and dbhome scripts is called the local
bin directory. All database users must have read access to this directory. Include the
path of the local bin directory PATH environment variable setting for the users. When
you run the root.sh script after installation, the script prompts you for the path of the
local bin directory and automatically copies the oraenv, coraenv, and dbhome scripts to
the directory that you specify. The default local bin directory is /usr/local/bin. If you
do not run the root.sh script, then you can manually copy the oraenv or coraenv and
dbhome scripts from the $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory to the local bin directory.
1.2.4 Setting the System Time Zone
The TZ environment variable sets the time zone. It enables you to adjust the clock for
daylight saving time changes or different time zones.
See Also:
■ "ORA_TZFILE" in " Oracle Database Environment Variables"
■ Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide and Oracle Database
Administrator's Guide for more information about setting the
database time zone
1.3 Initialization Parameters
The following sections provide information about Oracle Database initialization
parameters:
■ ASM_DISKSTRING Initialization Parameter
■ DISK_ASYNCH_IO Initialization Parameter (HP-UX)
■ PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME Initialization Parameter
1.3.1 ASM_DISKSTRING Initialization Parameter
Note: Only Automatic Storage Management instances support the
ASM_DISKSTRING initialization parameter.
The syntax for assigning a value to the ASM_DISKSTRING initialization parameter is as
follows:
ASM_DISKSTRING = 'path1'[,'path2', . . .]

Initialization Parameters
In this syntax, pathn is the path to a raw device. You can use wildcard characters when
specifying the path.
Table 1–3 lists the platform-specific default values for the ASM_DISKSTRING
initialization parameter.
Table 1–3 Default Values of the ASM_DISKSTRING Initialization Parameter
Platform Default Search String
Oracle Solaris /dev/rdsk/*
Linux /dev/sd*
IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-Bit)
/dev/rhdisk*
HP-UX /dev/rdisk*
1.3.2 DISK_ASYNCH_IO Initialization Parameter (HP-UX)
The DISK_ASYNCH_IO initialization parameter determines whether the database files
reside on raw disks or file systems. Asynchronous I/O is available only with
Automatic Storage Management disk group which uses raw partitions as the storage
option for database files. The DISK_ASYNCH_IO parameter can be set to TRUE or FALSE
depending on where the files reside. By default, the value is set to TRUE.
Note: The DISK_ASYNCH_IO parameter must be set to FALSE when the
database files reside on file system. This parameter must be set to TRUE
only when the database files reside on raw partitions.
1.3.3 PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME Initialization Parameter
PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME specifies the name of the processor group in which an instance
is running. This parameter instructs Oracle databases to run only on processors which
are a part of the specified operating system processor groups. For NUMA systems, all
System Global Area (SGA) and Program Global Area (PGA) are allocated from the
NUMA nodes associated with the CPUs in this processor group. PROCESSOR_GROUP_
NAME parameter is only supported on Linux x86-64 and Oracle Solaris 11 SRU 4 and
later.
On Linux x86-64, the named subset of CPUs is created through a Linux feature called
control groups (cgroups). Cgroups are introduced in Linux kernel version 2.6.24. It is
created by specifying a name and a set of CPUs for the group. When a process is
mapped to a cgroup, it uses only the CPUs associated with the cgroup.
On Oracle Solaris 11 SRU 4, the named subset of CPUs is created through a feature
called resource pools. Each resource pool consists of a name and a set of CPUs. When a
process is mapped to a resource pool, it uses the CPUs associated with the resource
pool.
Note: Oracle recommends that the PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME
parameter is set only for databases using a dedicated connection
broker. The USE_DEDICATED_BROKER initialization parameter is used to
configure the dedicated connection brokers. Refer to Oracle Database
Reference for more information about the USE_DEDICATED_BROKER
initialization parameter.

See Also: Oracle Database Reference for more information about the
properties of the PROCESSOR_GROUP_NAME parameter
Managing Diagnostic Data
1.4 Managing Diagnostic Data
Diagnostic data includes the trace files, dumps, and core files to investigate, track, and
resolve problems quickly and effectively.
See Also: Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide for more information
about trace files, dumps, and core files

2
Stopping and Starting Oracle Software 2-1
2Stopping and Starting Oracle Software
This chapter describes how to identify Oracle Database processes, and provides basic
information about how to stop and restart them. It also describes how to set up
automatic startup and shutdown of the Oracle Database. It contains the following
sections:
■ Stopping and Starting Oracle Processes
■ Automating Shutdown and Startup
Note: When using Oracle Restart, you can use Service Control Utility
(SRVCTL), a command-line interface, to manage Oracle processes
(database instance, listener, Oracle ASM instance). With SRVCTL, you
can manage the Oracle Restart configuration, see the status of
processes managed by Oracle Restart, and start or stop processes such
as Oracle Database. SRVCTL has been enhanced to support single
instance databases with Oracle Restart on standalone servers and on
clusters with Oracle Clusterware.
See Also: Oracle Database Administrator's Guide and Oracle Automatic
Storage Management Administrator's Guide for more information about
SRVCTL commands
2.1 Stopping and Starting Oracle Processes
This section describes how to stop and start Oracle processes. It contains the following
topics:
■ Stopping and Starting Oracle Database and Oracle Automatic Storage
Management Instances
■ Stopping and Starting Oracle Restart
2.1.1 Stopping and Starting Oracle Database and Oracle Automatic Storage
Management Instances
This section describes how to stop and start Oracle Database and Oracle Automatic
Storage Management instances.

Stopping and Starting Oracle Processes
2.1.1.1 Stopping an Oracle Database or Oracle Automatic Storage Management
Instance
Caution: Do not stop an Oracle Automatic Storage Management
instance until you have stopped all Oracle Database instances that
use Oracle Automatic Storage Management instance to manage
their storage.
To stop an Oracle Database or Oracle Automatic Storage Management instance:
1. Run the following commands to identify the SID and Oracle home directory for
the instance that must be shut down:
On Oracle Solaris:
$ cat /var/opt/oracle/oratab
On other operating systems:
$ cat /etc/oratab
The oratab file contains lines similar to the following, which identify the SID and
corresponding Oracle home directory for each database or Oracle Automatic
Storage Management instance on the system:
$ORACLE_SID:$ORACLE_HOME:<N|Y>
Note: Oracle recommends that you use the plus sign (+) as the
first character in the SID of Oracle Automatic Storage Management
instances.
2. Run the oraenv or coraenv script, depending on the default shell, to set the
environment variables for the instance that must be shut down:
■ Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:
$ . /usr/local/bin/oraenv
■ C shell:
% source /usr/local/bin/coraenv
When prompted, specify the SID for the instance.
3. Run the following commands to shut down the instance:
$ sqlplus
SQL> CONNECT SYS as SYSDBA
Enter password: sys_password
SQL> SHUTDOWN NORMAL
After the instance shuts down, you can quit SQL*Plus.

Automating Shutdown and Startup
2.1.1.2 Restarting an Oracle Database or Oracle Automatic Storage Management
Instance
Caution: If the database instance uses Oracle Automatic Storage
Management for storage management, then you must start the
Oracle Automatic Storage Management instance before you start
the database instance.
To restart an Oracle Database or Oracle Automatic Storage Management instance:
1. Repeat steps 1 and 2, if required, to set the ORACLE_SID and ORACLE_HOME
environment variables to identify the SID and Oracle home directory for the
instance you want to start.
2. Run the following commands to start the instance:
$ sqlplus
SQL> CONNECT SYS as SYSDBA
Enter password: sys_password
SQL> STARTUP
After the instance starts, you can exit from SQL*Plus.
2.1.2 Stopping and Starting Oracle Restart
To stop or start Oracle Restart, run the following command:
■ Start: This option is used to start Oracle Restart
Syntax and Options:
crsctl start has
■ Stop: This option is used to stop Oracle Restart
Syntax and Options:
crsctl stop has
See Also: Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for more information
about the srvctl commands
2.2 Automating Shutdown and Startup
Oracle recommends that you configure the system to automatically start Oracle
Database when the system starts, and to automatically shut it down when the system
shuts down. Automating database startup and shutdown guards against incorrect
database shutdown.
To automate database startup and shutdown, use the dbstart and dbshut scripts,
which are located in the $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory. The scripts refer to the same
entries in the oratab file, which are applied on the same set of databases. You cannot,
for example, have the dbstart script automatically start sid1, sid2, and sid3, and
have the dbshut script shut down only sid1. However, you can specify that the dbshut
script shuts down a set of databases while the dbstart script is not used at all. To do
this, include a dbshut entry in the system shutdown file, but do not include the
dbstart entry from the system startup files.

See Also: The init command in the operating system
documentation for more information about system startup and
shutdown procedures
2.2.1 Automating Database Startup and Shutdown on Other Operating Systems
To automate database startup and shutdown by using the dbstart and dbshut scripts:
1. Log in as the root user.
2. Edit the oratab file for the platform.
To open the file, use one of the following commands:
■ On Oracle Solaris:
# vi /var/opt/oracle/oratab
■ On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) and Linux:
# vi /etc/oratab
Database entries in the oratab file are displayed in the following format:
$ORACLE_SID:$ORACLE_HOME:<N|Y>
In this example, the values Y and N specify whether you want the scripts to start or
shut down the database, respectively. For each database for which you want to
automate shutdown and startup, first determine the instance identifier (SID) for
that database, which is identified by the SID in the first field. Then, change the last
field for each to Y.
You can set dbstart to autostart a single-instance database which uses an
Automatic Storage Management installation auto-started by Oracle Clusterware.
This is the default behavior for an Automatic Storage Management cluster. To do
this, you must change the oratab entry of the database and the Automatic Storage
Management installation to use a third field with the value W and N, respectively.
These values specify that dbstart auto-starts the database only after the
Automatic Storage Management instance is started.
Note: If you add new database instances to the system and
automate the startup for them, then you must edit the entries for
those instances in the oratab file.
3. Change directory to one of the following, depending on the operating system:
Platform Initialization File Directory
Linux and Oracle Solaris /etc/init.d
IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-Bit)
/etc
4. Create a file called dbora, and copy the following lines into this file:

Note: Change the value of the ORACLE_HOME environment variable to
specify the Oracle home directory for the installation. Change the
value of the ORACLE environment variable to the user name of the
owner of the database installed in the Oracle home directory
(typically, oracle).
#! /bin/sh
# description: Oracle auto start-stop script.
#
# Set ORACLE_HOME to be equivalent to the $ORACLE_HOME
# from which you wish to execute dbstart and dbshut;
#
# Set ORA_OWNER to the user id of the owner of the
# Oracle database in ORACLE_HOME.
ORA_HOME=<Type your ORACLE_HOME in full path here>
ORA_OWNER=<Type your Oracle account name here>
case "$1" in
'start')
# Start the Oracle databases:
# The following command assumes that the oracle login
# will not prompt the user for any values
# Remove "&" if you don't want startup as a background process.
su - $ORA_OWNER -c "$ORA_HOME/bin/dbstart $ORA_HOME" &
touch /var/lock/subsys/dbora
;;
'stop')
# Stop the Oracle databases:
# The following command assumes that the oracle login
# will not prompt the user for any values
su - $ORA_OWNER -c "$ORA_HOME/bin/dbshut $ORA_HOME" &
rm -f /var/lock/subsys/dbora
;;
esac
Note: This script can only stop Oracle Net listener for which a
password has not been set. In addition, if the listener name is not
the default name, LISTENER, then you must specify the listener
name in the stop and start commands:
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl {start|stop} listener_name
5. Change the group of the dbora file to the OSDBA group (typically dba), and set the
permissions to 750:
# chgrp dba dbora
# chmod 750 dbora
6. Create symbolic links to the dbora script in the appropriate run-level script
directories, as follows:

Platform Symbolic Links Commands
Oracle Solaris # ln -s /etc/init.d/dbora /etc/rc0.d/K01dbora
# ln -s /etc/init.d/dbora /etc/rc3.d/S99dbora
Linux # ln -s /etc/init.d/dbora /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K01dbora
# ln -s /etc/init.d/dbora /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S99dbora
# ln -s /etc/init.d/dbora /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/S99dbora
IBM AIX on
POWER
Systems
(64-Bit)
# ln -s /etc/dbora /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/S99dbora
# ln -s /etc/dbora /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K01dbora

3
Configuring Oracle Database 3-1
3 Configuring Oracle Database
This chapter describes how to configure Oracle Database for Oracle products. It
contains the following sections:
■ Using Configuration Assistants as Standalone Tools
■ Relinking Executables
3.1 Using Configuration Assistants as Standalone Tools
Configuration assistants are usually run during an installation session, but you can
also run them in standalone mode. As with Oracle Universal Installer, you can start
each of the assistants noninteractively by using a response file.
This section contains the following topics:
■ Using Oracle Net Configuration Assistant
■ Using Oracle Database Upgrade Assistant
■ Using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant
3.1.1 Using Oracle Net Configuration Assistant
When Oracle Net Server or Oracle Net Client is installed, Oracle Universal Installer
automatically starts Oracle Net Configuration Assistant.
If you choose to perform a separate Oracle Database Client installation, then Oracle
Net Configuration Assistant automatically creates a configuration that is consistent
with the selections made during the installation. Oracle Universal Installer
automatically runs Oracle Net Configuration Assistant to set up a net service name in
the local naming file located in the $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory of the
client installation.
After installation is complete, you can use Oracle Net Configuration Assistant to create
a more detailed configuration by entering the following command:
$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/netca
Note: When you use Oracle Database Configuration Assistant to
create a database, it automatically updates the network
configuration files to include information for the new database.

Relinking Executables
3.1.2 Using Oracle Database Upgrade Assistant
During an Oracle Database installation, you can choose to upgrade a database from an
earlier release to the current release. However, if you choose not to upgrade a database
during installation or if there are multiple databases that you want to upgrade, then
you can run Oracle Database Upgrade Assistant after the installation.
If you have installed Oracle Database 12c and chose not to upgrade the database
during the installation, then you must upgrade the database before mounting it.
To start Oracle Database Upgrade Assistant, run the following command:
$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbua
For information about the command-line options available with Oracle Database
Upgrade Assistant, use the -help or -h command-line arguments. For example:
$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbua -help
See Also: Oracle Database Upgrade Guide for more information
about upgrades
3.1.3 Using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant
You can use Oracle Database Configuration Assistant to:
■ Create a default or customized database
■ Configure an existing database to use Oracle products
■ Create Automatic Storage Management disk groups
■ Generate a set of shell and SQL scripts that you can inspect, modify, and run at a
later time to create a database
To start Oracle Database Configuration Assistant, run the following command:
$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbca
For information about the command-line options available with Oracle Database
Configuration Assistant, use the -help or -h command-line arguments. For example:
$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbca -help
3.2 Relinking Executables
You can relink the product executables manually by using the relink shell script
located in the $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory. You must relink the product executables
every time you apply an operating system patch or after an operating system upgrade.
Note: Before relinking executables, you must shut down all the
relinking executables which run in the Oracle home directory. In
addition, shut down applications linked with Oracle shared
libraries. The relink script does not take any arguments.
Depending on the products that have been installed in the Oracle home directory, the
relink script relinks all Oracle product executables.

See Also: "Accessing Oracle Database with SQL*Plus" in Oracle
Database Installation Guide for Linux for more information about how to
use the relink script with Automatic Storage Manager.
Configuring Oracle Database 3-3
To relink product executables, run the following command:
$ relink

4
Administering SQL*Plus 4-1
4Administering SQL*Plus
This chapter describes how to administer SQL*Plus. It contains the following sections:
■ Administering Command-Line SQL*Plus
■ Using Command-Line SQL*Plus
■ SQL*Plus Restrictions
See Also: SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference for more
information about SQL*Plus
4.1 Administering Command-Line SQL*Plus
This section describes how to administer command-line SQL*Plus. In the examples,
SQL*Plus replaces the question mark (?) with the value of the ORACLE_HOME
environment variable.
■ Using Setup Files
■ Using the PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE Table
■ Using Oracle Database Sample Schemas
■ Installing and Removing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help
4.1.1 Using Setup Files
When you start SQL*Plus, it runs the glogin.sql site profile setup file and then runs
the login.sql user profile setup file.
Using the Site Profile File
The global site profile file is $ORACLE_HOME/sqlplus/admin/glogin.sql. If a site profile
already exists at this location, then it is overwritten when you install SQL*Plus. If
SQL*Plus is removed, then the site profile file is also removed.
Using the User Profile File
The user profile file is login.sql. SQL*Plus looks for this file in the current directory,
and then in the directories specified by the SQLPATH environment variable. The value of
this environment variable is a colon-separated list of directories. SQL*Plus searches
these directories for the login.sql file in the order that they are listed in the SQLPATH
environment variable.
The options set in the login.sql file override those set in the glogin.sql file.

See Also: SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference for more information
about profile files
Administering Command-Line SQL*Plus
4.1.2 Using the PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE Table
Oracle Database provides the PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE table that you can use to
disable the specified SQL and SQL*Plus commands. This table is automatically created
when you choose an installation type that installs a preconfigured database.
See Also: Oracle Database Installation Guide for more information
about installation options
To re-create the PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE table, run the $ORACLE_
HOME/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql script in the SYSTEM schema. For example, run the
following commands, where SYSTEM_PASSWORD is the password of the SYSTEM user:
$ sqlplus
SQL> CONNECT SYSTEM
Enter password: system_password
SQL> @?/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql
You can also re-create the PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE table manually in the SYSTEM
schema by using the $ORACLE_HOME/bin/pupbld shell script. This script prompts for
the SYSTEM password. To run the pupbld script without interaction, set the SYSTEM_
PASS environment variable to the SYSTEM user name and password.
4.1.3 Using Oracle Database Sample Schemas
When you install Oracle Database or use Oracle Database Configuration Assistant to
create a database, you can choose to install Oracle Database Sample Schemas.
See Also: Oracle Database Sample Schemas for information about
installing and using Oracle Database Sample Schemas
4.1.4 Installing and Removing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help
This section describes how to install and remove the SQL*Plus command-line Help.
■ Installing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help
■ Removing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help
See Also: SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference for more information
about the SQL*Plus command-line Help
4.1.4.1 Installing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help
There are three ways to install the SQL*Plus command-line Help:
■ Complete an installation that installs a preconfigured database.
When you install a preconfigured database as part of an installation, SQL*Plus
automatically installs the SQL*Plus command-line Help in the SYSTEM schema.
■ Install the command-line Help manually in the SYSTEM schema by using the
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/helpins shell script.
The helpins script prompts for the SYSTEM password. To run this script without
interaction, set the SYSTEM_PASS environment variable to the SYSTEM user name
and password. For example:

Using Command-Line SQL*Plus
– Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:
$ SYSTEM_PASS=SYSTEM/system_password; export SYSTEM_PASS
– C shell:
% setenv SYSTEM_PASS SYSTEM/system_password
■ Install the command-line Help manually in the SYSTEM schema by using the
$ORACLE_HOME/sqlplus/admin/help/helpbld.sql script.
For example, run the following commands, where system_password is the
password of the SYSTEM user:
$ sqlplus
SQL> CONNECT SYSTEM
SQL> @?/sqlplus/admin/help/helpbld.sql ?/sqlplus/admin/help helpus.sql
Note: Both the helpins shell script and the helpbld.sql script
drop existing command-line Help tables before creating new tables.
4.1.4.2 Removing SQL*Plus Command-Line Help
To manually drop the SQL*Plus command-line Help tables from the SYSTEM schema,
run the $ORACLE_HOME/sqlplus/admin/help/helpdrop.sql script. To do this, run the
following commands, where system_password is the password of the SYSTEM user:
$ sqlplus
SQL> CONNECT SYSTEM
SQL> @?/sqlplus/admin/help/helpdrop.sql
4.2 Using Command-Line SQL*Plus
This section describes how to use command-line SQL*Plus. It contains the following
topics:
■ Using a System Editor from SQL*Plus
■ Running Operating System Commands from SQL*Plus
■ Interrupting SQL*Plus
■ Using the SPOOL Command
4.2.1 Using a System Editor from SQL*Plus
If you run an ED or EDIT command at the SQL*Plus prompt, then the system starts an
operating system editor, such as ed, emacs, ned, or vi. However, the PATH environment
variable must include the directory where the editor executable is located.
When you start the editor, the current SQL buffer is placed in the editor. When you exit
the editor, the changed SQL buffer is returned to SQL*Plus.
You can specify which editor should start by defining the SQL*Plus _EDITOR variable.
You can define this variable in the glogin.sql site profile or the login.sql user
profile. Alternatively, you can define it during the SQL*Plus session. For example, to
set the default editor to vi, run the following command:
SQL> DEFINE _EDITOR=vi

SQL*Plus Restrictions
If you do not set the _EDITOR variable, then the value of either the EDITOR or the VISUAL
environment variable is used. If both environment variables are set, then the value of
the EDITOR variable is used. If _EDITOR, EDITOR, and VISUAL are not specified, then the
default editor is ed.
When you start the editor, SQL*Plus uses the afiedt.buf temporary file to pass text to
the editor. You can use the SET EDITFILE command to specify a different file name. For
example:
SQL> SET EDITFILE /tmp/myfile.sql
SQL*Plus does not delete the temporary file.
4.2.2 Running Operating System Commands from SQL*Plus
Using the HOST command or an exclamation point (!) as the first character after the
SQL*Plus prompt causes subsequent characters to be passed to a subshell. The SHELL
environment variable sets the shell used to run operating system commands. The
default shell is the Bourne shell. If the shell cannot be run, then SQL*Plus displays an
error message.
To return to SQL*Plus, run the exit command or press Ctrl+D.
For example, to run a single command, use the following command syntax:
SQL> ! command
In this example, command represents the operating system command that you want to
run.
To run multiple operating system commands from SQL*Plus, run the HOST or !
command. Press Enter to return to the operating system prompt.
4.2.3 Interrupting SQL*Plus
While running SQL*Plus, you can stop the scrolling record display and terminate a
SQL statement by pressing Ctrl+C.
4.2.4 Using the SPOOL Command
The default file name extension of files generated by the SPOOL command is .lst. To
change this extension, specify a spool file containing a period (.). For example:
SQL> SPOOL query.txt
4.3 SQL*Plus Restrictions
This section describes the following SQL*Plus restrictions:
■ Resizing Windows
■ Return Codes
■ Hiding the Password
4.3.1 Resizing Windows
The default values for the SQL*Plus LINESIZE and PAGESIZE system variables do not
automatically adjust for window size.

4.3.2 Return Codes
Operating system return codes use only one byte, which is not enough space to return
an Oracle error code. The range for a return code is 0 to 255.
4.3.3 Hiding the Password
If you set the SYSTEM_PASS environment variable to the user name and password of the
SYSTEM user, then the output of the ps command may display this information. To
prevent unauthorized access, enter the SYSTEM password only when prompted by
SQL*Plus.
To automatically run a script, consider using an authentication method that does not
require you to store a password. For example, externally authenticated logins to Oracle
Database. If you have a low-security environment, then you must consider using
operating system pipes in script files to pass a password to SQL*Plus. For example:
$ echo system_password | sqlplus SYSTEM @MYSCRIPT
Alternatively, run the following commands:
$ sqlplus <<EOF
SYSTEM/system_password
SELECT ...
EXIT
EOF
In the preceding examples, system_password is the password of the SYSTEM user.

5
Configuring Oracle Net Services 5-1
5Configuring Oracle Net Services
This chapter describes how to configure Oracle Net Services. It contains the following
sections:
■ Locating Oracle Net Services Configuration Files
■ Using Adapters Utility
■ Using Oracle Protocol Support
■ Setting Up the Listener for TCP/IP or TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer
See Also: Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for more
information about Oracle Net Services
5.1 Locating Oracle Net Services Configuration Files
Oracle Net Services configuration files are typically, but not always, located in the
$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory. Depending on the type of file, Oracle Net
uses a different search order to locate the file.
The search order for the sqlnet.ora and ldap.ora files is as follows:
1. The directory specified by the TNS_ADMIN environment variable, if this
environment variable is set
2. The $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory
The search order for the cman.ora, listener.ora, and tnsnames.ora files is as follows:
1. The directory specified by the TNS_ADMIN environment variable, if this
environment variable is set
2. One of the following directories:
/var/opt/oracle
■ On other platforms:
/etc
3. The $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory
For some system-level configuration files, users may have a corresponding user-level
configuration file stored in their home directory. The settings in the user-level file
override the settings in the system-level file. The following table lists the system-level
configuration files and the corresponding user-level configuration files:

System-Level Configuration File User-Level Configuration File
sqlnet.ora $HOME/.sqlnet.ora
tnsnames.ora $HOME/.tnsnames.ora
Using Adapters Utility
Sample Configuration Files
The $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/samples directory contains samples of the
cman.ora, listener.ora, sqlnet.ora, and tnsnames.ora configuration files.
Note: The cman.ora file is installed only if you select Connection
Manager as part of a custom option during a client custom
installation.
5.2 Using Adapters Utility
The adapters utility displays the transport protocols, naming methods, and Oracle
Advanced Security options that Oracle Database supports on the system.
See Also: Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for
more information about the adapters utility
5.3 Using Oracle Protocol Support
Oracle protocol support is a component of Oracle Net. It includes the following:
■ IPC Protocol Support
■ TCP/IP Protocol Support
■ TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer Protocol Support
Each of the IPC, TCP/IP, and TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer protocol support have
an address specification that is used in Oracle Net Services configuration files and in
the DISPATCHER initialization parameter. The following sections describe the address
specifications for each of the protocol supports.
See Also: Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for
more information about Oracle protocol support
5.3.1 IPC Protocol Support
The IPC protocol support can be used only when the client program and Oracle
Database are installed on the same system. This protocol support requires a listener. It
is installed and linked to all client tools and the oracle executable.
The IPC protocol support requires an address specification in the following format:
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=key))
The following table describes the parameters used in this address specification:
Parameter Description
PROTOCOL The protocol to be used. The value is IPC. It is not case-sensitive.
KEY Any name that is different from any other name used for an IPC KEY on
the same system.

Using Oracle Protocol Support
Configuring Oracle Net Services 5-3
The following is a sample IPC protocol address:
(ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC))
5.3.2 TCP/IP Protocol Support
TCP/IP is the standard communication protocol used for client/server
communication over a network. The TCP/IP protocol support enables communication
between client programs and Oracle Database, whether they are installed on the same
or different systems. If the TCP/IP protocol is installed on the system, then the TCP/IP
protocol support is installed and linked to all client tools and to the oracle executable.
The TCP/IP protocol support requires an address specification in the following
format:
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=hostname)(PORT=port))
PROTOCOL The protocol support to be used. The value is TCP. It is not case-sensitive.
HOST The host name or the host IP address.
PORT The TCP/IP port. Specify the port as either a number or the alias name
mapped to the port in the /etc/services file. Oracle recommends a value
of 1521.
The following is a sample TCP/IP protocol address:
(ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=MADRID)(PORT=1521))
5.3.3 TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer Protocol Support
The TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer protocol support enables an Oracle application
on a client to communicate with remote Oracle Database instances through TCP/IP
and Secure Sockets Layer.
The TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer protocol support requires an address
specification in the following format:
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL=TCPS)(HOST=hostname)(PORT=port))
PROTOCOL The protocol to be used. The value is TCPS. It is not case-sensitive.
HOST The host name or the host IP address.
PORT The TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer port. Specify the port as
either a number or the alias name mapped to the port in the
/etc/services file. Oracle recommends a value of 2484.
The following is a sample TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer protocol address:
(ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCPS)(HOST=MADRID)(PORT=2484))

Setting Up the Listener for TCP/IP or TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer
5.4 Setting Up the Listener for TCP/IP or TCP/IP with Secure Sockets
Layer
Oracle recommends that you reserve a port for the listener in the /etc/services file of
each Oracle Net Services node on the network. The default port is 1521. The entry lists
the listener name and the port number. For example:
oraclelistener 1521/tcp
In this example, oraclelistener is the name of the listener as defined in the
listener.ora file. Reserve multiple ports if you intend to start multiple listeners.
If you intend to use Secure Sockets Layer, then you should define a port for TCP/IP
with Secure Sockets Layer in the /etc/services file. Oracle recommends a value of
2484. For example:
oraclelistenerssl 2484/tcps
In this example, oraclelistenerssl is the name of the listener as defined in the
listener.ora file. Reserve multiple ports if you intend to start multiple listeners.

6
Using Oracle Precompilers and the Oracle Call Interface 6-1
6 Using Oracle Precompilers and the Oracle Call
Interface
This chapter describes how to use Oracle precompilers and the Oracle Call Interface. It
contains the following sections:
■ Overview of Oracle Precompilers
■ Bit-Length Support for Client Applications
■ Pro*C/C++ Precompiler
■ Pro*COBOL Precompiler
■ Pro*FORTRAN Precompiler
■ SQL*Module for ADA
■ OCI and OCCI
■ Running Oracle JDBC/OCI Programs with a 64-Bit Driver
■ Custom Make Files
■ Correcting Undefined Symbols
■ Multithreaded Applications
■ Using Signal Handlers
■ XA Functionality
6.1 Overview of Oracle Precompilers
Oracle precompilers are application development tools that are used to combine SQL
statements for an Oracle Database with programs written in a high-level language.
Oracle precompilers are compatible with ANSI SQL and are used to develop and open
customized applications that run with Oracle Database or any other ANSI SQL
database management system.
■ Precompiler Configuration Files
■ Relinking Precompiler Executables
■ Issues Common to All Precompilers
■ Static and Dynamic Linking
■ Client Shared and Static Libraries

Note: ORACLE_HOME in this section refers to ORACLE_HOME that is
created while installing Oracle Database Client 12c by using the
Administrator Install type.
Overview of Oracle Precompilers
6.1.1 Precompiler Configuration Files
Configuration files for the Oracle precompilers are located in the $ORACLE_
HOME/precomp/admin directory.
Table 6–1 lists the names of the configuration files for each precompiler.
Table 6–1 System Configuration Files for Oracle Precompilers
Product Configuration File
Pro*C/C++ pcscfg.cfg
Pro*COBOL pcbcfg.cfg
Pro*FORTRAN (IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit), HP-UX, and
Oracle Solaris)
pccfor.cfg
Object Type Translator ottcfg.cfg
SQL*Module for Ada (IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)) pmscfg.cfg
6.1.2 Relinking Precompiler Executables
Use the $ORACLE_HOME/precomp/lib/ins_precomp.mk make file to relink all
precompiler executables. To manually relink a particular precompiler executable, enter
the following command:
$ make -f ins_precomp.mk relink exename = executable_name
This command creates the new executable in the $ORACLE_HOME/precomp/lib directory,
and then moves it to the $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory.
In the preceding example, replace executable with one of the product executables
listed in Table 6–2.
Table 6–2 lists the executables for Oracle Precompilers.
Table 6–2 Executables for Oracle Precompilers
Product Executable
Pro*FORTRAN 32-bit (Oracle Solaris, HP-UX and IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-Bit))
profor
Pro*COBOL 32-bit (Oracle Solaris, HP-UX, and IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-Bit))
procob
Pro*COBOL (Oracle Solaris, HP-UX, and IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-Bit))
procob or rtsora
Pro*C/C++ 32 bit (HP-UX) proc
Pro*FORTRAN (HP-UX) profor
SQL*Module for Ada (IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)) modada
6.1.3 Issues Common to All Precompilers
The following issues are common to all precompilers:

Overview of Oracle Precompilers
■ Uppercase to Lowercase Conversion
In languages other than C, the compiler converts an uppercase function or
subprogram name to lowercase. This can cause a No such user exists error
message. If you receive this error message, then verify that the case of the function
or subprogram name in the option file matches the case used in the IAPXTB table.
■ Vendor Debugger Programs
Precompilers and vendor-supplied debuggers can be incompatible. Oracle does
not guarantee that a program run using a debugger performs the same way when
it is run without the debugger.
■ Value of IRECLEN and ORECLEN parameters
The IRECLEN and ORECLEN parameters do not have maximum values.
6.1.4 Static and Dynamic Linking
You can statically or dynamically link Oracle libraries with precompiler and OCI or
OCCI applications. With static linking, the libraries and objects of the whole
application are linked into a single executable program. As a result, application
executables can become very large.
With dynamic linking, the executing code is partly stored in the executable program
and partly stored in libraries that are linked dynamically by the application at run
time. Libraries that are linked at run time are called dynamic or shared libraries. The
benefits of dynamic linking are:
■ Reduced disk space requirements: Multiple applications or calls to the same
application can use the same dynamic libraries.
■ Reduced main memory requirements: The same dynamic library image is loaded
into main memory only once, and it can be shared by multiple application.
6.1.5 Client Shared and Static Libraries
The client shared and static libraries are located in $ORACLE_HOME/lib. If you use the
Oracle-provided demo_product.mk file to link an application, then the client shared
library is linked by default.
If the shared library path environment variable setting does not include the directory
that contains the client shared library, then you may see an error message similar to
one of the following lines when starting an executable:
Cannot load library libclntsh.a
cannot open shared library: .../libclntsh.sl.10.1
libclntsh.so.10.1: can't open file: errno=2
can't open library: .../libclntsh.dylib.10.1
Cannot map libclntsh.so
To avoid this error, set the shared library path environment variable to specify the
appropriate directory. The following table shows sample settings for this environment
variable name. If the platform supports both 32-bit and 64-bit applications, then ensure
that you specify the correct directory, depending on the application that you want to
run.
Platform Environment Variable Sample Setting
Oracle Solaris (32-bit and 64-bit
applications) and Linux
LD_LIBRARY_PATH $ORACLE_HOME/lib

Bit-Length Support for Client Applications
The client shared library is created automatically during installation. If you must
re-create it, then complete the following procedure:
1. Quit all client applications that use the client shared library, including all Oracle
client applications such as SQL*Plus and Oracle Recovery Manager.
2. Log in as the oracle user, and run the following command:
$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/genclntsh
Nonthreaded Client Shared Library
Note: The information in this section applies to HP-UX systems.
On HP-UX, you can use a non-threaded client shared library. However, you cannot use
this library with any OCI application that uses or has a dependency on threads.
To use this library for applications that do not use threads, run the following
command to build the OCI application for 32 and 64-bit:
$ make -f demo_rdbms.mk build_nopthread EXE=oci02 OBJS=oci02.o
6.2 Bit-Length Support for Client Applications
The client application type (32-bit or 64-bit) is supported on the following platforms:
■ Oracle Solaris
■ Linux x86-64
■ IBM: Linux on System z
■ IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)
■ HP-UX Itanium
The following table lists the 32-bit and 64-bit client shared libraries:
Platform 32-Bit Client Shared Library 64-Bit Client Shared Library
Oracle Solaris, Linux
x86-64, and IBM: Linux
on System z
$ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.so $ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.so
IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-Bit)
$ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.a
$ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.so
$ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.a
$ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.so
HP-UX Itanium $ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.sl $ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.sl
To implement a mixed word-size installation:
1. Run the following command to generate the 32-bit and 64-bit client shared
libraries:
IBM AIX on POWER Systems
(32-bit and 64-bit applications)
LIBPATH $ORACLE_HOME/lib
HP-UX (32-bit applications) SHLIB_PATH $ORACLE_HOME/lib
HP-UX (64-bit applications) LD_LIBRARY_PATH $ORACLE_HOME/lib
Platform Environment Variable Sample Setting

Pro*C/C++ Precompiler
$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/genclntsh
2. Include the paths of the required 32-bit and 64-bit client shared libraries in one of
the following environment variables, depending on the platform:
Platform Environment Variable
Oracle Solaris, Linux x86-64, IBM:
Linux on System z, and HP-UX
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) LIBPATH
HP-UX (32-bit client applications) SHLIB_PATH
Building 32-Bit Pro*C and OCI Customer Applications
If the operating system supports both 32-bit and 64-bit Pro*C and Oracle Call Interface
(OCI) customer applications, then you can find more information about building 32-bit
Pro*C and OCI applications in the following files:
For Information About. . . Refer to the Following Make Files. . .
Building 32-bit Pro*C
applications
$ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/proc/demo_proc32.mk
Building 32-bit OCI
applications
$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/demo/demo_rdbms32.mk
6.3 Pro*C/C++ Precompiler
Before you use the Pro*C/C++ precompiler, verify that the correct version of the
operating system compiler is properly installed.
See Also:
■ Oracle Database Installation Guide for information about
supported compiler versions
■ Pro*C/C++ Programmer's Guide for information about the
Pro*C/C++ precompiler and interface features
■ Pro*C/C++ Demonstration Programs
■ Pro*C/C++ User Programs
6.3.1 Pro*C/C++ Demonstration Programs
Demonstration programs are provided to show the features of the Pro*C/C++
precompiler. There are three types of demonstration programs: C, C++, and Object
programs. All demonstration programs are located in the $ORACLE_
HOME/precomp/demo/proc directory. By default, all programs are dynamically linked
with the client shared library.
To run the demonstration programs, the programs require the demonstration tables
created by the $ORACLE_HOME/sqlplus/demo/demobld.sql script to exist in the JONES
schema with a password.

Note: You must unlock the JONES account and set the password
before creating the demonstrations.
Pro*C/C++ Precompiler
Use the demo_proc.mk make file, which is located in the $ORACLE_
HOME/precomp/demo/proc/ directory, to create the demonstration programs. For
example, to precompile, compile, and link the sample1 demonstration program, run
the following command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk sample1
Note: On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit), to ensure that the
demonstration programs compile correctly, include the -r option of
the make command in the following examples. For example:
$ make -r -f demo_proc.mk sample1
To create all the C demonstration programs for Pro*C/C++, run the following
command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk samples
To create all the C++ demonstration programs for Pro*C/C++, run the following
command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk cppsamples
To create all the Object demonstration programs for Pro*C/C++, run the following
command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk object_samples
Some demonstration programs require you to run a SQL script, located in the
$ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/sql directory. If you do not run the script, then a
message prompting you to run it is displayed.
To build a demonstration program and run the corresponding SQL script, include the
make macro argument RUNSQL=run at the command line. For example, to create the
sample9 demonstration program and run the required $ORACLE_
HOME/precomp/demo/sql/sample9.sql script, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk sample9 RUNSQL=run
To create all the Object demonstration programs and run all the required SQL scripts,
run the following command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk object_samples RUNSQL=run
6.3.2 Pro*C/C++ User Programs
You can use the $ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/proc/demo_proc.mk make file to create
user programs. This make file builds either 32-bit or 64-bit user programs. You can also
use the demo_proc32.mk make file to build 32-bit user programs. The following table
shows the make files that you can use to build 32-bit and 64-bit user programs with
Pro*C/C++:

Platform 64-bit Make File 32-Bit Make File
Oracle Solaris, Linux x86-64,
IBM: Linux on System z,
IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-Bit), and HP-UX
demo_proc.mk demo_proc32.mk
See Also: The make file for more information about creating user
programs
Note: On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit), to ensure that the
programs compile correctly, specify the -r option for the make
command used in the following examples.
Pro*COBOL Precompiler
To create a program by using the demo_proc.mk make file, run a command similar to
the following:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk target OBJS="objfile1 objfile2 ..." EXE=exename
In this example:
■ target is the make file target that you want to use
■ objfilen is the object file to link the program
■ exename is the executable program
For example, to create the program myprog from the Pro*C/C++ source file myprog.pc,
run one of the following commands, depending on the source and the type of
executable that you want to create:
■ For C source dynamically linked with the client shared library, run the following
command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk build OBJS=myprog.o EXE=myprog
■ For C source statically linked with the client shared library, run the following
command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk build_static OBJS=myprog.o EXE=myprog
■ For C++ source dynamically linked with the client shared library, run the
following command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk cppbuild OBJS=myprog.o EXE=myprog
■ For C++ source statically linked with the client shared library, run the following
command:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk cppbuild_static OBJS=myprog.o EXE=myprog
6.4 Pro*COBOL Precompiler
Table 6–3 shows the naming conventions for the Pro*COBOL precompiler.
Table 6–3 Pro*COBOL Naming Conventions
Item Naming Convention
Executable procob

Pro*COBOL supports statically linked, dynamically linked, or dynamically loadable
programs. Dynamically linked programs use the client shared library. Dynamically
loadable programs use the rtsora executable located in the $ORACLE_HOME/bin
directory.
■ Pro*COBOL Environment Variables
■ Pro*COBOL Oracle Runtime System
■ Pro*COBOL Demonstration Programs
■ Pro*COBOL User Programs
■ FORMAT Precompiler Option
6.4.1 Pro*COBOL Environment Variables
This section describes the environment variables required by Pro*COBOL:
■ Micro Focus Server Express COBOL Compiler
■ Acucorp ACUCOBOL-GT COBOL Compiler
6.4.1.1 Micro Focus Server Express COBOL Compiler
To use the Micro Focus Server Express COBOL compiler, you must set the COBDIR and
PATH environment variables and the shared library path environment variable.
See Also: The "Client Shared and Static Libraries" section on
page 6-3 for information about the shared library path environment
variable
COBDIR
Set the COBDIR environment variable to the directory where the compiler is installed.
For example, if the compiler is installed in the /opt/lib/cobol directory, then run the
following command:
$ COBDIR=/opt/lib/cobol
$ export COBDIR
■ C shell:
% setenv COBDIR /opt/lib/cobol
PATH
Set the PATH environment variable to include the $COBDIR/bin directory:
$ PATH=$COBDIR/bin:$PATH
$ export PATH
Demonstration directory procob2
Make file demo_procob.mk or demo_procob_32.mk
Table 6–3 (Cont.) Pro*COBOL Naming Conventions
Item Naming Convention

■ C shell:
% setenv PATH ${COBDIR}/bin:${PATH}
Shared Library Path
Set the LIBPATH, LD_LIBRARY_PATH, or SHLIB_PATH environment variable to the
directory where the compiler library is installed. For example, if the platform uses the
LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable and the compiler library is installed in the
$COBDIR/coblib directory, then run the following command:
$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:$COBDIR/coblib
$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
■ C shell:
% setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH ${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:$COBDIR/coblib
6.4.1.2 Acucorp ACUCOBOL-GT COBOL Compiler
To use the Acucorp ACUCOBOL-GT COBOL compiler, you must set the A_TERMCAP, A_
TERM, PATH, and LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables. If the LD_LIBRARY_PATH
environment variable setting does not include the correct directory, then an error
message similar to the following is displayed when you compile or run a program:
runcbl: error while loading shared libraries: libclntsh.so:
cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
A_TERMCAP and A_TERM
Set the A_TERMCAP environment variable to specify the location of the a_termcap file
and set the A_TERM environment variable to specify a supported terminal from that file.
For example:
$ A_TERMCAP=/opt/COBOL/etc/a_termcap
$ A_TERM=vt100
$ export A_TERMCAP A_TERM
■ C shell:
% setenv A_TERMCAP /opt/COBOL/etc/a_termcap
% setenv A_TERM vt100
PATH
Set the PATH environment variable to include the /opt/COBOL/bin directory:
$ PATH=/opt/COBOL/bin:$PATH
$ export PATH
■ C shell:
% setenv PATH opt/COBOL/bin:${PATH}

LD_LIBRARY_PATH
Note: On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit), the LIBPATH
variable is the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable equivalent. You must use
the LIBPATH variable on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)
instead of the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable in the following
commands.
Set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable to the directory where the compiler
library is installed. For example, if the compiler library is installed in the
/opt/COBOL/lib directory, then run the following command:
$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/opt/COBOL/lib
$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
■ C shell:
% setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH ${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/opt/COBOL/lib
6.4.2 Pro*COBOL Oracle Runtime System
Oracle provides its own complete run-time system, called rtsora, to run dynamically
loadable Pro*COBOL programs. Use the rtsora run-time system instead of the cobrun
run-time system to run dynamically loadable Pro*COBOL programs. If you attempt to
run a Pro*COBOL program with cobrun, then an error message similar to the
following is displayed:
$ cobrun sample1.gnt
Load error : file 'SQLADR'
error code: 173, pc=0, call=1, seg=0
173 Called program file not found in drive/directory
6.4.3 Pro*COBOL Demonstration Programs
Demonstration programs are provided to show the features of the Pro*COBOL
precompiler. The demonstration programs are located in the $ORACLE_
HOME/precomp/demo/procob2 directory. By default, all programs are dynamically
linked with the client shared library.
schema with a password.
Use the following make file to create the demonstration programs:
$ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/procob2/demo_procob.mk
To precompile, compile, and link the sample1 demonstration program for Pro*COBOL,
$ make -f demo_procob.mk sample1

To create the Pro*COBOL demonstration programs, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_procob.mk samples
To create and run a dynamically loadable sample1.gnt program to be used with the
rtsora run-time system, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_procob.mk sample1.gnt
$ rtsora sample1.gnt
Some demonstration programs require you to run a SQL script, which is located in the
message requesting you to run it is displayed.
make macro argument RUNSQL=run in the command. For example, to create the sample9
demonstration program and run the required $ORACLE_
$ make -f demo_procob.mk sample9 RUNSQL=run
To create the Pro*COBOL demonstration programs and run all required SQL scripts,
$ make -f demo_procob.mk samples RUNSQL=run
6.4.4 Pro*COBOL User Programs
You can use the $ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/procob2/demo_procob.mk make file to
create user programs. This make file builds either 32-bit or 64-bit user programs. You
can also use the demo_procob_32.mk make file to build 32-bit user programs. The
following table shows the make files that you can use to build 32-bit and 64-bit user
programs with Pro*COBOL:
Oracle Solaris, Linux x86-64, IBM:
Linux on System z, IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-Bit), and
HP-UX
demo_procob.mk demo_procob_32.mk
programs
To create a program using the demo_procob.mk make file, run a command similar to
the following:
$ make -f demo_procob.mk target COBS="cobfile1 cobfile2 ..." EXE=exename
In this example:
■ cobfilen is the COBOL source file for the program
For example, to create the program myprog, run one of the following commands,
depending on the source and type of executable that you want to create:
■ For COBOL source, dynamically linked with the client shared library, run the
following command:

Pro*FORTRAN Precompiler
$ make -f demo_procob.mk build COBS=myprog.cob EXE=myprog
■ For COBOL source, statically linked, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_procob.mk build_static COBS=myprog.cob EXE=myprog
■ For COBOL source, dynamically loadable for use with rtsora, run the following
command:
$ make -f demo_procob.mk myprog.gnt
6.4.5 FORMAT Precompiler Option
The FORMAT precompiler option specifies the format of input lines for COBOL. If you
specify the default value ANSI, then columns 1 to 6 contain an optional sequence
number, column 7 indicates comments or continuation lines, paragraph names begin
in columns 8 to 11, and statements begin in columns 12 to 72.
If you specify the value TERMINAL, then columns 1 to 6 are dropped, making column 7
the left most column.
6.5 Pro*FORTRAN Precompiler
Before you use the Pro*FORTRAN precompiler, verify that the correct version of the
compiler is installed. This section contains the following topics:
■ Pro*FORTRAN Demonstration Programs
■ Pro*FORTRAN User Programs
See Also:
■ Pro*FORTRAN Supplement to the Oracle Precompilers Guide for
information about the Pro*FORTRAN precompiler and
interface features
6.5.1 Pro*FORTRAN Demonstration Programs
Demonstration programs are provided to show the features of the Pro*FORTRAN
precompiler. All demonstration programs are located in the $ORACLE_
HOME/precomp/demo/profor directory. By default, all programs are dynamically linked
with the client shared library.
To run the demonstration programs, the demonstration tables created by the $ORACLE_
HOME/sqlplus/demo/demobld.sql script must exist in the JONES schema with a
password.
To create the demonstration programs, use the demo_profor.mk make file, located in
the $ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/profor directory. For example, to precompile,
compile, and link the sample1 demonstration program, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_profor.mk sample1

Pro*FORTRAN Precompiler
To create the Pro*FORTRAN demonstration programs, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_profor.mk samples
Some demonstration programs require you to run a SQL script that is located in the
message prompting you to run it is displayed.
make macro argument RUNSQL=run on the command line. For example, to create the
sample11 demonstration program and run the required $ORACLE_
$ make -f demo_profor.mk sample11 RUNSQL=run
To create the Pro*FORTRAN demonstration programs and run all the required SQL
scripts, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_profor.mk samples RUNSQL=run
6.5.2 Pro*FORTRAN User Programs
You can use the $ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/profor/demo_profor.mk make file to
create user programs. This make file builds either 32-bit or 64-bit user programs. You
can also use the demo_profor_32.mk make file to build 32-bit user programs. The
programs with Pro*FORTRAN:
Oracle Solaris, IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-Bit), and HP-UX
demo_profor.mk demo_profor_32.mk
programs
To create a program using the demo_proc.mk make file, run a command similar to the
following:
$ make -f demo_profor.mk target FORS="forfile1 forfile2 ..." EXE=exename
In this example:
■ forfilen is the FORTRAN source for the program
For example, to create the program myprog from the Pro*FORTRAN source file
myprog.pfo, run one of the following commands, depending on the type of executable
that you want to create:
■ For an executable dynamically linked with the client shared library, run the
following command:
$ make -f demo_profor.mk build FORS=myprog.f EXE=myprog
■ For an executable statically linked with the client shared library, run the following
command:
$ make -f demo_profor.mk build_static FORS=myprog.f EXE=myprog

SQL*Module for ADA
6.6 SQL*Module for ADA
Note: The information in this section applies to the IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-Bit) platform.
Before using SQL*Module for Ada, verify that the correct version of the compiler is
installed.
See Also:
■ Oracle Database Installation Guide for information about required
compiler versions
■ Oracle SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide for information
about SQL*Module for Ada
■ SQL*Module for Ada Demonstration Programs
■ SQL*Module for Ada User Programs
6.6.1 SQL*Module for Ada Demonstration Programs
Demonstration programs are provided to show the features of SQL*Module for Ada.
All demonstration programs are located in the $ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/modada
directory. By default, all programs are dynamically linked with the client shared
library.
To run the ch1_drv demonstration program, the demonstration tables created by the
$ORACLE_HOME/sqlplus/demo/demobld.sql script must exist in the JONES schema with
a password.
The demcalsp and demohost demonstration programs require that the sample college
database exists in the MODTEST schema. You can use the appropriate make command to
create the MODTEST schema and load the sample college database.
Run the following command to create the SQL*Module for Ada demonstration
programs, run the necessary SQL scripts to create the MODTEST user, and create the
sample college database:
$ make -f demo_modada.mk all RUNSQL=run
To create a single demonstration program (demohost) and run the necessary SQL
scripts to create the MODTEST user, and create the sample college database, run the
following command:
$ make -f demo_modada.mk makeuser loaddb demohost RUNSQL=run
To create the SQL*Module for Ada demonstration programs, without re-creating the
sample college database, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_modada.mk samples

OCI and OCCI
To create a single demonstration program (demohost), without re-creating the sample
college database, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_modada.mk demohost
To run the programs, you must define an Oracle Net connect string or alias named
INST1_ALIAS that is used to connect to the database where the appropriate tables
exist.
6.6.2 SQL*Module for Ada User Programs
You can use the $ORACLE_HOME/precomp/demo/modada/demo_modada.mk make file to
create user programs. To create a user program with the demo_modada.mk make file,
run a command similar to the following:
$ make -f demo_modada.mk ada OBJS="module1 module2 ..."
EXE=exename MODARGS=SQL_Module_arguments
In this example:
■ modulen is a compiled Ada object
■ SQL_Module_arguments are the command-line arguments to be passed to the
SQL*Module
See Also: Oracle SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide for
information about SQL*Module for Ada
6.7 OCI and OCCI
Before you use the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) or Oracle C++ Call Interface (OCCI),
verify that the correct version of C or C++ is installed.
See Also:
■ Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide or Oracle C++ Call
Interface Programmer's Guide for information about OCI and
OCCI
■ OCI and OCCI Demonstration Programs
■ OCI and OCCI User Programs
6.7.1 OCI and OCCI Demonstration Programs
Demonstration programs that show the features of OCI and OCCI are provided with
the Oracle Database 12c Examples software. There are two types of demonstration
programs: C and C++. All demonstration programs are located in the $ORACLE_
HOME/rdbms/demo directory. By default, all programs are dynamically linked with the
client shared library.
schema with a password. Some demonstration programs require specific .sql files to be

Running Oracle JDBC/OCI Programs with a 64-Bit Driver
run, as mentioned in the demonstration source files. OCCI demonstration programs
require occidemo.sql to be run.
Use the demo_rdbms.mk make file, which is located in the $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/demo
directory, to create the demonstration programs. For example, to compile and link the
cdemo1 demonstration program, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_rdbms.mk cdemo1
To create the C demonstration programs for OCI, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_rdbms.mk demos
To create the C++ demonstration programs for OCCI, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_rdbms.mk occidemos
6.7.2 OCI and OCCI User Programs
You can use the $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/demo/demo_rdbms.mk make file to build user
programs. This make file builds either 32-bit or 64-bit user programs. You can also use
the demo_rdbms32.mk to build 32-bit user programs on a 64-bit operating system. The
programs with Pro*FORTRAN:
Oracle Solaris, Linux x86-64, IBM
AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit),
and HP-UX
demo_rdbms.mk demo_rdbms32.mk
See Also: The make file for more information about building user
programs
6.8 Running Oracle JDBC/OCI Programs with a 64-Bit Driver
Note:
■ The information in this section applies to Oracle Solaris, Linux
x86-64, IBM: Linux on System z, IBM AIX on POWER Systems
(64-Bit), and HP-UX platforms.
■ You can use the instructions and make files described in this
section to create JDBC/OCI user programs that use a 64-bit
driver.
To run JDBC/OCI demonstration programs with a 64-bit driver:
1. Add $ORACLE_HOME/jdbc/lib/ojdbc5.jar to the start of the CLASSPATH
environment variable value for each of the following files:
jdbc/demo/samples/jdbcoci/Makefile
jdbc/demo/samples/generic/Inheritance/Inheritance1/Makefile

Correcting Undefined Symbols
jdbc/demo/samples/generic/JavaObject1/Makefile
jdbc/demo/samples/generic/NestedCollection/Makefile
2. Modify the JAVA and JAVAC variables in the $ORACLE_
HOME/jdbc/demo/samples/generic/Makefile file to specify the JDK location and
the -d64 flag, as follows:
JAVA=${ORACLE_HOME}/java/bin/java -d64
JAVAC=${ORACLE_HOME}/java/bin/javac -d64
3. Set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH_64 environment variable to include the $ORACLE_
HOME/lib directory.
Note: On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit), the LIBPATH
variable is the LD_LIBRARY_PATH_64 variable equivalent. You must
use the LIBPATH variable on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)
instead of the LD_LIBRARY_PATH_64 variable.
6.9 Custom Make Files
Oracle recommends that you use the demo_product.mk make files provided with the
software to create user programs as described in the product-specific sections of this
chapter. If you modify the provided make file or if you choose to use a custom-written
make file, then remember that the following restrictions apply:
■ Do not modify the order of the Oracle libraries. Oracle libraries are included on the
link line more than once so that all the symbols are resolved during linking.
Except for IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit), the order of the Oracle libraries is
essential on all platforms for the following reasons:
– Oracle libraries are mutually referential. For example, functions in library A
call functions in library B, and functions in library B call functions in library A.
– The HP-UX linkers are one-pass linkers. The IBM AIX on POWER Systems
(64-Bit), Linux, and Oracle Solaris linkers are two-pass linkers.
■ Add the library to the beginning or to the end of the link line. Do not place user
libraries between the Oracle libraries.
■ If you choose to use a make utility such as nmake or GNU make, then you must be
aware of how macro and suffix processing differs from the make utility provided
with the operating system. Oracle make files are tested and supported with the
make utility.
■ Oracle library names and the contents of Oracle libraries are subject to change
between releases. Always use the demo_product.mk make file that ships with the
current release as a guide to determine the required libraries.
6.10 Correcting Undefined Symbols
Oracle provides the symfind utility to assist you in locating a library or object file
where a symbol is defined. When linking a program, undefined symbols are a
common error that produce an error message similar to the following:
$ make -f demo_proc.mk sample1
Undefined first referenced

Multithreaded Applications
symbol in file
sqlcex sample1.o
sqlglm sample1.o
ld: irrecoverable: Symbol referencing errors. No output written to sample1
The error occurs when the linker cannot find a definition for a referenced symbol. If
this error message is displayed, then verify that the library or object file containing the
definition exists on the link line and that the linker is searching the correct directories
for the file.
The following example shows the output from the symfind utility, which is used to
locate the sqlcex symbol:
$ symfind sqlcex
SymFind - Find Symbol <sqlcex> in <**>.a, .o, .so
------------------------------------------------------
Command: /u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/bin/symfind sqlcex
Local Directory: /u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0
Output File: (none)
Note: I do not traverse symbolic links
Use '-v' option to show any symbolic links
Locating Archive and Object files ...
[11645] | 467572| 44|FUNC |GLOB |0 |8 |sqlcex
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ./lib/libclntsh.sl
[35] | 0| 44|FUNC |GLOB |0 |5 |sqlcex
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ./lib/libsql.a
6.11 Multithreaded Applications
The Oracle libraries provided with this release are thread-safe, they support
multithreaded applications.
See Also: Pro*C/C++ Programmer's Guide for more information on
Multithreaded Applications.
6.12 Using Signal Handlers
Oracle Database uses signals for two-task communication. Signals are installed in a
user process when the process connects to the database and are removed when it
disconnects.
Table 6–4 describes the signals that Oracle Database uses for two-task communication.
Table 6–4 Signals for Two-Task Communication
Signal Description
SIGCLD The pipe driver uses SIGCLD, also referred to as SIGCHLD, when an Oracle
process terminates. The operating system kernel sends a SIGCLD signal to
the user process. The signal handler uses the wait() routine to determine if a
server process died. The Oracle process does not catch SIGCLD; the user
process catches it.
SIGCONT The pipe two-task driver uses SIGCONT to send out-of-band breaks from
the user process to the Oracle process.
SIGINT Two-task drivers use SIGINT to detect user interrupt requests. The Oracle
process does not catch SIGINT; the user process catches it.
SIGIO Oracle Net protocols use SIGIO to indicate incoming networking events.

Using Signal Handlers
The listed signals affect all precompiler applications. You can install one signal handler
for SIGCLD (or SIGCHLD) and SIGPIPE when connected to the Oracle process. If you
call the osnsui() routine to set it up, then you can have multiple signal handles for
SIGINT. For SIGINT, use osnsui() and osncui() to register and delete signal-catching
routines.
You can also install as many signal handlers as you want for other signals. If you are
not connected to the Oracle process, then you can have multiple signal handlers.
Example 6–1 shows how to set up a signal routine and a catching routine.
Example 6–1 Signal Routine and Catching Routine
/* user side interrupt set */
word osnsui( /*_ word *handlp, void (*astp), char * ctx, _*/)
/*
** osnsui: Operating System dependent Network Set User-side Interrupt. Add an
** interrupt handling procedure astp. Whenever a user interrupt(such as a ^C)
** occurs, call astp with argument ctx. Put in *handlp handle for this
** handler so that it may be cleared with osncui. Note that there may be many
** handlers; each should be cleared using osncui. An error code is returned if
** an error occurs.
*/
/* user side interrupt clear */
word osncui( /*_ word handle _*/ );
/*
** osncui: Operating System dependent Clear User-side Interrupt. Clear the
** specified handler. The argument is the handle obtained from osnsui. An error
** code is returned if an error occurs.
*/
Example 6–2 shows how to use the osnsui() and the osncui() routines in an
application program.
Example 6–2 osnsui() and osncui() Routine Template
/*
** User interrupt handler template.
*/
void sig_handler()
{
...
}
SIGPIPE The pipe driver uses SIGPIPE to detect end-of-file on the communications
channel. When writing to the pipe, if no reading process exists, then a
SIGPIPE signal is sent to the writing process. Both the Oracle process and the
user process catch SIGPIPE. SIGCLD is similar to SIGPIPE, but it applies
only to user processes, not to Oracle processes.
SIGTERM The pipe driver uses SIGTERM to signal interrupts from the user to the
Oracle process. This occurs when the user presses the interrupt key, Ctrl+C.
The user process does not catch SIGTERM; the Oracle process catches it.
SIGURG Oracle Net TCP/IP drivers use SIGURG to send out-of-band breaks from the
user process to the Oracle process.
Table 6–4 (Cont.) Signals for Two-Task Communication
Signal Description

XA Functionality
main(argc, argv)
int arc;
char **argv;
{
int handle, err;
...
/* Set up the user interrupt handler */
if (err = osnsui(&handle, sig_handler, (char *) 0))
{
/* If the return value is nonzero, then an error has occurred
Take appropriate action for the error. */
...
}
...
/* Clear the interrupt handler */
if (err = osncui(handle))
{
/* If the return value is nonzero, then an error has occurred
Take appropriate action for the error. */
...
}
...
}
6.13 XA Functionality
Oracle XA is the Oracle implementation of the X/Open Distributed Transaction
Processing XA interface. The XA standard specifies a bidirectional interface between
resource managers that provide access to shared resources within transactions, and
between a transaction service that monitors and resolves transactions.
Oracle Call Interface has XA functionality. When building a TP-monitor XA
application, ensure that the TP-monitor libraries (that define the symbols ax_reg and
ax_unreg) are placed in the link line before the Oracle client shared library. This link
restriction is required when using the XA dynamic registration (Oracle XA switch
xaoswd).
Oracle Database XA calls are defined in both the client shared library (libclntsh.a,
libclntsh.sl, libclntsh.so, or libclntsh.dylib depending on the platform) and the
client static library (libclntst11.a). These libraries are located in the $ORACLE_
HOME/lib directory.

7
SQL*Loader and PL/SQL Demonstrations 7-1
7 SQL*Loader and PL/SQL Demonstrations
This chapter describes how to build and run the SQL*Loader and PL/SQL
demonstration programs available with Oracle Database. It contains the following
sections:
■ SQL*Loader Demonstrations
■ PL/SQL Demonstrations
■ Calling 32-Bit External Procedures from 64-Bit Oracle Database PL/SQL
Note: To use the demonstrations described in this chapter, you
must install Oracle Database Examples included on the Oracle
Database 12c Examples media. You must unlock JONES account
and set the password before creating the demonstrations.
7.1 SQL*Loader Demonstrations
Run the ulcase.sh file to run the SQL*Loader demonstrations. To run an individual
demonstration, read the information contained in the file to determine how to run it.
7.2 PL/SQL Demonstrations
PL/SQL includes many demonstration programs. You must build database objects and
load sample data before using these programs. To build the objects and load the
sample data:
1. Change directory to the PL/SQL demonstrations directory:
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/plsql/demo
2. Start SQL*Plus, and enter the following command:
$ sqlplus
SQL> CONNECT JONES
3. Run the following commands to build the objects and load the sample data:
SQL> @exampbld.sql
SQL> @examplod.sql

Note: Build the demonstrations as any Oracle user with sufficient
privileges. Run the demonstrations as the same Oracle user.
PL/SQL Demonstrations
PL/SQL Kernel Demonstrations
The following PL/SQL kernel demonstrations are available with the software:
■ examp1.sql to examp8.sql
■ examp11.sql to examp14.sql
■ sample1.sql to sample4.sql
■ extproc.sql
To compile and run the exampn.sql or samplen.sql PL/SQL kernel demonstrations:
1. Start SQL*Plus, and enter the following command:
$ sqlplus
SQL> CONNECT JONES
2. Run a command similar to the following to run a demonstration, where demo_name
is the name of the demonstration:
SQL> @demo_name
To run the extproc.sql demonstration:
1. If required, add an entry for external procedures to the tnsnames.ora file, similar
to the following:
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL = IPC)( KEY = EXTPROC))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = PLSExtProc)
)
)
2. If required, add an entry for external procedures to the listener.ora file, similar
to the following:
Note: The value that you specify for SID_NAME in the
listener.ora file must match the value that you specify for SID in
the tnsnames.ora file.
■ On Oracle Solaris, Linux, and HP-UX:
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC=
(SID_NAME=PLSExtProc)
(ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home_path)
(ENVS=EXTPROC_DLLS=oracle_home_path/plsql/demo/extproc.so,
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=oracle_home_path/plsql/demo)
(PROGRAM=extproc)

PL/SQL Demonstrations
SQL*Loader and PL/SQL Demonstrations 7-3
)
)
■ On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit):
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC=
(SID_NAME=PLSExtProc)
(ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home_path)
(ENVS=EXTPROC_DLLS=oracle_home_path/plsql/demo/extproc.so,
LIBPATH=oracle_home_path/plsql/demo)
(PROGRAM=extproc)
)
)
3. Change directory to $ORACLE_HOME/plsql/demo.
4. Run the following command to create the extproc.so shared library, build the
required database objects, and load the sample data:
$ make -f demo_plsql.mk extproc.so exampbld examplod
Alternatively, if you have already built the database objects and loaded the sample
data, then run the following command:
$ make -f demo_plsql.mk extproc.so
5. From SQL*Plus, run the following commands:
SQL> CONNECT SYSTEM
SQL> GRANT CREATE LIBRARY TO JONES;
SQL> CONNECT JONES
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE LIBRARY demolib IS
2 'oracle_home_path/plsql/demo/extproc.so';
3 /
Note: CREATE LIBRARY is a very high privilege. This privilege must
be granted only to trusted users.
6. To start the demonstration, run the following command:
SQL> @extproc
PL/SQL Precompiler Demonstrations
Note: The make commands shown in this section build the
required database objects and load the sample data in the JONES
schema.
The following precompiler demonstrations are available:
■ examp9.pc
■ examp10.pc

Calling 32-Bit External Procedures from 64-Bit Oracle Database PL/SQL
■ sample5.pc
■ sample6.pc
To build the PL/SQL precompiler demonstrations, set the library path environment
variable to include the $ORACLE_HOME/lib directory, and run the following commands:
$ make -f demo_plsql.mk demos
To build a single demonstration, run its name as the argument in the make command.
For example, to build the examp9 demonstration, run the following command:
$ make -f demo_plsql.mk examp9
To start the examp9 demonstration, run the following command:
$ ./examp9
7.3 Calling 32-Bit External Procedures from 64-Bit Oracle Database
PL/SQL
Note: This section applies to any 64-Bit Oracle Database.
Starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2), extproc32 is no longer available
from 64-bit Oracle database install. Therefore, if you have a requirement to run 32-bit
external procedures from 64-bit Oracle database, you must obtain 32-bit extproc by
installing the corresponding 32-bit client software for your platform. Specifically, you
must choose custom install within 32-bit client installation, and then select both Oracle
Database Utilities and Oracle listener.
In other words, you need a separate Oracle home (32-bit) to run the 32-bit extproc.
The executable name is not extproc32 anymore, but simply extproc.
To enable 32-bit external procedures on 64-bit Oracle database environment, you must
configure 32-bit listener for extproc and specify Oracle home (from the 32-bit client
install) for the extproc listener.ora entry.

8
Tuning Oracle Database 8-1
8 Tuning Oracle Database
This chapter describes how to tune Oracle Database. It contains the following sections:
■ Importance of Tuning
■ Operating System Tools
■ Tuning Memory Management
■ Tuning Disk Input-Output
■ Monitoring Disk Performance
■ System Global Area
■ Tuning the Operating System Buffer Cache
8.1 Importance of Tuning
The intent of this section is to efficiently tune and optimize the performance of Oracle
Database. Frequent tuning enhances system performance and prevents data
bottlenecks.
Before tuning the database, you must observe its normal behavior by using the tools
described in the "Operating System Tools" section on page 8-1.
8.2 Operating System Tools
Several operating system tools are available to enable you to assess database
performance and determine database requirements. In addition to providing statistics
for Oracle processes, these tools provide statistics for CPU usage, interrupts,
swapping, paging, context switching, and Input-Output for the entire system.
This section provides information about the following common tools:
■ vmstat
■ sar
■ iostat
■ swap, swapinfo, swapon, or lsps
■ Oracle Solaris Tools
■ Linux Tools
■ IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) Tools
■ HP-UX Tools

See Also: The operating system documentation and man pages for more
information about these tools
Operating System Tools
8.2.1 vmstat
Use the vmstat command to view process, virtual memory, disk, trap, and CPU
activity, depending on the switches that you supply with the command. Run one of the
following commands to display a summary of CPU activity six times, at five-second
intervals:
$ vmstat -S 5 6
■ On Linux, IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), and HP-UX:
$ vmstat 5 6
The following is sample output of this command on Linux:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 130668 103604 198144 5029000 0 0 1 68 8 6 0 0 100 0 0
0 0 130668 103604 198144 5029000 0 0 0 86 226 352 0 0 100 0 0
0 0 130668 103604 198148 5029000 0 0 0 58 223 357 0 0 100 0 0
0 0 130668 103604 198152 5029004 0 0 0 68 223 358 0 0 100 0 0
0 0 130668 103604 198152 5029004 0 0 0 56 223 357 0 0 100 0 0
0 0 130668 103604 198152 5029004 0 0 0 57 228 362 0 0 100 0 0
The following is sample output of this command on HP-UX:
procs memory page disk faults cpu
r b w swap free si so pi po fr de sr f0 s0 s1 s3 in sy cs us sy id
0 0 0 1892 5864 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 74 24 0 0 99
0 0 0 85356 8372 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 25 21 0 0 100
0 0 0 85356 8372 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 20 18 0 0 100
0 0 0 85356 8372 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 53 22 20 0 0 100
0 0 0 85356 8372 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 23 21 0 0 100
0 0 0 85356 8372 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 41 23 0 0 100
The w sub column, under the procs column, shows the number of potential processes
that have been swapped out and written to disk. If the value is not zero, then
swapping occurs and the system is short of memory.
The si and so columns under the page column indicate the number of swap-ins and
swap-outs per second, respectively. Swap-ins and swap-outs should always be zero.
The sr column under the page column indicates the scan rate. High scan rates are
caused by a shortage of available memory.
The pi and po columns under the page column indicate the number of page-ins and
page-outs per second, respectively. It is normal for the number of page-ins and
page-outs to increase. Some paging always occurs even on systems with sufficient
available memory.
Note: The output from the vmstat command differs across
platforms.
See Also: Refer to the man page for information about interpreting
the output

8.2.2 sar
Depending on the switches that you supply with the command, use the sar (system
activity reporter) command to display cumulative activity counters in the operating
system.
On UNIX systems, the following command displays a summary of the input and
output activity every ten seconds:
$ sar -b 10 10
The following example shows the output of this command on a Linux system:
10:28:01 tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s
10:28:11 17.20 0.00 17.20 0.00 300.80
10:28:21 46.40 0.00 46.40 0.00 467.20
10:28:31 16.40 0.00 16.40 0.00 283.20
10:28:41 15.60 0.00 15.60 0.00 275.20
10:28:51 17.02 0.00 17.02 0.00 254.65
10:29:01 35.80 0.00 35.80 0.00 414.40
10:29:11 15.80 0.00 15.80 0.00 273.60
10:29:21 17.40 0.00 17.40 0.00 262.40
10:29:31 32.20 0.00 32.20 0.00 406.40
10:29:41 20.98 0.00 20.98 0.00 354.85
Average: 23.48 0.00 23.48 0.00 329.28
The sar output provides a snapshot of system input and output activity at a given
point in time. If you specify the interval time with multiple options, then the output
can become difficult to read. If you specify an interval time of less than 5, then the sar
activity itself can affect the output.
See Also: The man page for more information about sar
8.2.3 iostat
Use the iostat command to view terminal and disk activity, depending on the
switches that you supply with the command. The output from the iostat command
does not include disk request queues, but it shows which disks are busy. You can use
this information to balance the Input-Output loads.
The following command displays terminal and disk activity five times, at five-second
intervals:
$ iostat 5 5
The following is sample output of the command on Oracle Solaris:
tty fd0 sd0 sd1 sd3 cpu
tin tout Kps tps serv Kps tps serv Kps tps serv Kps tps serv us sy wt id
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 18 3 0 42 0 0 0 99
0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 0 0 0 100
0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100
0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100
0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 12 2 47 0 0 1 98
Use the iostat command to look for large disk request queues. A request queue
shows how long the Input-Output requests on a particular disk device must wait to be
serviced. Request queues are caused by a high volume of Input-Output requests to
that disk or by Input-Output with long average seek times. Ideally, disk request
queues should be at or near zero.

8.2.4 swap, swapinfo, swapon, or lsps
Use the swap, swapinfo, swapon, or lsps command to report information about swap
space usage. A shortage of swap space can stop processes responding, leading to
process failures with Out of Memory errors. The following table lists the appropriate
command to use for each platform:
Platform Command
Oracle Solaris swap -lh, swap -sh, and zfs list
Linux swapon -s
IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit)
lsps -a
HP-UX swapinfo -m
The following example shows sample output from the swap -l command on Oracle
Solaris:
swapfile dev swaplo blocks free
/dev/zvol/dsk/rpool/swap 274,1 8 2097144 2097144
8.2.5 Oracle Solaris Tools
On Oracle Solaris systems, use the mpstat command to view statistics for each
processor in a multiprocessor system. Each row of the table represents the activity of
one processor. The first row summarizes all activity since the last system restart. Each
subsequent row summarizes activity for the preceding interval. All values are events
per second unless otherwise noted. The arguments are for time intervals between
statistics and number of iterations.
The following example shows sample output from the mpstat command:
CPU minf mjf xcal intr ithr csw icsw migr smtx srw syscl usr sys st idl
0 0 0 1 71 21 23 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 99
2 0 0 1 71 21 22 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 99
CPU minf mjf xcal intr ithr csw icsw migr smtx srw syscl usr sys st idl
0 0 0 0 61 16 25 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 0 100
2 1 0 0 72 16 24 0 0 0 0 59 0 0 0 100
8.2.6 Linux Tools
On Linux systems, use the top, free, and cat /proc/meminfo commands to view
information about swap space, memory, and buffer usage.
8.2.7 IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) Tools
The following sections describe tools available on IBM AIX on POWER Systems
(64-bit):
■ Base Operation System Tools
■ Performance Toolbox
■ System Management Interface Tool

See Also: The IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) operating
system documentation and man pages for more information about
these tools
8.2.7.1 Base Operation System Tools
The IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) Base Operation System contains
performance tools that are historically part of UNIX systems or are required to manage
the implementation-specific features of IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit). The
following table lists the most important Base Operation System tools.
Tool Function
lsattr Displays the attributes of devices
lslv Displays information about a logical volume or the logical volume
allocations of a physical volume
netstat Displays the contents of network-related data structures
nfsstat Displays statistics about Network File System and Remote Procedure Call
activity
nice Changes the initial priority of a process
no Displays or sets network options
ps Displays the status of one or more processes
reorgvg Reorganizes the physical-partition allocation within a volume group
time Displays the elapsed execution, user CPU processing, and system CPU
processing time
trace Records and reports selected system events
vmo Manages Virtual Memory Manager tunable parameters
8.2.7.2 Performance Toolbox
The IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) Performance Toolbox contains tools for
monitoring and tuning system activity locally and remotely. The Performance Tool Box
consists of two main components, the Performance Tool Box Manager and the
Performance Tool Box Agent. The Performance Tool Box Manager collects and
displays data from various systems in the configuration by using the xmperf utility.
The Performance Tool Box Agent collects and transmits data to the Performance Tool
Box Manager by using the xmserd daemon. The Performance Tool Box Agent is also
available as a separate product called Performance Aide for IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit).
Both Performance Tool Box and Performance Aide include the monitoring and tuning
tools listed in the following table:
Tool Description
fdpr Optimizes an executable program for a particular workload
filemon Uses the trace facility to monitor and report the activity of the file system
fileplace Displays the placement of blocks of a file within logical or physical
volumes
lockstat Displays statistics about contention for kernel locks
lvedit Facilitates interactive placement of logical volumes within a volume group

8.2.7.3 System Management Interface Tool
The IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) System Management Interface Tool (SMIT)
provides a menu-driven interface to various system administrative and performance
tools. By using SMIT, you can navigate through large numbers of tools and focus on
the jobs that you want to perform.
8.2.8 HP-UX Tools
The following performance analysis tools are available on HP-UX systems:
■ GlancePlus/UX
This HP-UX utility is an online diagnostic tool that measures the activities of the
system. GlancePlus displays information about how system resources are used. It
displays dynamic information about the system Input-Output, CPU, and memory
usage on a series of screens. You can use the utility to monitor how individual
processes are using resources.
■ HP Programmer's Analysis Kit
HP Programmer's Analysis Kit consists of the following tools:
– Puma
This tool collects performance statistics during a program run. It provides
several graphical displays for viewing and analyzing the collected statistics.
– Thread Trace Visualizer
This tool displays trace files produced by the instrumented thread library,
libpthread_tr.sl, in a graphical format. It enables you to view how threads
are interacting and to find where threads are blocked waiting for resources.
HP Programmer's Analysis Kit is bundled with the HP Fortran 77, HP Fortran
90, HP C, HP C++, HP ANSI C++, and HP Pascal compilers.
netpmon Uses the trace facility to report on network Input-Output and
network-related CPU usage
rmss Simulates systems with various memory sizes for performance testing
svmon Captures and analyzes information about virtual-memory usage
syscalls Records and counts system calls
tprof Uses the trace facility to report CPU usage at module and
source-code-statement levels
BigFoot Reports the memory access patterns of processes
stem Permits subroutine-level entry and exit instrumentation of existing
executables
See Also:
■ Performance Toolbox Version 2 and 3 Guide and Reference for
information about these tools
■ AIX 5L Performance Management Guide for information about the
syntax of some of these tools
Tool Description

Tuning Memory Management
The following table lists the performance tuning tools that you can use for
additional performance tuning on HP-UX:
Tool Description
caliper (Itanium
only)
Collects run-time application data for system analysis tasks such as cache
misses, translation look-aside buffer or instruction cycles, along with fast
dynamic instrumentation. It is a dynamic performance measurement tool
for C, C++, Fortran, and assembly applications
gprof Creates an execution profile for programs
monitor Monitors the program counter and calls to certain functions
netfmt Monitors the network
netstat Reports statistics on network performance
nfsstat Displays statistics about Network File System and Remote Procedure Call
activity
nettl Captures network events or packets by logging and tracing
prof Creates an execution profile of C programs and displays performance
statistics for the program, showing where the program is spending most of
its execution time
profil Copies program counter information into a buffer
top Displays the top processes on the system and periodically updates the
information
8.3 Tuning Memory Management
Start the memory tuning process by measuring paging and swapping space to
determine how much memory is available. After you determine the system memory
usage, tune the Oracle buffer cache.
The Oracle buffer manager ensures that the most frequently accessed data is cached
longer. If you monitor the buffer manager and tune the buffer cache, then you can
significantly improve Oracle Database performance. The optimal Oracle Database
buffer size for the system depends on the overall system load and the relative priority
of Oracle Database over other applications.
This section includes the following topics:
■ Allocating Sufficient Swap Space
■ Controlling Paging
■ Adjusting Oracle Block Size
■ Allocating Memory Resource
8.3.1 Allocating Sufficient Swap Space
Try to minimize swapping because it causes significant operating system overhead. To
check for swapping, use the sar or vmstat commands. For information about the
appropriate options to use with these commands, refer to the man pages.
If the system is swapping and you must conserve memory, then:
■ Avoid running unnecessary system daemon processes or application processes.
■ Decrease the number of database buffers to free some memory.
■ Decrease the number of operating system file buffers.

Tuning Memory Management
To determine the amount of swap space, run one of the following commands,
depending on the platform:
Platform Command
Oracle Solaris swap -l and swap -s
Linux swapon -s
IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit)
lsps -a
HP-UX swapinfo -m
To add swap space to the system, run one of the following commands, depending on
the platform:
Platform Command
Oracle Solaris swap -a
Note: On Oracle Solaris 11 systems, you can add swap space by
increasing the size of rpool/swap.
Linux swapon -a
IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit)
chps or mkps
HP-UX swapon
Set the swap space to between two and four times the physical memory. Monitor the
use of swap space, and increase it as required.
See Also: The operating system documentation for more
information about these commands
8.3.2 Controlling Paging
Paging may not present as serious a problem as swapping, because an entire program
does not have to be stored in memory to run. A small number of page-outs may not
noticeably affect the performance of the system.
To detect excessive paging, run measurements during periods of fast response or idle
time to compare against measurements from periods of slow response.
Use the vmstat or sar command to monitor paging.
See Also: The man pages or the operating system documentation for
information about interpreting the results for the platform
In Oracle Solaris, vflt/s indicates the number of address translation page faults.
Address translation faults occur when a process refers to a valid page not in memory.
If the system consistently has excessive page-out activity, then consider the following
solutions:
■ Install more memory.
■ Move some work to another system.
■ Configure the System Global Area (SGA) to use less memory.

Tuning Disk Input-Output
8.3.3 Adjusting Oracle Block Size
During read operations, entire operating system blocks are read from the disk. If the
database block size is smaller than the operating system file system block size, then
Input-Output bandwidth is inefficient. If you set Oracle Database block size to be a
multiple of the file system block size, then you can increase performance by up to 5
percent.
The DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter sets the database block size. However, to
change the value of this parameter, you must re-create the database.
To see the current value of the DB_BLOCK_SIZE parameter, run the SHOW PARAMETER DB_
BLOCK_SIZE command in SQL*Plus.
8.3.4 Allocating Memory Resource
You can set parameters to automatically allocate memory based on the demands of
workload and the requirements of various database instances running on the same
system. The MEMORY_TARGET parameter specifies the Oracle systemwide usable
memory for that instance and automatically tunes SGA and Process Global Area
(PGA) components. The MEMORY_MAX_TARGET parameter identifies the value up to
which the MEMORY_TARGET parameter can grow dynamically.
By default, the value for both these parameters is zero and there is no auto-tuning. You
can activate auto-tuning by setting the MEMORY_TARGET parameter to a nonzero value.
To dynamically enable the MEMORY_TARGET parameter, the MEMORY_MAX_TARGET
parameter must be set at startup.
Note: If you just set the MEMORY_TARGET parameter to a nonzero
value, the MEMORY_MAX_TARGET parameter automatically acquires this
value.
The MEMORY_TARGET and MEMORY_MAX_TARGET parameters are only
supported on Linux, Oracle Solaris, HP-UX, and IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit) platforms.
On Oracle Solaris, Dynamic Intimate Shared Memory is enabled for
MEMORY_TARGET or MEMORY_MAX_TARGET. For more information, refer to
Appendix A.
On Linux, some shared resource requirements are increased when
MEMORY_TARGET or MEMORY_MAX_TARGET are enabled. For more
information, refer to the "Allocating Shared Resources" section on
page B-3.
Tip: You can set the MEMORY_TARGET and MEMORY_MAX_TARGET
parameters based on original setup, memory available for Oracle on
the computer, and workload memory requirements.
8.4 Tuning Disk Input-Output
Balance Input-Output evenly across all available disks to reduce disk access times. For
smaller databases and those not using RAID, ensure that different data files and
tablespaces are distributed across the available disks.
■ Using Automatic Storage Management

Tuning Disk Input-Output
■ Choosing the Appropriate File System Type
8.4.1 Using Automatic Storage Management
If you choose to use Automatic Storage Management for database storage, then all
database Input-Output is balanced across all available disk devices in the Automatic
Storage Management disk group.
By using Automatic Storage Management, you avoid manually tuning disk
Input-Output.
8.4.2 Choosing the Appropriate File System Type
Depending on the operating system, you can choose from a range of file system types.
Each file system type has different characteristics. This fact can have a substantial
impact on database performance. The following table lists common file system types:
File System Platform Description
ZFS Oracle Solaris Oracle Solaris file
system
S5 Oracle Solaris and
HP-UX
UNIX System V file
system
UFS Oracle Solaris, IBM
AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit),
HP-UX
Unified file system,
derived from BSD
UNIX
VxFS Oracle Solaris, IBM
AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit),
HP-UX
VERITAS file system
ext2/ext3 Linux Extended file system
for Linux
OCFS2 Linux Oracle cluster file
system
JFS/JFS2 IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit)
Journaled file system
GPFS IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit)
General parallel file
system
The suitability of a file system for an application is usually not documented. For
example, even different implementations of the Unified file system are hard to
compare. Depending on the file system that you choose, performance differences can
be up to 20 percent. If you choose to use a file system, then:
■ Make a new file system partition to ensure that the hard disk is clean and
unfragmented.
■ Perform a file system check on the partition before using it for database files.
■ Distribute disk Input-Output as evenly as possible.
■ If you are not using a logical volume manager or a RAID device, then consider
placing log files on a different file system from data files.

System Global Area
8.5 Monitoring Disk Performance
The following sections describe the procedure for monitoring disk performance:
■ Monitoring Disk Performance on Other Operating Systems
■ Using Disk Resync to Monitor Automatic Storage Management Disk Group
8.5.1 Monitoring Disk Performance on Other Operating Systems
To monitor disk performance, use the sar -b and sar -u commands.
The following table describes the columns of the sar -b command output that are
significant for analyzing disk performance:
Columns Description
bread/s, bwrit/s Blocks read and blocks written per second (important for file system
databases)
pread/s, pwrit/s Number of I/O operations per second on raw devices (important for
raw partition database systems)
Key indicators are:
■ The sum of the bread, bwrit, pread, and pwrit column values indicates the level
of activity of the disk Input-Output subsystem. The higher the sum, the busier the
Input-Output subsystem. The larger the number of physical drives, the higher the
sum threshold number can be.
■ The %rcache column value should be greater than 90 and the %wcache column
value should be greater than 60. Otherwise, the system may be disk Input-Output
bound.
8.5.2 Using Disk Resync to Monitor Automatic Storage Management Disk Group
Use the alter diskgroup disk online and alter diskgroup disk offline
commands to temporarily suspend Input-Output to a set of disks. You can use these
commands to perform regular maintenance tasks or upgrades such as disk firmware
upgrade. If transient failures occur on some disks in a disk group, then use alter
diskgroup disk online to quickly recover the disk group.
8.6 System Global Area
The SGA is the Oracle structure that is located in shared memory. It contains static
data structures, locks, and data buffers.
The maximum size of a single shared memory segment is specified by the shmmax
kernel parameter.
The following table shows the recommended value for this parameter, depending on
the platform:
Platform Recommended Value
Oracle Solaris 4294967295 or 4 GB minus 16 MB
Note: If the system runs Oracle9i Database, Oracle Database 11g, and
Oracle Database 12c instances, then you must set the value of shm_
max to 2 GB minus 16 MB. On Oracle Solaris, this value can be greater
than 4 GB to accommodate larger SGA sizes.

System Global Area
If the size of the SGA exceeds the maximum size of a shared memory segment (shmmax
or shm_max), then Oracle Database attempts to attach more contiguous segments to
fulfill the requested SGA size. The shmseg kernel parameter specifies the maximum
number of segments that can be attached by any process. Set the following
initialization parameters to control the size of the SGA:
■ DB_CACHE_SIZE
■ DB_BLOCK_SIZE
■ JAVA_POOL_SIZE
■ LARGE_POOL_SIZE
■ LOG_BUFFERS
■ SHARED_POOL_SIZE
Alternatively, set the SGA_TARGET initialization parameter to enable automatic tuning
of the SGA size.
Use caution when setting values for these parameters. When values are set too high,
too much of the physical memory is devoted to shared memory. This results in poor
performance.
An Oracle Database configured with Shared Server requires a higher setting for the
SHARED_POOL_SIZE initialization parameter, or a custom configuration that uses the
LARGE_POOL_SIZE initialization parameter. If you installed the database with Oracle
Universal Installer, then the value of the SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter is set
automatically by Oracle Database Configuration Assistant. However, if you created a
database manually, then increase the value of the SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter in the
parameter file by 1 KB for each concurrent user.
Sufficient shared memory must be available to each Oracle process to address the
entire SGA:
■ Determining the Size of the SGA
■ System Resource Verifier Utility
■ Guidelines for Setting Semaphore Parameters
■ Shared Memory on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)
8.6.1 Determining the Size of the SGA
You can determine the SGA size in one of the following ways:
■ Run the following SQL*Plus command to display the size of the SGA for a running
database:
SQL> SHOW SGA
Linux Minimum of the following values:
■ Half the size of the physical memory installed on the system
■ 4 GB - 1 byte
IBM AIX on POWER
Systems(64-bit)
NA
HP-UX The size of the physical memory installed on the system
Platform Recommended Value

System Global Area
The result is shown in bytes.
■ Start the database instance to view the size of the SGA displayed next to the Total
System Global Area heading.
■ Run the ipcs command as the oracle user.
8.6.2 System Resource Verifier Utility
The System Resource Verifier utility (sysresv) is available with Oracle8i and later
releases. It provides Oracle instance and operating system resource information for the
Oracle system identifiers (ORACLE_SID) that you specify. This utility is located in
$ORACLE_HOME/bin, but it can be used from other locations.
8.6.2.1 Purpose of the sysresv Utility
Use the sysresv utility to display the status of an Oracle instance and identify the
operating system resources it uses, such as the memory and semaphore parameters.
This utility is especially useful when multiple instances are running. For example, if an
instance is not responsive, then you can use this utility to remove operating system
resources.
You can use this utility when an Oracle instance has crashed or was aborted, and
memory and semaphores related to this instance were not cleaned up automatically.
This utility is also useful in determining which Oracle instance is running.
8.6.2.2 Preconditions for Using sysresv
To use the sysresv utility, you must have access to the System Global Area (SGA). To
access the SGA, you must be the Oracle owner or a member of the group that owns the
Oracle binary.
8.6.2.3 Syntax for sysresv
The syntax for the sysresv utility is as follows:
sysresv [-i] [-f] [-d on|off] [-l sid1[ sid2 ...]]
Where:
■ -i Prompt before removing IPC resources for each sid
■ -f Remove IPC resources without prompting for confirmation. This flag overrides
the -i option
■ -d on|off List IPC resources for each sid if on. If not specified, the default for -d
is on
■ -l sid1 [sid2 sid3] run the sysresv check against one or more space-delimited
system identifiers
If sysresv is used without flags, then it reports IPC resources for the Oracle instance
identified by the $ORACLE_SID environment variable in the Oracle installation owner
user profile list of environment variables.
8.6.2.4 Examples of Using sysresv
The following example shows how to use the sysresv utility:
$ sysresv
IPV Resources for ORACLE_SID "sales" :
Shared Memory:
ID KEY

System Global Area
10345 0x51c051ad
Semaphores
ID
10345 0x51c051ad
Oracle Instance alive for sid "sales"
8.6.3 Guidelines for Setting Semaphore Parameters
Use the following guidelines only if the default semaphore parameter values are too
low to accommodate all Oracle processes:
Note: Oracle recommends that you see the operating system
documentation for more information about setting semaphore
parameters.
1. Calculate the minimum total semaphore requirements using the following
formula:
sum (process parameters of all database instances on the system) + overhead for
oracle background processes + system and other application requirements
2. Set semmns (total semaphores systemwide) to this total.
3. Set semmsl (semaphores per set) to 250.
4. Set semmni (total semaphores sets) to semmns/semmsl rounded up to the nearest
multiple of 1024.
See Also: My Oracle Support note 226209.1, "Linux: How to Check
Current Shared Memory, Semaphore Values," at the following URL:
https://support.oracle.com/CSP/main/article?cmd=show&type=NO
T&id=226209.1
The semaphore parameters semmns, semmsl, and semmni are obsolete
on Oracle Solaris 10 and later. See My Oracle Support note 1006158.1:
https://support.oracle.com/CSP/main/article?cmd=show&type=NO
T&id=1006158.1
8.6.4 Shared Memory on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)
Note: The information in this section applies only to IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-bit).
Shared memory uses common virtual memory resources across processes. Processes
share virtual memory segments through a common set of virtual memory translation
resources, for example, tables and cached entries, for improved performance.
Shared memory can be pinned to prevent paging and to reduce Input-Output
overhead. To perform this, set the LOCK_SGA parameter to true. On IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-bit) 5L, the same parameter activates the large page feature
whenever the underlying hardware supports it.
Run the following command to make pinned memory available to Oracle Database:
$ /usr/sbin/vmo -r -o v_pinshm=1

System Global Area
Run a command similar to the following to set the maximum percentage of real
memory available for pinned memory, where percent_of_real_memory is the
maximum percent of real memory that you want to set:
$ /usr/sbin/vmo -r -o maxpin percent=percent_of_real_memory
When using the maxpin percent option, it is important that the amount of pinned
memory exceeds the Oracle SGA size by at least 3 percent of the real memory on the
system, enabling free pinnable memory for use by the kernel. For example, if you have
2 GB of physical memory and you want to pin the SGA by 400 MB (20 percent of the
RAM), then run the following command:
$ /usr/sbin/vmo -r -o maxpin percent=23
Note: The default maxpin percent value, which is set at 80 percent,
works for most installations.
Use the svmon command to monitor the use of pinned memory during the operation of
the system. Oracle Database attempts to pin memory only if the LOCK_SGA parameter is
set to true. If the SGA size exceeds the size of memory available for pinning, then the
portion of the SGA exceeding these sizes is allocated to ordinary shared memory.
Large Page Feature on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) POWER4 and
POWER5 Based Systems
To turn on and reserve 10 large pages each of size 16 MB on a POWER4 or POWER5
system, run the following command:
$ /usr/sbin/vmo -r -o lgpg_regions=10 -o lgpg_size=16777216
This command proposes bosboot and warns that a restart is required for the changes
to take affect.
Oracle recommends specifying enough large pages to contain the entire SGA. The
Oracle database instance attempts to allocate large pages when the LOCK_SGA
parameter is set to true.
The 16 MB pages are always pinned, and cannot be used for standard memory. If a
pool of 16 MB size pages is configured, then this memory is unusable for allocation of
standard memory even if no other application is currently using large pages.
The POWER5 based systems support 64 K pages. Oracle uses them for SGA if they are
available. These 64K pages do not require any additional configuration and do not
depend on LOCK_SGA parameter setting.
To monitor use of large pages, use the following command:
$ vmstat -P all
For the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) operating system to use 16 MB pages, or
pinned memory when allocating shared memory, the Oracle user ID must have CAP_
BYPASS_RAC_VMM and CAP_PROPAGATE capabilities. User ID that is used to start the
database instance must also have the same capabilities. In particular, when using large
pages on an Oracle Real Application Cluster (Oracle RAC) database, where the srvctl
command is used to start and stop the Oracle RAC database instances, it is also
necessary to set the CAP_BYPASS_RAC_VMM and CAP_PROPAGATE capabilities for the root
user.

See Also: The IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) documentation
for more information about enabling and tuning pinned memory and
large pages
Tuning the Operating System Buffer Cache
Capabilities can be set and examined using the following commands:
■ Run the following command to check the current capabilities:
$ lsuser –a capabilities oracle
■ Add the CAP_BYPASS_RAC_VMM and CAP_PROPAGATE capabilities to this user ID:
$ chuser capabilities=CAP_BYPASS_RAC_VMM,CAP_PROPAGATE oracle
Note: Only the root user can display and set the capabilities
attribute.
8.7 Tuning the Operating System Buffer Cache
Adjust the size of Oracle Database buffer cache. If memory is limited, then adjust the
operating system buffer cache.
The operating system buffer cache holds blocks of data in memory while they are
being transferred from memory to disk, or from disk to memory.
Oracle Database buffer cache is the area in memory that stores Oracle Database
buffers.
If the amount of memory on the system is limited, then make a corresponding
decrease in the operating system buffer cache size.
Use the sar command to determine which buffer caches you must increase or
decrease.

A
Administering Oracle Database on Oracle Solaris A-1
AAdministering Oracle Database on Oracle
Solaris
This appendix contains information about administering Oracle Database on Oracle
Solaris.
It contains the following topic:
Oracle Solaris Shared Memory Environment
A.1 Oracle Solaris Shared Memory Environment
This section describes how Oracle Database uses shared memory models like
Optimized Shared Memory (OSM), Intimate Shared Memory (ISM), and Dynamic
Intimate Shared Memory (DISM).
It contains the following topics:
■ About Optimized Shared Memory
■ Checking for Optimized Shared Memory
■ About ISM and DISM
■ Checking for ISM or DISM
■ About the oradism Utility
■ How Oracle Database Decides Between OSM, ISM and DISM
A.1.1 About Optimized Shared Memory
Starting with 12c, Oracle Database uses the Optimized Shared Memory (OSM) model
of Oracle Solaris on Oracle Solaris 10 1/13 or later and Oracle Solaris 11 SRU 7.5 or
later systems to implement Automatic Memory Management.
OSM allows dynamic resizing of System Global Area (SGA) without restarting the
instance. It does not use the oradism utility and swap disk space. OSM is
NUMA-optimized.
A.1.2 Checking for Optimized Shared Memory
Note: Ensure that you set the MEMORY_MAX_TARGET to a greater value
than MEMORY_TARGET to utilize Optimized Shared Memory.

A-2 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference
To verify if Oracle Solaris uses Optimized Shared Memory (OSM), enter the following
command:
$ ipcs -dm
If the column ALLOC shows an integer, it specifies that OSM is in use. If the column
ALLOC shows a hyphen, it specifies that OSM is not in use.
A.1.3 About ISM and DISM
On Oracle Solaris systems, Oracle Database uses Intimate Shared Memory (ISM) for
shared memory segments because it shares virtual memory resources between Oracle
processes. ISM causes the physical memory for the entire shared memory segment to
be locked automatically.
On Oracle Solaris 10 systems prior to Oracle Solaris 10 1/13 and Oracle Solaris 11 SRU
7.5, Dynamic Intimate Shared Memory (DISM) is available. This enables Oracle
Database to share virtual memory resources between processes sharing the segment,
and at the same time, enables memory paging. The operating system does not have to
lock down physical memory for the entire shared memory segment.
A.1.4 Checking for ISM or DISM
On Oracle Solaris, to determine if shared memory is in use, use the ipcs -im
command. For example:
% ipcs -im
IPC status from <system> as of Thu Aug 19 01:09:30 PDT 2013
T ID KEY MODE OWNER GROUP ISMATTCH
Shared Memory:
m 11 0xacea4150 --rw-rw---- oracle dba 160
The ISMATTCH field shows 160 processes attached to this shared memory segment.
However, ISMATTCH does not distinguish between Intimate Shared Memory (ISM) and
Dynamic Intimate Shared Memory (DISM).
On Oracle Solaris 10 systems prior to Oracle Solaris 10 1/13 and Oracle Solaris 11 SRU
7.5, to identify if ISM or DISM is in use, or which memory locking service is active, use
the pmap –xs command. For example:
% ps -aef | grep ora | grep smon
oracle 12524 1 0 05:40:13 ? 0:25 ora_smon_prod
% pmap –xs 12524 | grep ism
0000000380000000 38010880 38010880 - 38010880 256M rwxsR [ ism shmid=0xb ]
0000000C90000000 131072 131072 - 131072 4M rwxsR [ ism shmid=0xb ]
0000000C98000000 16 16 - 16 8K rwxsR [ ism shmid=0xb ]
Note: The ps-aef command lists the background processes that are
running. This information is required to determine if an Oracle
database instance is running.
The output from the pmap –xs command shows three ism address ranges implying
that ISM is in use. If DISM locks the memory ranges, then the output shows dism
address ranges.

Administering Oracle Database on Oracle Solaris A-3
A.1.5 About the oradism Utility
Oracle Database uses the oradism utility to lock and unlock shared memory. The
oradism utility is automatically set up during installation. It is not required to perform
any configuration tasks to use dynamic SGA.
The process name for the oradism utility is ora_dism_sid, where sid is the system
identifier. When using DISM, this process is started during instance startup, and
automatically quits when the instance is shut down.
If a message is displayed in the alert log saying that the oradism utility is not set up
correctly, then verify that the oradism utility is located in the $ORACLE_HOME/bin
directory and that it has superuser privileges.
Note: Optimized Shared Memory (OSM) does not use the oradism
utility.
A.1.6 How Oracle Database Decides Between OSM, ISM and DISM
Oracle Database automatically uses Optimized Shared Memory (OSM) on Oracle
Solaris systems where OSM is available. See "About Optimized Shared Memory" for
more information on OSM.
On systems where OSM is not available, Oracle Database automatically selects
Intimate Shared Memory (ISM) or Dynamic Intimate Shared Memory (DISM) based on
the following criteria:
■ Oracle Database uses DISM if it is available on the system, and if the value of the
SGA_MAX_SIZE initialization parameter is larger than the size required for all SGA
components combined. This enables Oracle Database to lock only the amount of
physical memory that is used.
■ Oracle Database uses ISM if the entire shared memory segment is in use at startup
or if the value of the SGA_MAX_SIZE parameter equals or smaller than the size
required for all SGA components combined.
Regardless of whether Oracle Database uses ISM or DISM, it can always exchange the
memory between dynamically sizable components such as the buffer cache, the shared
pool, and the large pool after it starts an instance. Oracle Database can relinquish
memory from one dynamic SGA component and allocate it to another component.
Because shared memory segments are not implicitly locked in memory, when using
DISM, Oracle Database explicitly locks shared memory that is currently in use at
startup. When a dynamic SGA operation uses more shared memory, Oracle Database
explicitly performs a lock operation on the memory that is put to use. When a dynamic
SGA operation releases shared memory, Oracle Database explicitly performs an unlock
operation on the memory that is freed, so that it becomes available to other
applications.
Note: Do not set the LOCK_SGA parameter to TRUE in the server
parameter file. If you do, then Oracle Database 12c cannot start.

A-4 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference

B
Administering Oracle Database on Linux B-1
B Administering Oracle Database on Linux
This appendix contains information about administering Oracle Database on Linux.
■ Using HugePages on Linux
■ Supporting Asynchronous Input-Output
■ Asynchronous Input-Output Support
■ Enabling Direct Input-Output Support
■ Enabling Simultaneous Multithreading
■ Allocating Shared Resources
Note: Starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2), Linux
x86-64 and IBM: Linux on System z media does not contain Linux x86
binaries.
B.1 Using HugePages on Linux
To enable Oracle Database to use large pages (sometimes called HugePages) on Linux,
set the value of the vm.nr_hugepages kernel parameter to specify the number of large
pages that you want to reserve. You must specify adequate large pages to hold the
entire SGA for the database instance. To determine the required parameter value,
divide the SGA size for the instance by the size of a large page, then round up the
result to the nearest integer.
To determine the default large page size, run the following command:
# grep Hugepagesize /proc/meminfo
For example, if /proc/meminfo lists the large page size as 2 MB, and the total SGA size
for the instance is 1.6 GB, then set the value for the vm.nr_hugepages kernel parameter
to 820 (1.6 GB / 2 MB = 819.2).
B.2 Supporting Asynchronous Input-Output
Note: On Linux, Automatic Storage Management uses asynchronous
Input-Output by default. Asynchronous Input-Output is not
supported for database files stored on Network File Systems.

Asynchronous Input-Output Support
B-2 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference
Oracle Database supports kernel asynchronous Input-Output. Asynchronous
Input-Output is enabled by default on raw volumes. Automatic Storage Management
uses asynchronous Input-Output by default.
By default, the DISK_ASYNCH_IO initialization parameter in the parameter file is set to
TRUE. To enable asynchronous Input-Output on file system files:
1. Ensure that all Oracle Database files are located on file systems that support
asynchronous Input-Output.
2. Set the FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS initialization parameter in the parameter file to
ASYNCH or SETALL.
Note: If the file system files are managed through ODM library
interface or Direct NFS Client, asynchronous Input-Output is enabled
by default. There is no need to set FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS to enable
asynchronous Input-Output in these environments.
B.3 Asynchronous Input-Output Support
Note: On Linux, Automatic Storage Management uses
asynchronous Input-Output by default. Asynchronous
Input-Output is not supported for database files stored on Network
File Systems.
Oracle Database supports kernel asynchronous Input-Output. This feature is disabled
by default.
By default, the DISK_ASYNCH_IO initialization parameter in the parameter file is set to
TRUE to enable asynchronous I/O on raw devices. To enable asynchronous
Input-Output on file system files:
1. Ensure that all Oracle Database files are located on file systems that support
asynchronous Input-Output.
2. Set the FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS initialization parameter in the parameter file to
ASYNCH to enable asynchronous Input-Output. If you want to enable both
asynchronous Input-Output and direct Input-Output, set the FILESYSTEMIO_
OPTIONS initialization parameter in the parameter file to SETALL.
B.4 Enabling Direct Input-Output Support
Direct Input-Output support is available and supported on Linux.
To enable direct Input-Output support:
■ Set the FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS initialization parameter to DIRECTIO.
■ Set the FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS initialization parameter in the parameter file to
SETALL, which will enable both asynchronous Input-Output and direct
Input-Output.

Allocating Shared Resources
Administering Oracle Database on Linux B-3
B.5 Enabling Simultaneous Multithreading
If Simultaneous Multithreading is enabled, then the v$osstat view reports two
additional rows corresponding to the online logical (NUM_LCPUS) and virtual CPUs
(NUM_VCPUS).
B.6 Allocating Shared Resources
To use the MEMORY_TARGET or MEMORY_MAX_TARGET feature, the following kernel
parameters must be modified.
■ /dev/shm mount point should be equal in size or larger than the value of SGA_MAX_
SIZE, if set, or should be set to be at least MEMORY_TARGET or MEMORY_MAX_TARGET,
whichever is larger. For example, with MEMORY_MAX_TARGET=4GB only set, to create
a 4 GB system on the /dev/shm mount point:
– Run the following command as the root user:
# mount -t tmpfs shmfs -o size=4g /dev/shm
– Ensure that the in-memory file system is mounted when the system restarts,
add an entry in the /etc/fstab file similar to the following:
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs size=4g 0
■ The number of file descriptors for each Oracle instance are increased by
512*PROCESSES. Therefore, the maximum number of file descriptors should be at
least this value, plus some more for the operating system requirements. For
example, if the cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max command returns 32768 and
PROCESSES are 100, you can set it to 6815744 or higher as root, to have 51200
available for Oracle. Use one of the following options to set the value for the
file-max descriptor.
– Run the following command:
echo 6815744 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
OR
– Modify the following entry in the /etc/sysctl.conf file and restart the
system as root.
fs.file-max = 6815744
■ Per-process number of file descriptors must be at least 512. For example, as root
run the following command.
– On bash and sh:
# ulimit -n
– On csh:
# limit descriptors
If the preceding command returns 200, then run the following command to set the
value for the per processor file descriptors limit, for example to 1000:
– On bash and sh:
# sudo sh
# ulimit -n 1000
– On csh:

Allocating Shared Resources
B-4 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference
# sudo sh
# limit descriptors 1000
■ MEMORY_TARGET and MEMORY_MAX_TARGET cannot be used when LOCK_SGA is enabled.
MEMORY_TARGET and MEMORY_MAX_TARGET also cannot be used with huge pages on
Linux.

C
Administering Oracle Database on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) C-1
C Administering Oracle Database on IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-Bit)
This appendix contains information about administering Oracle Database on IBM AIX
on POWER Systems (64-bit).
It includes the following topics:
■ Memory and Paging
■ Disk Input-Output Issues
■ CPU Scheduling and Process Priorities
■ Setting the AIXTHREAD_SCOPE Environment Variable
■ Network Information Service external naming support
■ Simultaneous Multithreading on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) 5.3
■ Configuring IBM JSSE Provider with Oracle JDBC Thin Driver
C.1 Memory and Paging
Memory contention occurs when processes require more memory than is available. To
cope with the shortage, the system pages programs and data between memory and
disks.
■ Controlling Buffer-Cache Paging Activity
■ Tuning the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) File Buffer Cache
■ Allocating Sufficient Paging Space
■ Controlling Paging
■ Setting the Database Block Size
■ Tuning the Log Archive Buffers
■ Input-Output Buffers and SQL*Loader
C.1.1 Controlling Buffer-Cache Paging Activity
Excessive paging activity decreases performance substantially. This can become a
problem with database files created on journaled file systems (JFS and JFS2). In this
situation, a large number of SGA data buffers may also have analogous file system
buffers containing the most frequently referenced data. The behavior of the IBM AIX
on POWER Systems (64-bit) file buffer cache manager can have a significant impact on

Memory and Paging
C-2 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference
performance. It can cause an Input-Output bottleneck, resulting in lower overall
system throughput.
It is possible to tune buffer-cache paging activity, but you must do it carefully and
infrequently. Use the /usr/sbin/vmo command to tune the IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit) parameters in the following table:
minfree The minimum free-list size. If the free-list space in the buffer falls lower than
this size, then the system uses page stealing to replenish the free list.
maxfree The maximum free-list size. If the free-list space in the buffer exceeds this size,
then the system stops using page stealing to replenish the free list.
minperm The minimum number of permanent buffer pages for file Input-Output.
maxperm The maximum number of permanent buffer pages for file Input-Output.
See Also: AIX 5L Performance Management Guide for more
information about IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) parameters
C.1.2 Tuning the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) File Buffer Cache
The purpose of the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) file buffer cache is to reduce
disk access frequency when journaled file systems are used. If this cache is too small,
then disk usage increases and potentially saturates one or more disks. If the cache is
too large, then memory is wasted.
You can configure the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) file buffer cache by
adjusting the minperm and maxperm parameters. In general, if the buffer hit ratio is low
(less than 90 percent), as determined by the sar -b command, then increasing the
minperm parameter value may help. If maintaining a high buffer hit ratio is not critical,
then decreasing the minperm parameter value increases the physical memory available.
Refer to the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) documentation for more
information about increasing the size of the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) file
buffer cache.
The performance gain cannot be quantified easily, because it depends on the degree of
multiprogramming and the Input-Output characteristics of the workload.
Tuning the minperm and maxperm Parameters
IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) provides a mechanism for you to loosely control
the ratio of page frames used for files rather than those used for computational
(working or program text) segments by adjusting the minperm and maxperm values
according to the following guidelines:
■ If the percentage of real memory occupied by file pages falls lower than the
minperm value, then the virtual memory manager (VMM) page-replacement
algorithm takes both file and computational pages, regardless of repage rates.
■ If the percentage of real memory occupied by file pages rises above the maxperm
value, then the VMM page-replacement algorithm takes both file and
computational pages.
■ If the percentage of real memory occupied by file pages is between the minperm
and maxperm parameter values, then the VMM normally takes only file pages.
However, if the repaging rate for file pages is higher than the repaging rate for
computational pages, then the computational pages are taken as well.

Memory and Paging
Use the following algorithm to calculate the default values:
■ minperm (in pages) = ((number of page frames)-1024) * 0.2
■ maxperm (in pages) = ((number of page frames)-1024) * 0.8
Use the following command to change the value of the minperm parameter to 5 percent
of the total number of page frames, and the value of the maxperm parameter to 20
percent of the total number of page frames:
# /usr/sbin/vmo -o minperm percent=5 -o maxperm percent=20
The default values are 20 percent and 80 percent, respectively.
To optimize for quick response when opening new database connections, adjust the
minfree parameter to maintain enough free pages in the system to load the application
into memory without adding additional pages to the free list. To determine the real
memory size (resident set size, working set) of a process, use the following command:
$ ps v process_id
Set the minfree parameter to this value or to 8 frames, whichever is larger.
If you are using Direct Input-Output, then you can set the minperm and maxperm
parameters to low values. For example, 5 percent and 20 percent, respectively. This is
because the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) file buffer cache is not used for
Direct Input-Output. The memory may be better used for other purposes, such as for
the Oracle System Global Area.
C.1.3 Allocating Sufficient Paging Space
Inadequate paging space (swap space) usually causes the system to stop responding or
show very slow response times. On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), you can
dynamically add paging space on raw disk partitions. The amount of paging space
you should configure depends on the amount of physical memory present and the
paging space requirements of the applications. Use the lsps command to monitor
paging space use and the vmstat command to monitor system paging activities. To
increase the paging space, use the smit pgsp command.
If paging space is preallocated, then Oracle recommends that you set the paging space
to a value larger than the amount of RAM. But on IBM AIX on POWER Systems
(64-bit), paging space is not allocated until required. The system uses swap space only
if it runs out of real memory. If the memory is sized correctly, then there is no paging
and the page space can be small. Workloads where the demand for pages does not
fluctuate significantly perform well with a small paging space. Workloads likely to
have peak periods of increased paging require enough paging space to handle the
peak number of pages.
As a general rule, an initial setting for the paging space is half the size of RAM plus 4
GB, with an upper limit of 32 GB. Monitor the paging space use with the lsps -a
command, and increase or decrease the paging space size accordingly. The metric
percent used in the output of lsps -a is typically less than 25 percent on a healthy
system. A properly sized deployment requires very little paging space and an
excessive amount of swapping. This indicates that the RAM on the system may be
undersized.
Caution: Do not undersize the paging space. If you do, then the
system terminates active processes when it runs out of space.
However, oversizing the paging space has little or no negative impact.

Memory and Paging
C.1.4 Controlling Paging
Constant and excessive paging indicates that the real memory is over-committed. In
general, you should:
■ Avoid constant paging unless the system is equipped with very fast expanded
storage that makes paging between memory and expanded storage much faster
than Oracle Database can read and write data between the SGA and disks.
■ Allocate limited memory resource to where it is most beneficial to system
performance. It is sometimes a recursive process of balancing the memory
resource requirements and trade-offs.
■ If memory is not adequate, then build a prioritized list of memory-requiring
processes and elements of the system. Assign memory to where the performance
gains are the greatest. A prioritized list may look like the following:
1. Operting System and RDBMS kernels
2. User and application processes
3. Redo log buffer
4. PGAs and shared pool
5. Database block buffer caches
For example, suppose you query Oracle Database dynamic performance tables and
views and find that both the shared pool and database buffer cache require more
memory. Then, assigning the limited spare memory to the shared pool may be more
beneficial than assigning it to the database block buffer caches.
The following IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) commands provide paging status
and statistics:
■ vmstat -s
■ vmstat interval [repeats]
■ sar -r interval [repeats]
C.1.5 Setting the Database Block Size
You can configure Oracle Database block size for better Input-Output throughput. On
IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), you can set the value of the DB_BLOCK_SIZE
initialization parameter to between 2 KB and 32 KB, with a default of 4 KB. If Oracle
Database is installed on a journaled file system, then the block size should be a
multiple of the file system block size (4 KB on JFS, 16 KB to 1 MB on GPFS). For
databases on raw partitions, Oracle Database block size is a multiple of the operating
system physical block size (512 bytes on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit).
Oracle recommends smaller Oracle Database block sizes (2 KB or 4 KB) for online
transaction processing or mixed workload environments and larger block sizes (8 KB,
16 KB, or 32 KB) for decision support system workload environments.
C.1.6 Tuning the Log Archive Buffers
By increasing the LOG_BUFFER size, you may be able to improve the speed of archiving
the database, particularly if transactions are long or numerous. Monitor the log file
Input-Output activity and system throughput to determine the optimum LOG_BUFFER
size. Tune the LOG_BUFFER parameter carefully to ensure that the overall performance
of normal database activity does not degrade.

Note: The LOG_ARCHIVE_BUFFER_SIZE parameter was obsoleted with
Oracle8i Database.
Disk Input-Output Issues
C.1.7 Input-Output Buffers and SQL*Loader
For high-speed data loading, such as using the SQL*Loader direct path option in
addition to loading data in parallel, the CPU spends most of its time waiting for
Input-Output to complete. By increasing the number of buffers, you can maximize
CPU usage, and by doing this, increase overall throughput.
The number of buffers (set by the SQL*Loader BUFFERS parameter) you choose
depends on the amount of available memory and how much you want to maximize
CPU usage.
The performance gains depend on CPU usage and the degree of parallelism that you
use when loading data.
See Also: Oracle Database Utilities for information about adjusting
the file processing options string for the BUFFERS parameter and for
information about the SQL*Loader utility
BUFFER Parameter for the Import Utility
The BUFFER parameter for the Import utility should be set to a large value to optimize
the performance of high-speed networks when they are used. For example, if you use
the IBM RS/6000 Scalable POWER parallel Systems switch, then you should set the
BUFFER parameter to a value of at least 1 MB.
C.2 Disk Input-Output Issues
Disk Input-Output contention can result from poor memory management (with
subsequent paging and swapping), or poor distribution of tablespaces and files across
disks.
Ensure that the Input-Output activity is distributed evenly across multiple disk drives
by using IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) utilities such as filemon, sar, iostat,
and other performance tools to identify disks with high Input-Output activity.
■ IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) Logical Volume Manager
■ Using Journaled File Systems Compared to Raw Logical Volumes
■ Using Asynchronous Input-Output
■ Input-Output Slaves
■ Using the DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT Parameter
■ Using Write Behind
■ Tuning Sequential Read Ahead
■ Tuning Disk Input-Output Pacing
■ Resilvering with Oracle Database

C.2.1 IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit) Logical Volume Manager
The IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) Logical Volume Manager can stripe data
across multiple disks to reduce disk contention. The primary objective of striping is to
achieve high performance when reading and writing large sequential files. Effective
use of the striping features in the Logical Volume Manager enables you to spread
Input-Output more evenly across disks, resulting in better overall performance.
Note: Do not add logical volumes to Automatic Storage
Management disk groups. Automatic Storage Management works best
when you add raw disk devices to disk groups. If you are using
Automatic Storage Management, then do not use Logical Volume
Manager for striping. Automatic Storage Management implements
striping and mirroring.
Design a Striped Logical Volume
When you define a striped logical volume, you must specify the items listed in the
following table:
Item Recommended Settings
Drives There must be at least two physical drives. The drives should have
minimal activity when performance-critical sequential Input-Output is
carried out. Sometimes, you must stripe the logical volume between two
or more adapters.
Stripe unit size Although the stripe unit size can be any power of 2 (from 2 KB to 128 KB),
stripe sizes of 32 KB and 64 KB are good values for most workloads. For
Oracle Database files, the stripe size must be a multiple of the database
block size.
Size The number of physical partitions allocated to the logical volume must be
a multiple of the number of disk drives used.
Attributes Cannot be mirrored. Set the copies attribute to a value of 1.
Other Considerations
Performance gains from effective use of the Logical Volume Manager can vary greatly,
depending on the Logical Volume Manager you use and the characteristics of the
workload. For decision support system workloads, you can see substantial
improvement. For online transaction processing-type or mixed workloads, you can
expect significant performance gains.
C.2.2 Using Journaled File Systems Compared to Raw Logical Volumes
Address the following considerations when deciding whether to use journaled file
systems or raw logical volumes:
■ File systems are continually being improved, as are various file system
implementations.
■ File systems require some additional configuration (IBM AIX on POWER Systems
(64-bit) aio_minservers and aio_maxservers parameter) and add a small CPU
overhead because Asynchronous Input-Output on file systems is serviced outside
the kernel.

■ Different vendors implement the file system layer in different ways to capitalize
on the strengths of different disks. This makes it difficult to compare file systems
across platforms.
■ The introduction of more powerful Logical Volume Manager interfaces
substantially reduces the tasks of configuring and backing up logical disks based
on raw logical volumes.
■ The Direct Input-Output and Concurrent Input-Output features included in IBM
AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) improve file system performance to a level
comparable to raw logical volumes.
In earlier versions of IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), file systems supported
only buffered read and write and added extra contention because of imperfect inode
locking. These two issues are solved by the JFS2 Concurrent Input-Output feature and
the GPFS Direct Input-Output feature.
Note: To use the Oracle RAC option, you must place data files on an
Automatic Storage Management disk group or on a GPFS file system.
You cannot use JFS or JFS2. Direct Input-Output is implicitly enabled
when you use GPFS.
File System Options
IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) includes Direct Input-Output and Concurrent
Input-Output support. Direct Input-Output and Concurrent Input-Output support
enables database files to exist on file systems while bypassing the operating system
buffer cache and removing inode locking operations that are redundant with the
features provided by Oracle Database.
Where possible, Oracle recommends enabling Concurrent Input-Output or Direct
Input-Output on file systems containing Oracle data files. The following table lists file
systems available on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) and the recommended
setting:
File System Option Description
JFS dio Concurrent Input-Output is not available on JFS. Direct
Input-Output is available, but performance is degraded
compared to JFS2 with Concurrent Input-Output.
JFS large file none Oracle does not recommend using JFS large file for Oracle
Database because its 128 KB alignment constraint prevents you
from using Direct Input-Output.

Considerations for JFS and JFS2
If you are placing Oracle Database logs on a JFS2 file system, then the optimal
configuration is to create the file system using the agblksize=512 option and to mount
it with the cio option.
Before Oracle Database 12c, Direct Input-Output and Concurrent Input-Output could
not be enabled at the file level on JFS/JFS2. Therefore, the Oracle home directory and
data files had to be placed in separate file systems for optimal performance. The
Oracle home directory was placed on a file system mounted with default options, with
the data files and logs on file systems mounted using the dio or cio options.
With Oracle Database 12c, you can enable Direct Input-Output and Concurrent
Input-Output on JFS/JFS2 at the file level. You can do this by setting the
FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS parameter in the server parameter file to setall or directIO.
This enables Concurrent Input-Output on JFS2 and Direct Input-Output on JFS for all
data file Input-Output. Because the directIO setting disables asynchronous
Input-Output it should normally not be used. As a result of this 12c feature, you can
place data files on the same JFS/JFS2 file system as the Oracle home directory and still
use Direct Input-Output or Concurrent Input-Output for improved performance. As
mentioned earlier, you should still place Oracle Database logs on a separate JFS2 file
system for optimal performance.
Considerations for GPFS
If you are using GPFS, then you can use the same file system for all purposes. This
includes using it for the Oracle home directory and for storing data files and logs. For
optimal performance, you should use a large GPFS block size (typically, at least 512
KB). GPFS is designed for scalability, and there is no requirement to create multiple
GPFS file systems as long as the amount of data fits in a single GPFS file system.
JFS2 cio Concurrent Input-Output is a better setting than Direct
Input-Output on JFS2, because it provides support for multiple
concurrent readers and writers on the same file. However, due
to IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) restrictions on
JFS2/CIO, Concurrent Input-Output is intended to be used
only with Oracle data files, control files, and log files. It should
be applied only to file systems that are dedicated to such a
purpose. For the same reason, the Oracle home directory is not
supported on a JFS2 file system mounted with the cio option.
For example, during installation, if you inadvertently specify
that the Oracle home directory is on a JFS2 file system
mounted with the CIO option, then while trying to relink
Oracle, you may encounter the following error:
"ld: 0711-866 INTERNAL ERROR: Output symbol table size
miscalculated"
Note: For Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2) and later, on
IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 6.1 systems, Oracle
recommends that you do not use the cio option on a JFS2 file
system.
GPFS NA Oracle Database silently enables Direct Input-Output on GPFS
for optimum performance. GPFS Direct Input-Output already
supports multiple readers and writers on multiple nodes.
Therefore, Direct Input-Output and Concurrent Input-Output
are the same thing on GPFS.
File System Option Description

Moving from a Journaled File System to Raw Logical Volumes
To move from a journaled file system to raw devices without having to manually
reload all the data, perform the following steps as the root user:
1. Create a raw device (preferably, in a BigVG) using the new raw logical volume
device type (-T O), which enables putting the first Oracle block at offset zero for
optimal performance:
# mklv -T O -y new_raw_device VolumeGroup NumberOfPartitions
Note: The raw device should be larger than the existing file. In
addition, you must bear in mind the size of the new raw device to
prevent wasting space.
2. Set the permissions on the raw device.
3. Use dd to convert and copy the contents of the JFS file to the new raw device as
follows:
# dd if=old_JFS_file of=new_raw_device bs=1m
4. Rename the data file.
Moving from Raw Logical Volumes to a Journaled File System
The first Oracle block on a raw logical volume is not necessarily at offset zero.
However, the first Oracle block on a file system is always at offset zero. To determine
the offset and locate the first block on a raw logical volume, use the $ORACLE_
HOME/bin/offset command. The offset can be 4096 bytes or 128 KB on IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-bit) logical volumes or zero on IBM AIX on POWER Systems
(64-bit) logical volumes created with the mklv -T O option.
When you have determined the offset, you can copy over data from a raw logical
volume to a file system using the dd command and skipping the offset. The following
example assumes an offset of 4096 bytes:
# dd if=old_raw_device bs=4k skip=1|dd of=new_file bs=256
You can instruct Oracle Database to use many blocks smaller than the maximum
capacity of a raw logical volume. If you do this, then you must add a count clause to
ensure that only data that contains Oracle blocks is copied. The following example
assumes an offset of 4096 bytes, an Oracle block size of 8 KB, and 150000 blocks:
# dd if=old_raw_device bs=4k skip=1|dd bs=8k count=150000|dd of=new_file bs=256k
C.2.3 Using Asynchronous Input-Output
Oracle Database takes full advantage of asynchronous Input-Output provided by IBM
AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), resulting in faster database access.
IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) support asynchronous Input-Output for
database files created on file system partitions. When using asynchronous
Input-Output on file systems, the kernel database processes (aioserver) control each
request from the time a request is taken off the queue to the time it is completed. The
number of aioserver servers determines the number of asynchronous Input-Output
requests that can be processed in the system concurrently. So, it is important to tune
the number of aioserver processes when using file systems to store Oracle Database
data files.

Use one of the following commands to set the number of servers. This applies only
when using asynchronous Input-Output on file systems:
■ smit aio
■ chdev -l aio0 -a aio_maxservers=’ m ’ -a aio_minservers=’n’
See Also:
■ The System Management Interface Tool (SMIT) online Help for
more information about SMIT
■ The man pages for more information about the smit aio and
chdev commands
Note: On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), there are two
asynchronous Input-Output subsystems available. Oracle Database
12c uses Legacy asynchronous Input-Output (aio0), even though the
Oracle preinstallation script enables Legacy asynchronous
Input-Output (aio0) and POSIX AIO (posix_aio0). Both
asynchronous Input-Output subsystems have the same performance
characteristics.
Set the minimum value to the number of servers to be started when the system is
started. Set the maximum value to the number of servers that can be started in
response to a large number of concurrent requests. These parameters apply to file
systems only.
The default value for the minimum number of servers is 1 for IBM AIX on POWER
Systems (64-bit) 5L version 5.3 and 3 for IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 6.1 and
IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 7.1. The default value for the maximum number
of servers is 10 for IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 5L version 5.3 and 30 for IBM
AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 6.1 and higher versions. These values are usually too
low to run Oracle Database on large systems with 4 CPUs or more, if you are not using
kernelized asynchronous Input-Output. Oracle recommends that you set the
parameters to the values listed in the following table:
Parameter Value
aio_minservers Oracle recommends an initial value equal to the number of CPUs
on the system or 10, whichever is lower.
aio_maxservers Starting with IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 5L version 5.3,
this parameter counts the maximum number of asynchronous
Input-Output servers for each CPU. On previous versions of IBM
AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), it was a systemwide value. If you
are using General Parallel File System (GPFS), then set aio_
maxservers to worker1threads divided by the number of CPUs.
This is the optimal setting. Increasing aio_maxservers does not lead
to improved Input-Output performance.
If you are using JFS/JFS2, then set the initial value to 10 times the
number of logical disks divided by the number of CPUs that are to
be used concurrently but no more than 80. Monitor the actual
number of aioservers started during a typical workload using the
pstat or ps commands. If the actual number of active aioservers
equals the aio_maxservers, then increase the aio_maxservers
value.

If the value of the aio_maxservers or aio_maxreqs parameter is set too low, then the
following warning messages are repeatedly displayed:
Warning: lio_listio returned EAGAIN
Performance degradation may be seen.
You can avoid these errors by increasing the value of the aio_maxservers parameter.
To display the number of asynchronous Input-Output servers running, enter the
following commands as the root user:
# pstat -a | grep -c aios
# ps -k | grep aioserver
Check the number of active asynchronous Input-Output servers periodically, and
change the values of the aio_minservers and aio_maxservers parameters if required.
The changes take place when the system is restarted.
Note: See your operating system vendor documentation for
information about tuning AIO parameters.
C.2.4 Input-Output Slaves
Input-Output Slaves are specialized Oracle processes that perform only Input-Output.
They are rarely used on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), because asynchronous
Input-Output is the default and recommended way for Oracle to perform
Input-Output operations on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit). Input-Output
Slaves are allocated from shared memory buffers. Input-Output Slaves use the
initialization parameters listed in the following table:
Parameter Range of Values Default Value
DISK_ASYNCH_IO true/false true
TAPE_ASYNCH_IO true/false true
BACKUP_TAPE_IO_SLAVES true/false false
DBWR_IO_SLAVES 0 - 999 0
DB_WRITER_PROCESSES 1-20 1
Generally, you do not adjust the parameters in the preceding table. However, on large
workloads, the database writer may become a bottleneck. If it does, then increase the
value of DB_WRITER_PROCESSES. As a general rule, do not increase the number of
database writer processes above one for each pair of CPUs in the system or partition.
There are times when you must turn off asynchronous I/O. For example, if instructed
to do so by Oracle Support for debugging. You can use the DISK_ASYNCH_IO and TAPE_
ASYNCH_IO parameters to switch off asynchronous I/O for disk or tape devices. TAPE_
aio_maxreqs Set the initial value to 4 times the number of logical disks
multiplied by the queue depth. You can determine the queue depth
by running the following command:
$ lsattr -E -l hdiskxx
Typically, the queue depth is 3.
Parameter Value

ASYNCH_IO support is only available when the Media Manager software supports it
and for Recovery Manager, if BACKUP_TAPE_IO_SLAVES is true.
Set the DBWR_IO_SLAVES parameter to greater than 0 only if the DISK_ASYNCH_IO
parameter is set to false. Otherwise, the database writer process becomes a
bottleneck. In this case, the optimal value on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) for
the DBWR_IO_SLAVES parameter is 4.
C.2.5 Using the DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT Parameter
When using Direct Input-Output or Concurrent Input-Output with Oracle Database
12c, the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) file system does not perform any
read-ahead on sequential scans. For this reason the DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT
value in the server parameter file should be increased when Direct Input-Output or
Concurrent Input-Output is enabled on Oracle data files. The read ahead is performed
by Oracle Database as specified by the DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT initialization
parameter.
Setting a large value for the DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT initialization parameter
usually yields better Input-Output throughput on sequential scans. On IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-bit), this parameter ranges from 1 to 512, but using a value higher
than 16 usually does not provide additional performance gain.
Set this parameter so that its value when multiplied by the value of the DB_BLOCK_SIZE
parameter produces a number larger than the Logical Volume Manager stripe size.
Such a setting causes more disks to be used.
C.2.6 Using Write Behind
The write behind feature enables the operating system to group write Input-Output
together, up to the size of a partition. You can improve performance by doing this,
because the number of Input-Output operations is reduced. The file system divides
each file into 16 KB partitions to increase write performance, limit the number of dirty
pages in memory, and minimize disk fragmentation. The pages of a particular
partition are not written to disk until the program writes the first byte of the next 16
KB partition. To set the size of the buffer for write behind to eight 16 KB partitions,
enter the following command:
à# /usr/sbin/vmo -o numclust=8
To disable write behind, enter the following command:
à# /usr/sbin/vmo -o numclust=0
C.2.7 Tuning Sequential Read Ahead
Note: The information in this section applies only to file systems,
and only when neither Direct Input-Output nor Concurrent
Input-Output are used.
The VMM anticipates the need for pages of a sequential file. It observes the pattern in
which a process accesses a file. When the process accesses two consecutive pages of
the file, the VMM assumes that the program continues to access the file sequentially,
and schedules additional sequential reads of the file. These reads overlap the program
processing and make data available to the program faster. The following VMM

thresholds, implemented as kernel parameters, determine the number of pages it reads
ahead:
■ minpgahead
This parameter stores the number of pages read ahead when the VMM first detects
the sequential access pattern.
■ maxpgahead
This parameter stores the maximum number of pages that VMM reads ahead in a
sequential file.
Set the minpgahead and maxpgahead parameters to appropriate values for an
application. The default values are 2 and 8 respectively. Use the /usr/sbin/vmo
command to change these values. You can use higher values for the maxpgahead
parameter in systems where the sequential performance of striped logical volumes is
of paramount importance. To set the minpgahead parameter to 32 pages and the
maxpgahead parameter to 64 pages, run the following command as the root user:
-o minpgahead=32 -o maxpgahead=64
Set both the minpgahead and maxpgahead parameters to a power of two. For example,
2, 4, 8, . . . 512, 1042, . . . and so on.
C.2.8 Tuning Disk Input-Output Pacing
Disk Input-Output pacing is an IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) mechanism that
enables the system administrator to limit the number of pending Input-Output
requests to a file. This prevents disk Input-Output intensive processes from saturating
the CPU. Therefore, the response time of interactive and CPU-intensive processes does
not deteriorate.
You can achieve disk Input-Output pacing by adjusting two system parameters: the
high-water mark and the low-water mark. When a process writes to a file that already
has a pending high-water mark Input-Output request, the process is put to sleep. The
process wakes up when the number of outstanding Input-Output requests falls lower
than or equals the low-water mark.
You can use the smit command to change the high and low-water marks. Determine
the water marks through trial-and-error. Use caution when setting the water marks,
because they affect performance. Tuning the high and low-water marks has less effect
on disk Input-Output larger than 4 KB.
You can determine disk Input-Output saturation by analyzing the result of iostat, in
particular, the percentage of iowait and tm_act. A high iowait percentage combined
with high tm_act percentages on specific disks is an indication of disk saturation. Note
that a high iowait alone is not necessarily an indication of an Input-Output bottleneck.
C.2.9 Resilvering with Oracle Database
If you disable mirror write consistency for an Oracle data file allocated on a raw
logical volume, then the Oracle Database crash recovery process uses resilvering to
recover after a system failure. This resilvering process prevents database
inconsistencies or corruption.
During crash recovery, if a data file is allocated on a logical volume with multiple
copies, then the resilvering process performs a checksum on the data blocks of all the
copies. It then performs one of the following:

CPU Scheduling and Process Priorities
■ If the data blocks in a copy have valid checksums, then the resilvering process uses
that copy to update the copies that have invalid checksums.
■ If all copies have blocks with invalid checksums, then the resilvering process
rebuilds the blocks using information from the redo log file. It then writes the data
file to the logical volume and updates all the copies.
On IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit), the resilvering process works only for data
files allocated on raw logical volumes for which mirror write consistency is disabled.
Resilvering is not required for data files on mirrored logical volumes with mirror write
consistency enabled, because mirror write consistency ensures that all copies are
synchronized.
If the system fails while you are upgrading an earlier release of Oracle Database that
used data files on logical volumes for which mirror write consistency was disabled,
then run the syncvg command to synchronize the mirrored logical volume before
starting Oracle Database. If you do not synchronize the mirrored logical volume before
starting the database, then Oracle Database may read incorrect data from a logical
volume copy.
Note: If a disk drive fails, then resilvering does not occur. You must
run the syncvg command before you can reactivate the logical volume.
Caution: Oracle supports resilvering for data files only. Do not
disable mirror write consistency for redo log files.
C.3 CPU Scheduling and Process Priorities
The CPU is another system component for which processes may contend. Although
the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) kernel allocates CPU effectively most of the
time, many processes compete for CPU cycles. If the system has multiple CPU (SMP),
then there may be different levels of contention on each CPU.
The following sections provide information about CPU scheduling and process
priorities:
■ Changing Process Running Time Slice
■ Using Processor Binding on SMP Systems
C.3.1 Changing Process Running Time Slice
The default value for the run-time slice of the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) RR
dispatcher is ten milliseconds (msec). Use the schedo command to change the time
slice. A longer time slice causes a lower context switch rate if the average voluntary
switch rate of the applications is lower. As a result, fewer CPU cycles are spent on
context-switching for a process and the system throughput should improve.
However, a longer run-time slice can deteriorate response time, especially on a
uniprocessor system. The default run-time slice is usually acceptable for most
applications. When the run queue is high and most of the applications and Oracle
shadow processes are capable of running a much longer duration, you may want to
increase the time slice by entering the following command:
f # /usr/sbin/schedo -t n

Setting the AIXTHREAD_SCOPE Environment Variable
In the preceding command, setting n to 0 results in a slice of 10 msec, choosing a value
of 1 results in a slice of 20 msec, choosing a value of 2 results in a slice of 30 msec, and
so on.
C.3.2 Using Processor Binding on SMP Systems
Binding certain processes to a processor can improve performance substantially on an
SMP system. Processor binding is available and fully functional on IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-bit) 5L.
However, starting with IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 5L, specific
improvements in the IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) scheduler enables Oracle
Database processes to be scheduled optimally without processor binding. Therefore,
Oracle no longer recommends binding processes to processors when running on IBM
AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 5L version 5.3 or later.
C.4 Setting the AIXTHREAD_SCOPE Environment Variable
Threads in IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) can run with process-wide contention
scope (M:N) or with systemwide contention scope (1:1). The AIXTHREAD_SCOPE
environment variable controls which contention scope is used.
The default value of the AIXTHREAD_SCOPE environment variable is P, which specifies
process-wide contention scope. When using process-wide contention scope, Oracle
threads are mapped to a pool of kernel threads. When Oracle is waiting on an event
and its thread is swapped out, it may return on a different kernel thread with a
different thread ID. Oracle uses the thread ID to post waiting processes, so it is
important for the thread ID to remain the same. When using systemwide contention
scope, Oracle threads are mapped to kernel threads statically, one to one. For this
reason, Oracle recommends that you use systemwide contention. The use of
systemwide contention is especially critical for Oracle Real Application Clusters
(Oracle RAC) instances.
In addition, on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 5L version 5.3 or later, if you set
systemwide contention scope, then significantly less memory is allocated to each
Oracle process.
Oracle recommends that you set the value of the AIXTHREAD_SCOPE environment
variable to S in the environment script that you use to set the ORACLE_HOME or ORACLE_
SID environment variables for an Oracle Database instance or an Oracle Net listener
process as follows:
Add the following line to the ~/.profile or /usr/local/bin/oraenv script:
AIXTHREAD_SCOPE=S; export AIXTHREAD_SCOPE
■ C shell:
Add the following line to the ~/.login or /usr/local/bin/coraenv script:
setenv AIXTHREAD_SCOPE S
Doing this enables systemwide thread scope for running all Oracle processes.

Network Information Service external naming support
C.5 Network Information Service external naming support
Network Information Service external naming adapter is supported on IBM AIX on
POWER Systems (64-bit). To configure and use Network Information Service external
naming, refer to the "Configuring External Naming Methods" section of Oracle
Database Net Services Administrator's Guide.
C.6 Simultaneous Multithreading on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-Bit)
5.3
If Simultaneous Multithreading is enabled, and the IBM AIX on POWER Systems
(64-bit) 5.3 operating system is being used, then the v$osstat view reports 2
additional rows corresponding to the online logical (NUM_LCPUS) and virtual CPUs
(NUM_VCPUS).
If oracle is being run on IBM AIX on POWER Systems (64-bit) 5.3 without
Simultaneous Multithreading, then these rows are not reported.
C.7 Configuring IBM JSSE Provider with Oracle JDBC Thin Driver
If you want to configure SSL on IBM JDK, then you may face the following issues:
■ IBM JSSE does not support SSLv2Hello SSL protocol
For SSL clients using Thin JDBC connectors, you must set oracle.net.ss1_
version system property to select TLSv1 SSL protocol or SSLv3 SSL protocol
■ IBM JSSE does not allow anonymous ciphers
For SSL clients using anonymous ciphers, you must replace the Default Trust
Manager with a Custom Trust Manager that accepts anonymous ciphers.
See Also: IBM JSSE documentation for more information about
creating and installing Custom Trust Manager

D
Administering Oracle Database on HP-UX D-1
D Administering Oracle Database on HP-UX
This appendix provides information about administering Oracle Database on HP-UX.
■ HP-UX Shared Memory Segments for an Oracle Instance
■ HP-UX SCHED_NOAGE Scheduling Policy
■ Lightweight Timer Implementation
■ Asynchronous Input-Output
■ Large Memory Allocations and Oracle Database Tuning
■ CPU_COUNT Initialization Parameter and HP-UX Dynamic Processor
Reconfiguration
■ Network Information Service external naming support
■ Activating and Setting Expanded Host Names and Node Names
D.1 HP-UX Shared Memory Segments for an Oracle Instance
When an Oracle Database instance starts, it creates memory segments by dividing the
shared memory allocated for creating the Oracle System Global Area (SGA) by the
value of the HP-UX shmmax kernel parameter. For example, if 64 GB of shared memory
is allocated for a single Oracle instance and the value of the shmmax parameter is 1 GB,
then Oracle Database creates 64 shared memory segments for that instance.
Performance degradation can occur when an Oracle instance creates multiple shared
memory segments. This is because each shared memory segment receives a unique
protection key when Oracle Database creates the instance. The number of protection
keys available on the system architecture for HP-UX Itanium is 14.
If the Oracle instance creates more shared memory segments than the number of
protection keys, then the HP-UX operating system displays protection key faults.
Oracle recommends that you set the shmmax parameter value to the amount of
available physical memory on the system. Doing this ensures that the entire shared
memory for a single Oracle instance is assigned to one shared memory segment and
the instance requires only one protection key.
To display the list of active shared memory segments on the system, run the following
command:
$ ipcs -m

HP-UX SCHED_NOAGE Scheduling Policy
D-2 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference
If Oracle Database creates more segments for the instance than the number of
protection keys, then increase the value of the shmmax kernel parameter.
about the recommended minimum kernel parameter values
D.2 HP-UX SCHED_NOAGE Scheduling Policy
On HP-UX, most processes use a time-sharing scheduling policy. Time sharing can
have detrimental effects on Oracle performance by descheduling an Oracle process
during critical operations, for example, when it is holding a latch. HP-UX has a
modified scheduling policy, referred to as SCHED_NOAGE, that specifically addresses this
issue. Unlike the normal time-sharing policy, a process scheduled using SCHED_NOAGE
does not increase or decrease in priority, nor is it preempted.
This feature is suited to online transaction processing environments because online
transaction processing environments can cause competition for critical resources. The
use of the SCHED_NOAGE policy with Oracle Database can increase performance by 10
percent or more in online transaction processing environments.
The SCHED_NOAGE policy does not provide the same level of performance gains in
decision support environments because there is less resource competition. Because
each application and server environment is different, you should test and verify that
the environment benefits from the SCHED_NOAGE policy. When using SCHED_NOAGE,
Oracle recommends that you exercise caution in assigning highest priority to Oracle
processes. Assigning highest SCHED_NOAGE priority to Oracle processes can exhaust
CPU resources on the system, causing other user processes to stop responding.
D.2.1 Enabling SCHED_NOAGE for Oracle Database
To permit Oracle Database to use the SCHED_NOAGE scheduling policy, the OSDBA
group (typically, the dba group) must have the RTSCHED and RTPRIO privileges to
change the scheduling policy and set the priority level for Oracle processes. To give the
dba group these privileges:
2. Using any text editor, open the /etc/privgroup file, or create it if necessary.
3. Add or edit the following line, which begins with the name of the OSDBA group,
specifying the privileges RTPRIO and RTSCHED that you want to grant to this group
every time the system restarts:
dba RTPRIO RTSCHED
4. Save the file, and quit the text editor.
5. Enter the following command to grant the privileges to the OSDBA group:
# /usr/sbin/setprivgrp -f /etc/privgroup
6. Enter the following command to verify that the privileges are set correctly:
# /usr/bin/getprivgrp dba
Add the HPUX_SCHED_NOAGE initialization parameter to the parameter file for each
instance, setting the parameter to an integer value to specify process priority levels.
The supported range of values is 178 to 255. Lower values represent higher priorities.
The default value of HPUX_SCHED_NOAGE initialization parameter is 178 for all Oracle
processes. For LMS processes, this can be changed by setting the initialization

Asynchronous Input-Output
parameter _os_sched_high_priority. If the parameter _os_sched_high_priority is
between 31 and 2, LMS processes run with SCHED_RR at the set priority. If the
parameter value is between 178 and 255, the processes run at the set value with SCHED_
NOAGE. However, LMS does not run at priority level less than the value of HPUX_SCHED_
NOAGE.
If the HPUX_SCHED_NOAGE parameter setting is out of range, then Oracle Database
automatically sets the parameter to a permissible value and continues with the SCHED_
NOAGE policy with the new value. It also generates a message in the alert_sid.log file
about the new setting. Whenever the highest priority is assigned to Oracle processes,
either by the user or by automatic readjustment, Oracle Database generates a message
in the alert_sid.log file warning about the possibility of exhaustion of CPU
resources on the system. Oracle recommends that you set the parameter to assign the
priority level you want for Oracle processes.
See Also: The HP-UX documentation, the rtsched(1) man page, and
the rtsched(2) man page for more information about priority policies
and priority ranges
D.3 Lightweight Timer Implementation
With Oracle Database 11g, you can collect run-time statistics always if the dynamic
initialization parameter STATISTICS_LEVEL is set to TYPICAL (default) or ALL. This
parameter setting implicitly sets the TIMED_STATISTICS initialization parameter to
true. Oracle Database on HP-UX systems uses the gethrtime() system library call to
calculate elapsed times during the collection of the statistics. The use of this
lightweight system library call enables you to collect run-time statistics always while
running an Oracle instance, without affecting performance.
This system library call can provide a performance improvement of up to 10 percent
over an Oracle release that does not use the gethrtime() system library call when the
TIMED_STATISTICS initialization parameter is explicitly set to true. In addition, there is
no negative impact on the online transaction processing performance of an Oracle
Database while using the gethrtime() system library call to collect run-time statistics
always.
D.4 Asynchronous Input-Output
The asynchronous Input-Output pseudo-driver on HP-UX enables Oracle Database to
perform Input-Output to raw disk partitions using an asynchronous method, resulting
in less Input-Output overhead and higher throughput. You can use the asynchronous
Input-Output pseudo-driver on both HP-UX servers and workstations.
■ Granting MLOCK Privilege
■ Implementing Asynchronous Input-Output
■ Verifying Asynchronous Input-Output
■ Asynchronous Flag in SGA
D.4.1 Granting MLOCK Privilege
To permit Oracle Database to process asynchronous Input-Output operations, the
OSDBA group (dba) must have the MLOCK privilege. To give the dba group the MLOCK
privilege:

2. Using any text editor, open the /etc/privgroup file, or create it if necessary.
3. Add or edit the following line, which begins with the name of the OSDBA group,
specifying the privilege MLOCK:
Note: You must use only one line to specify the privileges for a
particular group in this file. If the file already contains a line for the
dba group, then add the MLOCK privilege on the same line.
dba RTPRIO RTSCHED MLOCK
4. Save the file, and quit the text editor.
5. Enter the following command to grant the privileges to the OSDBA group:
# /usr/sbin/setprivgrp -f /etc/privgroup
6. Enter the following command to verify that the privileges are set correctly:
# /usr/bin/getprivgrp dba
D.4.2 Implementing Asynchronous Input-Output
To use asynchronous Input-Output on HP-UX, you must use an Automatic Storage
Management disk group that uses raw partitions as the storage option for database
files.
about configuring Automatic Storage Management and raw logical
volumes on HP-UX systems
Before you can implement asynchronous Input-Output with either storage option, you
must use the System Administrator Management utility to configure the asynchronous
disk driver into the HP-UX kernel.
Note: In Oracle Database 11g Release 1, you did not have to set
DISK_ASYNCH_IO parameter to FALSE on a file system. However,
starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2, if database uses file
system for storing the database files, then ensure that you set
initialization parameter DISK_ASYNCH_IO to FALSE. By default the
value of DISK_ASYNCH_IO is TRUE.
The DISK_ASYNCH_IO parameter must be set to TRUE only when raw
partitions are used for storing database files.
To add the asynchronous disk driver and configure the kernel by using the System
Administrator Management utility:
1. Run the following command as the root user:
# sam
2. Select the Kernel Configuration area.
3. Select the Drivers area.

4. Select the asynchronous disk driver (asyncdsk).
5. Select Actions, and then select Add Driver to Kernel.
6. Select List, and then select Configurable Parameters.
7. Select the MAX_ASYNC_PORTS parameter.
8. Select Action, and then select Modify Configurable Parameter.
9. Specify a new value for the parameter, using the following guidelines, and then
click OK.
The MAX_ASYNC_PORTS parameter is a configurable HP-UX kernel parameter that
controls the maximum number of processes that can open the /dev/async file
simultaneously.
The system displays an error message when a process tries to open the /dev/async
file after the maximum number of processes have opened the file. This error can
reduce performance on systems with a large number of shadow processes or many
parallel query slaves performing asynchronous Input-Output. This error is not
recorded. To avoid this error, estimate the highest likely number of processes that
can access the /dev/async file and set the MAX_ASYNC_PORTS parameter to this
value.
10. Select Actions, and then select Process a New Kernel.
11. Select one of the following options, and then click OK:
■ Move Kernel Into Place and Shutdown System/Reboot Now
■ Do Not Move Kernel Into Place: Do Not Shutdown/Reboot Now
If you choose the second option, then the new kernel, vmunix_test, and the
system.SAM configuration file used to create it, are both created in the
/stand/build directory.
To enable asynchronous Input-Output operations using the HP-UX asynchronous
device driver:
2. If /dev/async does not exist, use the following command to create it:
# /sbin/mknod /dev/async c 101 0x0
By default, the minor number is set to 0. The following table describes the various
minor numbers for 8-bit that you can use to create a device file:
Minor number Description
0x0 This is the HP-UX default value for /dev/async.
0x4 Enable disc device timeouts to complete with an error code rather than
retrying forever. This setting is necessary for application-level disc mirroring,
so as to avoid the situation where the application waits forever for a failed disc
device to be repaired. Oracle RDBMS users should enable this feature when
Automatic Storage Management mirroring/replication (internal redundancy)
is used. SGA will be locked in memory.

3. Enter the following command to verify that the /dev/async device file exists and
has the major number 101:
# ls -l /dev/async
The output of this command should look similar to the following:
crw------- 1 oracle dba 101 0x000000 Oct 28 10:32 /dev/async
4. If required, give the device file the operating system owner and permissions
consistent with those of the Oracle software owner and OSDBA group.
If the Oracle software owner is oracle and the OSDBA group is dba, then run the
following commands:
# /usr/bin/chown oracle:dba /dev/async
# /usr/bin/chmod 660 /dev/async
D.4.3 Verifying Asynchronous Input-Output
To verify asynchronous Input-Output, first verify that the HP-UX asynchronous driver
is configured for Oracle Database, then verify that Oracle Database is executing
asynchronous Input-Output through the HP-UX device driver:
■ Verifying That HP-UX Asynchronous Driver is Configured for Oracle Database
■ Verifying that Oracle Database is Using Asynchronous Input-Output
D.4.3.1 Verifying That HP-UX Asynchronous Driver is Configured for Oracle Database
To verify that the HP-UX asynchronous driver is configured properly for Oracle
Database:
1. Start Oracle Database with a few parallel query slave processes.
2. Start the GlancePlus/UX utility as follows:
$ gpm
3. In the main window, click Reports and then click Process List.
4. In the Process List window, select one parallel query slave process, select Reports,
and then select Process Open Files.
The list of files currently opened by the parallel query slave process is displayed.
0x100 Enable on-demand locking of memory pages by async driver when asyncdsk_
open(2) is called. A low-overhead routine is then used to lock a page into
memory during I/O operations.
On-demand locking is critically important when using Oracle's Automatic
Memory Management feature (the use of MEMORY_TARGET in the init.ora file
to control memory usage). RDBMS deployments utilizing dynamic nPar or
dynamic vPar features should also configure on-demand locking.
More traditional RDBMS deployments can consider on-demand locking in
light of its more obvious effects. Generally speaking, RDBMS startup will be
quicker because the complete SGA is not locked into memory immediately.
However, some instances will experience a slight run-time performance
penalty with on-demand locking as memory pages are dynamically
locked/unlocked for each I/O request.
0x104 This is a combination of 0x100 and 0x4. Both the features are enabled.
Minor number Description

5. In the list of open files, check for the /dev/async file or the 101 0x104000 mode.
If either is in the list, then the /dev/async file has been opened by the parallel
query slave process, and the HP-UX asynchronous device driver is configured
properly to enable Oracle processes to run asynchronous Input-Output. Make a
note of the file descriptor number for the /dev/async file.
D.4.3.2 Verifying that Oracle Database is Using Asynchronous Input-Output
To verify that Oracle Database is using asynchronous Input-Output through the
HP-UX asynchronous device driver:
1. Attach the HP-UX tusc utility to the same Oracle parallel query slave that you
selected in GlancePlus in the preceding procedure.
2. Run an Input-Output bound query in the environment.
3. Check the pattern of read and write calls in the tusc output.
You can do this, for example, by entering the following command, where pid is the
process ID of a parallel query slave supposed to process asynchronous
Input-Output:
$ tusc -p pid > tusc.output
4. After running the query, press Ctrl+c to disconnect from the process, and then
open the tusc.output file.
The following example shows a sample tusc.output file:
( Attached to process 2052: "ora_p000_tpch" [ 64-bit ])
...................
........................
[2052] read(9, "800001013 b00000000".., 388) .. = 28
[2052] write(9, "0000e0000800001013Ð 0".., 48) .. = 48
[2052] read(9, "800001013¢ 1800000000".., 388) .. = 28
[2052] write(9, "0000e000080000101bd40".., 48) .. = 48
If the DISK_ASYNCH_IO initialization parameter is not explicitly set to false (set to
true by default), then the tusc.output file shows a pattern of asynchronous
read/write calls of the same file descriptor (9 in the preceding example) back to
back.
Map the file descriptor number in the tusc.output file to that used by /dev/async
file in GlancePlus. They should match for the particular parallel query slave
process. This verifies that Input-Output through the HP-UX asynchronous driver
is asynchronous. With synchronous Input-Output, or if the DISK_ASYNCH_IO
initialization parameter is explicitly set to FALSE, you do not see the asynchronous
read/write pattern described previously. Instead, you see calls to lseek or
pread/pwrite. You also see many different file descriptors (the first argument to
read/write) instead of just a single file descriptor.
D.4.4 Asynchronous Flag in SGA
Oracle Database on HP-UX uses a nonblocking polling facility provided by the HP-UX
asynchronous driver to check the status of Input-Output operations. This polling is
performed by checking a flag that is updated by the asynchronous driver based on the
status of the Input-Output operations submitted. HP-UX requires that this flag be in
shared memory.
Oracle Database configures an asynchronous flag in the SGA for each Oracle process.
Oracle Database on HP-UX has a true asynchronous Input-Output mechanism where

Large Memory Allocations and Oracle Database Tuning
Input-Output requests can be issued even though some previously issued
Input-Output operations are not complete. This helps to enhance performance and
ensures good scalability of parallel Input-Output processes.
Releases of Oracle Database earlier than release 8.1.7 were able to run Input-Output
operations only from shared memory by using the HP-UX asynchronous driver. Oracle
Database 11g runs Input-Output operations from both shared memory and
process-private regions using the new HP-UX asynchronous driver. However,
Input-Output operations through the asynchronous driver are not asynchronous in
nature. This is because Oracle Database must perform a blocking wait to check the
status of Input-Output operations submitted to the asynchronous driver. This causes
some Oracle processes, such as the database writer process, to essentially process
synchronous Input-Output.
D.5 Large Memory Allocations and Oracle Database Tuning
Applications running on Oracle Database 11g and later can use significantly more
memory than applications running on earlier releases. This is because Oracle Database
11g changes the default setting for virtual memory data pages from D (4 KB) to L (4
GB) on HP-UX systems.
■ Default Large Virtual Memory Page Size
■ Tuning Recommendations
■ Tunable Base Page Size
D.5.1 Default Large Virtual Memory Page Size
By default, Oracle Database uses the largest virtual memory page size setting available
on HP-UX for allocating process-private memory. It is defined by the value L (largest.)
This value is set as one of the LARGE_PAGE_FLAGS options when linking an Oracle
executable.
When the virtual memory page size is set to L, HP-UX allocates the available
process-private memory to pages of 1 MB, 4 MB, 16 MB and so on, until it reaches the
1 GB limit, or until it reaches the total amount of allocated memory. If you allocate
enough memory to the Oracle PGA for the operating system to be able to allocate
memory in larger data page size units, then the operating system allocates the
maximum page size at once. For example, if you allocate 48 MB for the Oracle PGA,
then the system can have either 3 pages each of 16 MB, or a series of pages in unit sizes
with the smaller multiples. For example, four 1 MB pages, three 4 MB pages, and two
16 MB pages. If you allocate 64 MB to the PGA, then the operating system allocates
one page of 64 MB, as the data page unit size matches the available memory.
In general, large memory pages yield better application performance by reducing the
number of virtual memory translation faults that must be handled by the operating
system, freeing more CPU resources for the application. Large pages help to reduce the
total number of data pages required to allocate the process-private memory. This
reduction decreases the chances of translation lookaside buffer misses at the processor
level.
However, if applications are constrained in memory and tend to run a very large
number of processes, then this drastic page size increase may lead processes to
indicate large memory allocations, followed by an Out of memory error message. If
this happens, then you must lower the page size to a value between the D (default)
size of 4 KB and the L (largest) size of 4 GB.

Network Information Service external naming support
With the lowest page size setting (4 KB), CPU utilization can be 20 percent higher than
that with a larger page size setting. With the highest setting of L, the memory
utilization can be 50 percent higher than that with a 4 MB setting. In cases where the
system shows memory constraints, Oracle recommends that you set the page size to
match the requirements of the particular application, within the constraints of
available memory resources.
For example, an application that has problems with the L setting may show reasonable
performance with a 4 MB virtual memory page setting.
D.5.2 Tuning Recommendations
To address tuning for the increased memory allocation required for persistent private
SQL areas and large virtual memory page sizes, Oracle recommends that you decrease
the virtual memory data page size for Oracle Database as required. Use the following
command to alter the page size setting:
# /usr/bin/chatr +pd newsize $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle
In the preceding example, newsize represents the new value of the virtual memory
page size.
Display the new setting using the chatr command as follows:
# /usr/bin/chatr $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle
D.5.3 Tunable Base Page Size
A large base page size enables efficient memory management. The default value for
base_pagesize is 4 KB. The new feature introduced with HP-UX 11.31 enables to
adjust the size of the base page, by invoking kctune (1 M) to change the tunable base_
pagesize and then restart the computer.
D.6 CPU_COUNT Initialization Parameter and HP-UX Dynamic Processor
Reconfiguration
HP-UX 11i supports dynamic run-time reconfiguration of processor sets and dynamic
reassignment of workload between processor sets by valid users.
HP-UX Virtual Partitions enable users to configure their systems in multiple logical
partitions where each partition is assigned its own set of processors, memory, and
Input-Output resources, and can run a separate instance of the HP-UX operating
system. HP-UX processor sets integrated with vPars support dynamic processor
migration from one virtual partition to another without requiring a restart of any
virtual partition. This helps to provide efficient resource partitioning between
applications to minimize interference and guarantees necessary resource allocation to
each application running on the HP-UX server.
See Also: Refer to the "System and Database Changes" section in the
Oracle Database Concepts guide for more information about dynamic
resource provisioning
D.7 Network Information Service external naming support
Network Information Service external naming adapter is supported on HP-UX. To
configure and use Network Information Service external naming, refer to the

Activating and Setting Expanded Host Names and Node Names
"Configuring External Naming Methods" section of Oracle Database Net Services
Administrator's Guide.
D.8 Activating and Setting Expanded Host Names and Node Names
The system node names and host names have default length limits of 8 and 64 bytes.
The system administrator can configure the system to expand both these limits to 255
bytes.
A dynamic kernel tunable parameter expanded_node_host_names, must be turned on
to allow larger names to be set.
To turn on the kernel parameter, run the following command:
kctune expanded_node_host_names=1
To turn off the kernel parameter, run the following command:
kctune expanded_node_host_names=0

E
Using Oracle ODBC Driver E-1
E Using Oracle ODBC Driver
This appendix provides information related to using Oracle ODBC Driver.
It contains the following sections:
■ Oracle ODBC Features Not Supported
■ Implementation of Data Types
■ Limitations on Data Types
■ Format of the Connection String for the SQLDriverConnect Function
■ Reducing Lock Timeout in a Program
■ Linking ODBC Applications
■ Obtaining Information About ROWIDs
■ ROWIDs in a WHERE Clause
■ Enabling Result Sets
■ Enabling EXEC Syntax
■ Supported Functionality
■ Unicode Support
■ Performance and Tuning
■ Error Messages
See Also: Oracle Database Installation Guide for your respective
platform for the ODBC driver certification information.
E.1 Oracle ODBC Features Not Supported
Oracle ODBC Driver does not support the following Oracle ODBC 3.0 features:
■ Interval data types
■ SQL_C_UBIGINT and SQL_C_SBIGINT C data type identifiers
■ Shared connections
■ Shared environments
■ The SQL_LOGIN_TIMEOUT attribute of SQLSetConnectAttr
■ The expired password option
Oracle ODBC Driver does not support the SQL functions listed in the following table:

String Functions Numeric Functions Time, Date, and Interval Functions
BIT_LENGTH ACOS CURRENT_DATE
CHAR_LENGTH ASIN CURRENT_TIME
CHARACTER_LENGTH ATAN CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
DIFFERENCE ATAN2 EXTRACT
OCTET_LENGTH COT TIMESTAMPDIFF
POSITION DEGREES
RADIANS
RAND
ROUND
Implementation of Data Types
E-2 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference
E.2 Implementation of Data Types
This section discusses the DATE, TIMESTAMP, and floating point data types.
DATE and TIMESTAMP
The semantics of Oracle DATE and TIMESTAMP data types do not correspond exactly
with the ODBC data types with the same names. The Oracle DATE data type contains
both date and time information. The SQL_DATE data type contains only date
information. The Oracle TIMESTAMP data type also contains date and time information,
but it has greater precision in fractional seconds. Oracle ODBC Driver reports the data
types of both Oracle DATE and TIMESTAMP columns as SQL_TIMESTAMP to prevent
information loss. Similarly, Oracle ODBC Driver binds SQL_TIMESTAMP parameters as
Oracle TIMESTAMP values.
See Also: "DATE and TIMESTAMP Data Types" on page E-23 for
information about DATE and TIMESTAMP data types related to
performance and tuning
Floating Point Data Types
When connected to an Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1) or later, Oracle ODBC
Driver maps the Oracle floating point data types BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE to
the ODBC data types SQL_REAL and SQL_DOUBLE, respectively. In earlier releases, SQL_
REAL and SQL_DOUBLE mapped to the generic Oracle numeric data type.
E.3 Limitations on Data Types
Oracle ODBC Driver and Oracle Database impose limitations on data types. The
following table describes these limitations:
Limited Data Type Description
Literals Oracle Database limits literals in SQL statements to 4000
bytes.
SQL_LONGVARCHAR and SQL_
WLONGVARCHAR
The Oracle limit for SQL_LONGVARCHAR data, where the column
type is LONG, is 2,147,483,647 bytes. The Oracle limit for SQL_
LONGVARCHAR data, where the column type is CLOB, is 4
gigabytes. The limiting factor is the client workstation
memory.

Format of the Connection String for the SQLDriverConnect Function
E.4 Format of the Connection String for the SQLDriverConnect Function
The SQLDriverConnect function is one of the functions implemented by Oracle ODBC
Driver. The following table describes the keywords that you can include in the
connection string argument of the SQLDriverConnect function call:
SQL_LONGVARCHAR and SQL_
LONGVARBINARY
Oracle Database permits only a single long data column in
each table. The long data types are SQL_LONGVARCHAR (LONG)
and SQL_LONGVARBINARY (LONG RAW). Oracle recommends that
you use CLOB and BLOB columns instead. There is no
restriction on the number of CLOB and BLOB columns in a
table.
Keyword Meaning Value
DSN ODBC data source name User-supplied name
This is a mandatory keyword.
DBQ TNS service name User-supplied name
UID User ID or user name User-supplied name
PWD Password User-supplied name
Specify PWD=; for an empty password.
DBA Database attribute W implies write access
R implies read-only access
APA Applications attributes T implies that thread safety is to be enabled.
F implies that thread safety is to be disabled.
RST Result sets T implies that result sets are to be enabled.
F implies that result sets are to be disabled.
QTO Query timeout option T implies that query timeout is to be enabled.
F implies that query timeout is to be disabled.
CSR Close cursor T implies that close cursor is to be enabled.
F implies that close cursor is to be disabled.
BAM Batch autocommit mode IfAllSuccessful implies commit only if all statements
are successful (old behavior).
UpToFirstFailure implies commit up to first failing
statement. This is ODBC version 7 behavior.
AllSuccessful implies commit all successful
statements.
FBS Fetch buffer size User-supplied numeric value (specify a value in bytes
of 0 or greater).
The default is 60,000 bytes.
FEN Failover T implies failover is to be enabled.
F implies failover is to be disabled.
Limited Data Type Description

Reducing Lock Timeout in a Program
E.5 Reducing Lock Timeout in a Program
Oracle Database waits indefinitely for lock conflicts between transactions to be
resolved. However, you can limit the amount of time that Oracle Database waits for
locks to be resolved. To do this, set the SQL_ATTR_QUERY_TIMEOUT attribute of the
ODBC SQLSetStmtAttr function while calling this function before connecting to the
data source.
E.6 Linking ODBC Applications
When you link the program, you must link it with the Driver Manager library,
libodbc.so.
E.7 Obtaining Information About ROWIDs
The ODBC SQLSpecialColumns function returns information about the columns in a
table. When used with Oracle ODBC Driver, it returns information about the Oracle
ROWIDs associated with an Oracle table.
FRC Failover retry count User-supplied numeric value.
The default is 10.
FDL Failover delay User-supplied numeric value.
The default is 10.
LOB LOB writes T implies LOBs are to be enabled.
F implies LOBs are to be disabled.
FWC Force SQL_WCHAR support T implies Force SQL_WCHAR is to be enabled.
F implies Force SQL_WCHAR is to be disabled.
EXC EXEC syntax T implies EXEC syntax is to be enabled.
F implies EXEC syntax is to be disabled.
XSM Schema field Default implies that the default value is to be used.
Database implies that the database name is to be used.
Owner implies that the name of the owner is to be used.
MDI Set metadata ID default T implies that the default value of SQL_ATTR_METADATA_
ID is SQL_TRUE.
F implies that the default value of SQL_ATTR_METADATA_
ID is SQL_FALSE.
DPM Disable SQLDescribeParam T implies that SQLDescribeParam is to be disabled.
F implies that SQLDescribeParam is to be enabled.
BTD Bind TIMESTAMP as DATE T implies that SQL_TIMESTAMP is to be bound as Oracle
DATE.
F implies that SQL_TIMESTAMP is to be bound as Oracle
TIMESTAMP.
NUM Numeric settings NLS implies that the Globalization Support numeric
settings are to be used (to determine the decimal and
group separator).
Keyword Meaning Value

Enabling Result Sets
E.8 ROWIDs in a WHERE Clause
ROWIDs may be used in the WHERE clause of an SQL statement. However, the ROWID
value must be presented in a parameter marker.
E.9 Enabling Result Sets
Oracle reference cursors, also known as result sets, enable an application to retrieve
data using stored procedures and stored functions. The following information
describes how to use reference cursors to enable result sets through ODBC:
■ You must use the ODBC syntax for calling stored procedures. Native PL/SQL is
not supported through ODBC. The following code sample identifies how to call
the procedure or function without a package and within a package. The package
name in this case is RSET.
Procedure call:
{CALL Example1(?)}
{CALL RSET.Example1(?)}
Function Call:
{? = CALL Example1(?)}
{? = CALL RSET.Example1(?)}
■ The PL/SQL reference cursor parameters are omitted when calling the procedure.
For example, assume procedure Example2 is defined to have four parameters.
Parameters 1 and 3 are reference cursor parameters and parameters 2 and 4 are
character strings. The call is specified as:
{CALL RSET.Example2("Literal 1", "Literal 2")}
The following sample application shows how to return a result set by using Oracle
ODBC Driver:
/*
* Sample Application using Oracle reference cursors through ODBC
*
* Assumptions:
*
* 1) Oracle Sample database is present with data loaded for the EMP table.
*
* 2) Two fields are referenced from the EMP table, ename and mgr.
*
* 3) A data source has been setup to access the sample database.
*
*
* Program Description:
*
* Abstract:
*
* This program demonstrates how to return result sets using
* Oracle stored procedures
*
* Details:
*
* This program:
* Creates an ODBC connection to the database.
* Creates a Packaged Procedure containing two result sets.
* Executes the procedure and retrieves the data from both result sets.
* Displays the data to the user.
* Deletes the package then logs the user out of the database.

*
*
* The following is the actual PL/SQL this code generates to
* create the stored procedures.
*
DROP PACKAGE ODBCRefCur;
CREATE PACKAGE ODBCRefCur AS
TYPE ename_cur IS REF CURSOR;
TYPE mgr_cur IS REF CURSOR;
PROCEDURE EmpCurs(Ename IN OUT ename_cur, Mgr IN OUT mgr_cur, pjob IN VARCHAR2);
END;
/
CREATE PACKAGE BODY ODBCRefCur AS
PROCEDURE EmpCurs(Ename IN OUT ename_cur, Mgr IN OUT mgr_cur, pjob IN VARCHAR2)
AS
BEGIN
IF NOT Ename%ISOPEN
THEN
OPEN Ename for SELECT ename from emp;
END IF;
IF NOT Mgr%ISOPEN
THEN
OPEN Mgr for SELECT mgr from emp where job = pjob;
END IF;
END;
END;
/
*
* End PL/SQL for Reference Cursor.
*/
/*
* Include Files
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sql.h>
#include <sqlext.h>
/*
* Defines
*/
#define JOB_LEN 9
#define DATA_LEN 100
#define SQL_STMT_LEN 500
/*
* Procedures
*/
void DisplayError( SWORD HandleType, SQLHANDLE hHandle, char *Module );
/*
* Main Program
*/
int main()
{
SQLHENV hEnv;
SQLHDBC hDbc;
SQLHSTMT hStmt;

SQLRETURN rc;
char *DefUserName ="jones";
char *DefPassWord ="password";
SQLCHAR ServerName[DATA_LEN];
SQLCHAR *pServerName=ServerName;
SQLCHAR UserName[DATA_LEN];
SQLCHAR *pUserName=UserName;
SQLCHAR PassWord[DATA_LEN];
SQLCHAR *pPassWord=PassWord;
char Data[DATA_LEN];
SQLINTEGER DataLen;
char error[DATA_LEN];
char *charptr;
SQLCHAR SqlStmt[SQL_STMT_LEN];
SQLCHAR *pSqlStmt=SqlStmt;
char *pSalesMan = "SALESMAN";
SQLINTEGER sqlnts=SQL_NTS;
/*
* Allocate the Environment Handle
*/
rc = SQLAllocHandle( SQL_HANDLE_ENV, SQL_NULL_HANDLE, &hEnv );
if (rc != SQL_SUCCESS)
{
printf( "Cannot Allocate Environment Handlen");
printf( "nHit Return to Exitn");
charptr = gets ((char *)error);
exit(1);
}
/*
* Set the ODBC Version
*/
rc = SQLSetEnvAttr( hEnv,SQL_ATTR_ODBC_VERSION,(void *)SQL_OV_ODBC3,0);
{
printf( "Cannot Set ODBC Versionn");
exit(1);
}
/*
* Allocate the Connection handle
*/
rc = SQLAllocHandle( SQL_HANDLE_DBC, hEnv, &hDbc );
{
printf( "Cannot Allocate Connection Handlen");
exit(1);
}
/*
* Get User Information
*/
strcpy ((char *) pUserName, DefUserName );
strcpy ((char *) pPassWord, DefPassWord );
/*
* Data Source name
*/
printf( "nEnter the ODBC Data Source Namen" );
charptr = gets ((char *) ServerName);

/*
* User Name
*/
printf ( "nEnter User Name Default [%s]n", pUserName);
charptr = gets ((char *) UserName);
if (*charptr == '0')
{
strcpy ((char *) pUserName, (char *) DefUserName );
}
/*
* Password
*/
printf ( "nEnter Password Default [%s]n", pPassWord);
charptr = gets ((char *)PassWord);
if (*charptr == '0')
{
strcpy ((char *) pPassWord, (char *) DefPassWord );
}
/*
* Connection to the database
*/
rc = SQLConnect( hDbc,pServerName,(SQLSMALLINT) strlen((char
*)pServerName),pUserName,(SQLSMALLINT) strlen((char
*)pUserName),pPassWord,(SQLSMALLINT) strlen((char *)pPassWord));
{
DisplayError(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, hDbc, "SQLConnect");
}
/*
* Allocate a Statement
*/
rc = SQLAllocHandle( SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hDbc, &hStmt );
{
printf( "Cannot Allocate Statement Handlen");
exit(1);
}
/*
* Drop the Package
*/
strcpy( (char *) pSqlStmt, "DROP PACKAGE ODBCRefCur");
rc = SQLExecDirect(hStmt, pSqlStmt, strlen((char *)pSqlStmt));
/*
* Create the Package Header
*/
strcpy( (char *) pSqlStmt, "CREATE PACKAGE ODBCRefCur ASn");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " TYPE ename_cur IS REF CURSOR;n");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " TYPE mgr_cur IS REF CURSOR;nn");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " PROCEDURE EmpCurs (Ename IN OUT ename_cur,");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, "Mgr IN OUT mgr_cur,pjob IN VARCHAR2);nn");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, "END;n");
{
DisplayError(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hStmt, "SQLExecDirect");
}
/*
* Create the Package Body

*/
strcpy( (char *) pSqlStmt, "CREATE PACKAGE BODY ODBCRefCur ASn");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " PROCEDURE EmpCurs (Ename IN OUT ename_cur,");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, "Mgr IN OUT mgr_cur, pjob IN VARCHAR2)n ASn
BEGINn");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " IF NOT Ename%ISOPENn THENn");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " OPEN Ename for SELECT ename from emp;n");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " END IF;nn");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " IF NOT Mgr%ISOPENn THENn");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " OPEN Mgr for SELECT mgr from emp where job =
pjob;n");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " END IF;n");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, " END;n");
strcat( (char *) pSqlStmt, "END;n");
{
}
/*
* Bind the Parameter
*/
rc = SQLBindParameter(hStmt,1,SQL_PARAM_INPUT,SQL_C_CHAR,SQL_CHAR,JOB_
LEN,0,pSalesMan,0,&sqlnts);
/*
* Call the Store Procedure which executes the Result Sets
*/
strcpy( (char *) pSqlStmt, "{CALL ODBCRefCur.EmpCurs(?)}");
{
}
/*
* Bind the Data
*/
rc = SQLBindCol( hStmt,1,SQL_C_CHAR,Data,sizeof(Data),&DataLen);
{
DisplayError(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hStmt, "SQLBindCol");
}
/*
* Get the data for Result Set 1
*/
printf( "nEmployee Namesnn");
while ( rc == SQL_SUCCESS )
{
rc = SQLFetch( hStmt );
if ( rc == SQL_SUCCESS )
{
printf("%sn", Data);
}
else
{
if (rc != SQL_NO_DATA)
{
DisplayError(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hStmt, "SQLFetch");
}
}
}

printf( "nFirst Result Set - Hit Return to Continuen");
/*
* Get the Next Result Set
*/
rc = SQLMoreResults( hStmt );
{
DisplayError(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hStmt, "SQLMoreResults");
}
/*
* Get the data for Result Set 2
*/
printf( "nManagersnn");
while ( rc == SQL_SUCCESS )
{
rc = SQLFetch( hStmt );
if ( rc == SQL_SUCCESS )
{
printf("%sn", Data);
}
else
{
{
DisplayError(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hStmt, "SQLFetch");
}
}
}
printf( "nSecond Result Set - Hit Return to Continuen");
/*
* Should Be No More Results Sets
*/
rc = SQLMoreResults( hStmt );
{
DisplayError(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hStmt, "SQLMoreResults");
}
/*
* Drop the Package
*/
strcpy( (char *) pSqlStmt, "DROP PACKAGE ODBCRefCur");
/*
* Free handles close connections to the database
*/
SQLFreeHandle( SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hStmt );
SQLDisconnect( hDbc );
SQLFreeHandle( SQL_HANDLE_DBC, hDbc );
SQLFreeHandle( SQL_HANDLE_ENV, hEnv );
printf( "nAll Done - Hit Return to Exitn");
return(0);
}
/*
* Display Error Messages
*/
void DisplayError( SWORD HandleType, SQLHANDLE hHandle, char *Module )
{

Enabling EXEC Syntax
SQLCHAR MessageText[255];
SQLCHAR SQLState[80];
SQLRETURN rc=SQL_SUCCESS;
long NativeError;
SWORD RetLen;
SQLCHAR error[25];
char *charptr;
rc =
SQLGetDiagRec(HandleType,hHandle,1,SQLState,&NativeError,MessageText,255,&RetLen);
printf( "Failure Calling %sn", Module );
if (rc == SQL_SUCCESS || rc == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
{
printf( "ttt State: %sn", SQLState);
printf( "ttt Native Error: %dn", NativeError );
printf( "ttt Error Message: %sn", MessageText );
}
exit(1);
}
E.10 Enabling EXEC Syntax
If the syntax of the SQL Server EXEC statement can be readily translated to an
equivalent Oracle procedure call without requiring any change to it, then Oracle
ODBC Driver can translate it if you enable this option.
The complete name of a SQL Server procedure consists of up to four identifiers:
■ Server name
■ Database name
■ Owner name
■ Procedure name
The format for the name is:
[[[server.][database].][owner_name].]procedure_name
During the migration of Microsoft SQL Server database to Oracle Database, the
definition of each SQL Server procedure or function is converted to its equivalent
Oracle Database syntax and is defined in a schema in Oracle Database. Migrated
procedures are often reorganized (and created in schemas) in one of the following
ways:
■ All procedures are migrated to one schema (the default option).
■ All procedures defined in one SQL Server database are migrated to the schema
named with that database name.
■ All procedures owned by one user are migrated to the schema named with that
user's name.
To support these three ways of organizing migrated procedures, you can specify one of
these schema name options for translating procedure names. Object names in the
translated Oracle procedure call are not case-sensitive.

Supported Functionality
E.11 Supported Functionality
This section provides information about the functionality supported by Oracle ODBC
Driver. It contains the following sections:
■ API Conformance
■ Implementation of ODBC API Functions
■ Implementation of the ODBC SQL Syntax
■ Implementation of Data Types
E.11.1 API Conformance
Oracle ODBC Driver release 10.2.0.1.0 and higher supports all Core, Level 2, and Level
1 functions.
E.11.2 Implementation of ODBC API Functions
The following table describes how Oracle ODBC Driver implements specific functions:
Function Description
SQLConnect SQLConnect requires only a DBQ, user ID, and password.
SQLDriverConnect SQLDriverConnect uses the DSN, DBQ, UID, and PWD keywords.
SQLSpecialColumns If SQLSpecialColumns is called with the SQL_BEST_ROWID
attribute, then it always returns the ROWID column.
SQLProcedures and
SQLProcedureColumns
Refer to the information in the following row.
All catalog functions If the SQL_ATTR_METADATA_ID statement attribute is set to SQL_
TRUE, then a string argument is treated as an identifier argument,
and its case is not significant. In this case, the underscore (_) and
the percent sign (%) are treated as the actual character, and not
as a search pattern character. In contrast, if this attribute is set to
SQL_FALSE, then it is either an ordinary argument or a pattern
value argument and is treated literally, and its case is significant.
SQLProcedures and SQLProcedureColumns
The SQLProcedures and SQLProcedureColumns calls have been modified to locate and
return information about all procedures and functions even if they are contained
within a package. In earlier releases, the calls only found procedures and functions
that were outside of packages. The following examples and scenarios show what
procedures or functions are returned if the SQL_ATTR_METADATA_ID attribute is set to
SQL_FALSE.
Suppose that you have the following stored procedures:
"BAR"
"BARX"
"XBAR"
"XBARX"
"SQLPROCTEST.BAR"
"SQLPROCTEST.BARX"
"SQLPROCTEST.XBAR"
"SQLPROCTEST.XBARX"
When you look for % or %%%%%%, you get all eight procedures.

Unicode Support
When you look for %_ or _%, you get the following:
BAR
BARX
XBAR
XBARX
When you look for . or .% or %.% or SQLPROC%. or SQLPROC%.%, you get the following:
SQLPROCTEST.BAR
SQLPROCTEST.BARX
SQLPROCTEST.XBAR
SQLPROCTEST.XBARX
When you look for %BAR, you get the following:
BAR
XBAR
When you look for .%BAR or %.%BAR, you get the following:
SQLPROCTEST.BAR
SQLPROCTEST.XBAR
When you look for SQLPROC% or .SQLPROC%, you get the following:
nothing (0 rows)
E.11.3 Implementation of the ODBC SQL Syntax
If a comparison predicate has a parameter marker as the second expression in the
comparison and the value of that parameter is set to SQL_NULL_DATA with
SQLBindParameter, then the comparison fails. This is consistent with the null predicate
syntax in ODBC SQL.
E.11.4 Implementation of Data Types
For programmers, the most important part of the implementation of the data types
concerns the CHAR, VARCHAR, and VARCHAR2 data types.
For an fSqlType value of SQL_VARCHAR, SQLGetTypeInfo returns the Oracle Database
data type VARCHAR2. For an fSqlType value of SQL_CHAR, SQLGetTypeInfo returns the
Oracle Database data type CHAR.
E.12 Unicode Support
This section provide information about Unicode support. It contains the following
topics:
■ Unicode Support Within the ODBC Environment
■ Unicode Support in ODBC API
■ SQLGetData Performance
■ Unicode Samples
E.12.1 Unicode Support Within the ODBC Environment
ODBC Driver Manager makes all ODBC drivers, regardless of whether they support
Unicode, appear as if they are Unicode compliant. This allows ODBC applications to
be written independent of the Unicode capabilities of underlying ODBC drivers.

Unicode Support
The extent to which the Driver Manager can emulate Unicode support for ANSI ODBC
drivers is limited by the conversions possible between the Unicode data and the local
code page. Data loss is possible when the Driver Manager is converting from Unicode
to the local code page. Full Unicode support is not possible unless the underlying
ODBC driver supports Unicode. Oracle ODBC Driver provides full Unicode support.
E.12.2 Unicode Support in ODBC API
The ODBC API supports both Unicode and ANSI entry points using the W and A suffix
convention. An ODBC application developer does not explicitly call entry points with
the suffix. An ODBC application that is compiled with the UNICODE and _UNICODE
preprocessor definitions generates the appropriate calls. For example, a call to
SQLPrepare compiles as SQLPrepareW.
The C data type, SQL_C_WCHAR, was added to the ODBC interface to allow applications
to specify that an input parameter is encoded as Unicode or to request column data
returned as Unicode. The macro SQL_C_TCHAR is useful for applications that must be
built as both Unicode and ANSI. The SQL_C_TCHAR macro compiles as SQL_C_WCHAR for
Unicode applications and as SQL_C_CHAR for ANSI applications.
The SQL data types, SQL_WCHAR, SQL_WVARCHAR, and SQL_WLONGVARCHAR, have been
added to the ODBC interface to represent columns defined in a table as Unicode.
Potentially, these values are returned from calls to SQLDescribeCol, SQLColAttribute,
SQLColumns, and SQLProcedureColumns.
Unicode encoding is supported for SQL column types NCHAR, NVARCHAR2, and
NCLOB. In addition, Unicode encoding is also supported for SQL column types
CHAR and VARCHAR2 if the character semantics are specified in the column
definition.
Oracle ODBC Driver supports these SQL column types and maps them to ODBC SQL
data types. The following table lists the supported SQL data types and the equivalent
ODBC SQL data type:
SQL Data Types ODBC SQL Data Types
CHAR SQL_CHAR or SQL_WCHAR
VARCHAR2 SQL_VARCHAR or SQL_WVARCHAR
NCHAR SQL_WCHAR
NVARCHAR2 SQL_WVARCHAR
NCLOB SQL_WLONGVARCHAR
E.12.3 SQLGetData Performance
The SQLGetData function allows an ODBC application to specify the data type to
receive a column after the data has been fetched. OCI requires Oracle ODBC Driver to
specify the data type before it is fetched. In this case, Oracle ODBC Driver uses
information about the data type of the column (as defined in the database) to
determine how to best default to fetching the column through OCI.
If a column that contains character data is not bound by SQLBindCol, then Oracle
ODBC Driver must determine if it should fetch the column as Unicode or as the local
code page. The driver could always default to receiving the column as Unicode.
However, this may result in as many as two unnecessary conversions. For example, if
the data were encoded in the database as ANSI, then there would be an ANSI to
Unicode conversion to fetch the data into Oracle ODBC Driver. If the ODBC

Unicode Support
application then requested the data as SQL_C_CHAR, then there would be an additional
conversion to revert the data to its original encoding.
The default encoding of Oracle Database Client is used when fetching data. However,
an ODBC application may overwrite this default and fetch the data as Unicode by
binding the column or the parameter as the WCHAR data type.
E.12.4 Unicode Samples
Because Oracle ODBC Driver itself was implemented using TCHAR macros, it is
recommended that ODBC application programs use TCHAR to take advantage of the
driver.
The following examples show how to use TCHAR, which becomes the WCHAR data type if
you compile with UNICODE and _UNICODE:
Example E–1 Connection to Database
To use this code, you only must specify the Unicode literals for SQLConnect.
HENV envHnd;
HDBC conHnd;
HSTMT stmtHnd;
RETCODE rc;
rc = SQL_SUCCESS;
// ENV is allocated
rc = SQLAllocEnv(&envHnd);
// Connection Handle is allocated
rc = SQLAllocConnect(envHnd, &conHnd);
rc = SQLConnect(conHnd, _T("stpc19"), SQL_NTS, _T("jones"), SQL_NTS, _
T("password"), SQL_NTS);
.
.
.
if (conHnd)
SQLFreeConnect(conHnd);
if (envHnd)
SQLFreeEnv(envHnd);
Example E–2 Simple Retrieval
The following example retrieves the employee names and the job tiles from the EMP
table. With the exception that you must specify TCHAR compliant data to every ODBC
function, there is no difference to the ANSI case. If the case is a Unicode application,
then you must specify the length of the buffer to the BYTE length when you call
SQLBindCol. For example, sizeof(ename).
/*
** Execute SQL, bind columns, and Fetch.
** Procedure:
**
** SQLExecDirect
** SQLBindCol
** SQLFetch
**
*/
static SQLTCHAR *sqlStmt = _T("SELECT ename, job FROM emp");
SQLTCHAR ename[50];
SQLTCHAR job[50];

Unicode Support
SQLINTEGER enamelen, joblen;
_tprintf(_T("Retrieve ENAME and JOB using SQLBindCol 1.../n[%s]/n"), sqlStmt);
// Step 1: Prepare and Execute
rc = SQLExecDirect(stmtHnd, sqlStmt, SQL_NTS); // select
checkSQLErr(envHnd, conHnd, stmtHnd, rc);
// Step 2: Bind Columns
rc = SQLBindCol(stmtHnd,
1,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
ename,
sizeof(ename),
&enamelen);
rc = SQLBindCol(stmtHnd,
2,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
job,
sizeof(job),
&joblen);
do
{
// Step 3: Fetch Data
rc = SQLFetch(stmtHnd);
if (rc == SQL_NO_DATA)
break;
_tprintf(_T("ENAME = %s, JOB = %s/n"), ename, job);
} while (1);
_tprintf(_T("Finished Retrieval/n/n"));
Example E–3 Retrieval Using SQLGetData (Binding After Fetch)
This example shows how to use SQLGetData. There is no difference to the ANSI
application in terms of Unicode-specific issues.
/*
** Procedure:
**
** SQLExecDirect
** SQLFetch
** SQLGetData
*/
static SQLTCHAR *sqlStmt = _T("SELECT ename,job FROM emp"); // same as Case 1.
SQLTCHAR ename[50];
SQLTCHAR job[50];
_tprintf(_T("Retrieve ENAME and JOB using SQLGetData.../n[%s]/n"), sqlStmt);
{
_tprintf(_T("Failed to allocate STMT/n"));
goto exit2;
}
// Step 1: Prepare and Execute

Unicode Support
rc = SQLExecDirect(stmtHnd, sqlStmt, SQL_NTS); // select
do
{
// Step 2: Fetch
if (rc == SQL_NO_DATA)
break;
// Step 3: GetData
rc = SQLGetData(stmtHnd,
1,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
(SQLPOINTER)ename,
sizeof(ename),
NULL);
2,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
(SQLPOINTER)job,
sizeof(job),
NULL);
_tprintf(_T("ENAME = %s, JOB = %s/n"), ename, job);
} while (1);
_tprintf(_T("Finished Retrieval/n/n"));
Example E–4 Simple Update
This example shows how to update data. The length of data for SQLBindParameter has
to be specified with the BYTE length, even in Unicode application.
/*
** Procedure:
**
** SQLPrepare
** SQLBindParameter
** SQLExecute
*/
static SQLTCHAR *sqlStmt = _T("INSERT INTO emp(empno,ename,job) VALUES(?,?,?)");
static SQLTCHAR *empno = _T("9876"); // Emp No
static SQLTCHAR *ename = _T("ORACLE"); // Name
static SQLTCHAR *job = _T("PRESIDENT"); // Job
_tprintf(_T("Insert User ORACLE using SQLBindParameter.../n[%s]/n"), sqlStmt);
// Step 1: Prepare
rc = SQLPrepare(stmtHnd, sqlStmt, SQL_NTS); // select
// Step 2: Bind Parameter
rc = SQLBindParameter(stmtHnd,
1,
SQL_PARAM_INPUT,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
SQL_DECIMAL,

Unicode Support
4, // 4 digit
0,
(SQLPOINTER)empno,
0,
NULL);
2,
SQL_PARAM_INPUT,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
SQL_CHAR,
lstrlen(ename)*sizeof(TCHAR),
0,
(SQLPOINTER)ename,
lstrlen(ename)*sizeof(TCHAR),
NULL);
3,
SQL_PARAM_INPUT,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
SQL_CHAR,
lstrlen(job)*sizeof(TCHAR),
0,
(SQLPOINTER)job,
lstrlen(job)*sizeof(TCHAR),
NULL);
// Step 3: Execute
rc = SQLExecute(stmtHnd);
Example E–5 Update and Retrieval for Long Data (CLOB)
This example may be the most complicated case to update and retrieve data for long
data, like CLOB, in Oracle Database. Because the length of data should always be the
BYTE length, the expression lstrlen(TCHAR data)*sizeof(TCHAR) is needed to derive
the BYTE length.
/*
** Procedure:
**
** SQLPrepare
** SQLBindParameter
** SQLExecute
** SQLParamData
** SQLPutData
**
** SQLExecDirect
** SQLFetch
** SQLGetData
*/
static SQLTCHAR *sqlStmt1 = _T("INSERT INTO clobtbl(clob1) VALUES(?)");
static SQLTCHAR *sqlStmt2 = _T("SELECT clob1 FROM clobtbl");
SQLTCHAR clobdata[1001];
SQLTCHAR resultdata[1001];
SQLINTEGER ind = SQL_DATA_AT_EXEC;

Unicode Support
SQLTCHAR *bufp;
int clobdatalen, chunksize, dtsize, retchklen;
_tprintf(_T("Insert CLOB1 using SQLPutData.../n[%s]/n"), sqlStmt1);
// Set CLOB Data
{
int i;
SQLTCHAR ch;
for (i=0, ch=_T('A'); i< sizeof(clobdata)/sizeof(SQLTCHAR); ++i, ++ch)
{
if (ch > _T('Z'))
ch = _T('A');
clobdata[i] = ch;
}
clobdata[sizeof(clobdata)/sizeof(SQLTCHAR)-1] = _T('/0');
}
clobdatalen = lstrlen(clobdata); // length of characters
chunksize = clobdatalen / 7; // 7 times to put
// Step 1: Prepare
rc = SQLPrepare(stmtHnd, sqlStmt1, SQL_NTS);
// Step 2: Bind Parameter with SQL_DATA_AT_EXEC
1,
SQL_PARAM_INPUT,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
SQL_LONGVARCHAR,
clobdatalen*sizeof(TCHAR),
0,
(SQLPOINTER)clobdata,
clobdatalen*sizeof(TCHAR),
&ind);
// Step 3: Execute
rc = SQLExecute(stmtHnd);
// Step 4: ParamData (initiation)
rc = SQLParamData(stmtHnd, (SQLPOINTER*)&bufp); // set value
for (dtsize=0, bufp = clobdata;
dtsize < clobdatalen;
dtsize += chunksize, bufp += chunksize)
{
int len;
if (dtsize+chunksize<clobdatalen)
len = chunksize;
else
len = clobdatalen-dtsize;
// Step 5: PutData
rc = SQLPutData(stmtHnd, (SQLPOINTER)bufp, len*sizeof(TCHAR));
}
// Step 6: ParamData (temination)

Performance and Tuning
rc = SQLParamData(stmtHnd, (SQLPOINTER*)&bufp);
rc = SQLFreeStmt(stmtHnd, SQL_CLOSE);
_tprintf(_T("Finished Update/n/n"));
rc = SQLAllocStmt(conHnd, &stmtHnd);
{
_tprintf(_T("Failed to allocate STMT/n"));
goto exit2;
}
// Clear Result Data
memset(resultdata, 0, sizeof(resultdata));
chunksize = clobdatalen / 15; // 15 times to put
// Step 1: Prepare
rc = SQLExecDirect(stmtHnd, sqlStmt2, SQL_NTS); // select
// Step 2: Fetch
for(dtsize=0, bufp = resultdata;
dtsize < sizeof(resultdata)/sizeof(TCHAR) && rc != SQL_NO_DATA;
dtsize += chunksize-1, bufp += chunksize-1)
{
int len; // len should contain the space for NULL termination
if (dtsize+chunksize<sizeof(resultdata)/sizeof(TCHAR))
len = chunksize;
else
len = sizeof(resultdata)/sizeof(TCHAR)-dtsize;
// Step 3: GetData
1,
SQL_C_TCHAR,
(SQLPOINTER)bufp,
len*sizeof(TCHAR),
&retchklen);
}
if (!_tcscmp(resultdata, clobdata))
{
_tprintf(_T("Succeeded!!/n/n"));
}
else
{
_tprintf(_T("Failed!!/n/n"));
}
E.13 Performance and Tuning
■ General ODBC Programming Guidelines
■ Data Source Configuration Options
■ DATE and TIMESTAMP Data Types

E.13.1 General ODBC Programming Guidelines
Apply the following programming guidelines to improve the performance of an
ODBC application:
■ Enable connection pooling if the application frequently connects and disconnects
from a data source. Reusing pooled connections is extremely efficient compared to
reestablishing a connection.
■ Minimize the number of times a statement must be prepared. Where possible, use
bind parameters to make a statement reusable for different parameter values.
Preparing a statement once and running it several times is much more efficient
than preparing the statement for every SQLExecute.
■ Do not include columns in a SELECT statement of which you know the application
does not retrieve; especially LONG columns. Because of the nature of the database
server protocols, Oracle ODBC Driver must fetch the entire contents of a LONG
column if it is included in the SELECT statement, regardless of whether the
application binds the column or performs a SQLGetData operation.
■ If you are performing transactions that do not update the data source, then set the
SQL_ATTR_ACCESS_MODE attribute of the ODBC SQLSetConnectAttr function to
SQL_MODE_READ_ONLY.
■ If you are not using ODBC escape clauses, then set the SQL_ATTR_NOSCAN attribute
of the ODBC SQLSetConnectAttr function or the ODBC SQLSetStmtAttr function
to true.
■ Use the ODBC SQLFetchScroll function instead of the ODBC SQLFetch function
for retrieving data from tables that have a large number of rows.
E.13.2 Data Source Configuration Options
This section discusses the performance implications of the following ODBC data
source configuration options:
■ Enable Result Sets
This option enables the support of returning result sets (for example, RefCursor)
from procedure calls. The default is enabling the returning of result sets.
Oracle ODBC Driver must query the database server to determine the set of
parameters for a procedure and their data types in order to determine if there are
any RefCursor parameters. This query incurs an additional network round trip the
first time any procedure is prepared and executed.
■ Enable LOBs
This option enables the support of inserting and updating LOBs. The default is
enabled.
Oracle ODBC Driver must query the database server to determine the data types
of each parameter in an INSERT or UPDATE statement to determine if there are any
LOB parameters. This query incurs an additional network round trip the first time
any INSERT or UPDATE is prepared and run.
See Also: Oracle Database SecureFiles and Large Objects Developer's
Guide for more information about LOBs

Note: LOB data compression enables you to compress SecureFiles to
gain disk, Input-Output, and redo logging savings. This reduces costs
as compression utilizes space most efficiently and improves the
performance of SecureFiles as compression reduces Input-Output and
redo logging.
LOB data encryption provides enhanced database security. While the
encrypted data is available for random reads and writes, the data is
more secure.
Data compression and encryption consumes some additional memory.
■ Bind TIMESTAMP as DATE
Binds SQL_TIMESTAMP parameters as the appropriate Oracle Database data type. If
this option is set to TRUE, then SQL_TIMESTAMP binds as the Oracle DATE data type. If
this option is set to FALSE, then SQL_TIMESTAMP binds as the Oracle TIMESTAMP data
type, which is the default.
■ Enable Closing Cursors
The SQL_CLOSE option of the ODBC function, SQLFreeStmt, is supposed to close
associated cursors with a statement and discard all pending results. The
application can reopen the cursor by running the statement again without doing a
SQLPrepare again. A typical scenario for this would be an application that expects
to be idle for a while but reuses the same SQL statement again. While the
application is idle, it may want to free up any associated server resources.
The OCI, on which Oracle ODBC Driver is layered, does not support the
functionality of closing cursors. Therefore, by default, the SQL_CLOSE option has no
effect in Oracle ODBC Driver. The cursor and associated resources remain open on
the database.
Enabling this option causes the associated cursor to be closed on the database
server. However, this results in the parse context of the SQL statement being lost.
The ODBC application can run the statement again without calling SQLPrepare.
However, internally, Oracle ODBC Driver must prepare and run the statement all
over. Enabling this option has a severe performance impact on applications that
prepare a statement once and run it repeatedly.
This option should only be enabled if freeing the resources on the server is
necessary.
■ Fetch Buffer Size
Set the Fetch Buffer Size (FetchBufferSize) in the odbc.ini file to a value
specified in bytes. This value is the amount of memory needed that determines
how many rows of data Oracle ODBC Driver pre-fetches at a time from an Oracle
Database to the client’s cache regardless of the number of rows the application
program requests in a single query, thus improving performance.
There is an improvement in the response time of applications that typically fetch
fewer than 20 rows of data at a time, particularly over slow network connections
or from heavily loaded servers. Setting this too high can have an adverse effect on
response time or consume large amounts of memory. The default is 64,000 bytes.
You should choose an optimal value for the application.
When the LONG and LOB data types are present, the number of rows pre-fetched by
Oracle ODBC Driver is not determined by the Fetch Buffer Size. The inclusion of
the LONG and LOB data types minimizes the performance improvement and could

Error Messages
result in excessive memory use. Oracle ODBC Driver ignores the Fetch Buffer Size
and only pre-fetches a set number of rows in the presence of the LONG and LOB data
types.
See Also: "Format of the Connection String for the
SQLDriverConnect Function" on page E-3
E.13.3 DATE and TIMESTAMP Data Types
If a DATE column in the database is used in a WHERE clause and the column has an
index, then there can be an impact on performance. For example:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE = ?
In this example, an index on the HIREDATE column could be used to make the query
run quickly. However, because HIREDATE is a DATE value and Oracle ODBC Driver is
supplying the parameter value as TIMESTAMP, the query optimizer of Oracle Database
must apply a conversion function. To prevent incorrect results (as might happen if the
parameter value had nonzero fractional seconds), the optimizer applies the conversion
to the HIREDATE column resulting in the following statement:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE TO_TIMESTAMP(HIREDATE) = ?
However, this has the effect of disabling the use of the index on the HIREDATE column.
Instead, the server performs a sequential scan of the table. If the table has many rows,
then this can take a long time. As a workaround for this situation, Oracle ODBC Driver
has the connection option to bind TIMESTAMP as DATE. When this option is enabled,
Oracle ODBC Driver binds SQL_TIMESTAMP parameters as the Oracle DATE data type
instead of the Oracle TIMESTAMP data type. This enables the query optimizer to use any
index on the DATE columns.
Note: This option is intended only for use with Microsoft Access or
other similar programs that bind DATE columns as TIMESTAMP columns.
It should not be used when there are actual TIMESTAMP columns
present or when data loss may occur. Microsoft Access runs such
queries using whatever columns are selected as the primary key.
E.14 Error Messages
When an error occurs, Oracle ODBC Driver returns the native error number, the
SQLSTATE (an ODBC error code), and an error message. The driver derives this
information both from errors detected by the driver and errors returned by Oracle
Database.
Native Error
For errors that occur in the data source, Oracle ODBC Driver returns the native error
returned to it by Oracle Database. When Oracle ODBC Driver or the Driver Manager
detects an error, Oracle ODBC Driver returns a native error of zero.
SQLSTATE
For errors that occur in the data source, Oracle ODBC Driver maps the returned native
error to the appropriate SQLSTATE. When Oracle ODBC Driver or the Driver Manager
detects an error, it generates the appropriate SQLSTATE.

Error Messages
Error Message
For errors that occur in the data source, Oracle ODBC Driver returns an error message
based on the message returned by Oracle Database. For errors that occur in Oracle
ODBC Driver or the Driver Manager, Oracle ODBC Driver returns an error message
based on the text associated with the SQLSTATE.
Error messages have the following format:
[vendor] [ODBC-component] [data-source] error-message
The prefixes in brackets ([ ]) identify the source of the error. The following table shows
the values of these prefixes returned by Oracle ODBC Driver. When the error occurs in
the data source, the vendor and ODBC-component prefixes identify the vendor and
name of the ODBC component that received the error from the data source.
Error Source Prefix Value
Driver Manager [vendor]
[ODBC-component]
[data-source]
[unixODBC]
[Driver Manager]
Not applicable
Oracle ODBC Driver [vendor]
[ODBC-component]
[data-source]
[ORACLE]
[Oracle ODBC Driver]
Not applicable
Oracle Database [vendor]
[ODBC-component]
[data-source]
[ORACLE]
[Oracle ODBC Driver]
[Oracle OCI]
For example, if the error message does not contain the Ora prefix shown in the
following format, then error is an Oracle ODBC Driver error and should be
self-explanatory.
[Oracle][ODBC]Error message text here
If the error message contains the Ora prefix shown in the following format, then it is
not an Oracle ODBC Driver error.
[Oracle][ODBC][Ora]Error message text here
Note: Although the error message contains the ORA- prefix, the
actual error may originate from one of several sources.
If the error message text starts with the ORA- prefix, then you can obtain more
information about the error in Oracle Database documentation.

F
Database Limits F-1
FDatabase Limits
This appendix describes database limits.
F.1 Database Limits
Table F–1 lists the default and maximum values for parameters in a CREATE DATABASE
or CREATE CONTROLFILE statement.
Note: Interdependencies between these parameters may affect
permissible values.
Table F–1 CREATE CONTROLFILE and CREATE DATABASE Parameters
Parameter Default Maximum Value
MAXLOGFILES 16 4220
MAXLOGMEMBERS 2 5
MAXLOGHISTORY 100 65534
MAXDATAFILES 30 65534
MAXINSTANCES 1 1055
Table F–2 lists the Oracle Database file size limits in bytes.
Table F–2 File Size Limits
File Type Platform File size limit
Data files Any 4,194,303 multiplied by the value of the
DB_BLOCK_SIZE parameter
Import/Expo
rt files and
SQL*Loader
files
Oracle Solaris, Linux, IBM AIX on
HP-UX: 32-bit files
2,147,483,647 bytes
Oracle Solaris, Linux, IBM AIX on
HP-UX: 64-bit files
Unlimited
Note: File size is limited by limits
allowed by the operating system on
different file systems.
Control files Oracle Solaris, Linux, IBM AIX on
HP-UX
25000 control file blocks with a block
size of 4096 bytes.

Database Limits
F-2 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference

G
HugePages G-1
GHugePages
This chapter provides an overview of Hugepages and guides Linux system
administrators to configure HugePages on Linux.
G.1 Overview of HugePages
HugePages is a feature integrated into the Linux kernel 2.6. Enabling HugePages
makes it possible for the operating system to support memory pages greater than the
default (usually 4 KB). Using very large page sizes can improve system performance
by reducing the amount of system resources required to access page table entries.
HugePages is useful for both 32-bit and 64-bit configurations. HugePage sizes vary
from 2 MB to 256 MB, depending on the kernel version and the hardware architecture.
For Oracle Databases, using HugePages reduces the operating system maintenance of
page states, and increases Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) hit ratio.
Note: Transparent Hugepages is currently not an alternative to
manually configure HugePages.
This section includes the following topics:
■ Tuning SGA With HugePages
■ Configuring HugePages on Linux
■ Restrictions for HugePages Configurations
■ Disabling Transparent HugePages
G.1.1 Tuning SGA With HugePages
Without HugePages, the operating system keeps each 4 KB of memory as a page.
When it allocates pages to the database System Global Area (SGA), the operating
system kernel must continually update its page table with the page lifecycle (dirty,
free, mapped to a process, and so on) for each 4 KB page allocated to the SGA.
With HugePages, the operating system page table (virtual memory to physical
memory mapping) is smaller, because each page table entry is pointing to pages from 2
MB to 256 MB.
Also, the kernel has fewer pages whose lifecycle must be monitored. For example, if
you use HugePages with 64-bit hardware, and you want to map 256 MB of memory,
you may need one page table entry (PTE). If you do not use HugePages, and you want
to map 256 MB of memory, then you must have 256 MB * 1024 KB/4 KB = 65536 PTEs.
HugePages provides the following advantages:

Overview of HugePages
G-2 Oracle Database Administrator's Reference
■ Increased performance through increased TLB hits
■ Pages are locked in memory and never swapped out, which provides RAM for
shared memory structures such as SGA
■ Contiguous pages are preallocated and cannot be used for anything else but for
System V shared memory (for example, SGA)
■ Less bookkeeping work for the kernel for that part of virtual memory because of
larger page sizes
G.1.2 Configuring HugePages on Linux
Complete the following steps to configure HugePages on the computer:
1. Run the following command to determine if the kernel supports HugePages:
$ grep Huge /proc/meminfo
2. Some Linux systems do not support HugePages by default. For such systems,
build the Linux kernel using the CONFIG_HUGETLBFS and CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
configuration options. CONFIG_HUGETLBFS is located under File Systems and
CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is selected when you select CONFIG_HUGETLBFS.
3. Edit the memlock setting in the /etc/security/limits.conf file. The memlock
setting is specified in KB, and the maximum locked memory limit should be set to
at least 90 percent of the current RAM when HugePages memory is enabled and at
least 3145728 KB (3 GB) when HugePages memory is disabled. For example, if you
have 64 GB RAM installed, then add the following entries to increase the
maximum locked-in-memory address space:
* soft memlock 60397977
* hard memlock 60397977
You can also set the memlock value higher than your SGA requirements.
4. Log in as oracle user again and run the ulimit -l command to verify the new
memlock setting:
$ ulimit -l
60397977
5. Run the following command to display the value of Hugepagesize variable:
$ grep Hugepagesize /proc/meminfo
6. Complete the following procedure to create a script that computes recommended
values for hugepages configuration for the current shared memory segments:
a. Create a text file named hugepages_settings.sh.
b. Add the following content in the file:
#!/bin/bash
#
# hugepages_settings.sh
#
# Linux bash script to compute values for the
# recommended HugePages/HugeTLB configuration
#
# Note: This script does calculation for all shared memory
# segments available when the script is run, no matter it
# is an Oracle RDBMS shared memory segment or not.
# Check for the kernel version

HugePages G-3
KERN=ùname -r | awk -F. '{ printf("%d.%dn",$1,$2); }'`
# Find out the HugePage size
HPG_SZ=`grep Hugepagesize /proc/meminfo | awk {'print $2'}`
# Start from 1 pages to be on the safe side and guarantee 1 free HugePage
NUM_PG=1
# Cumulative number of pages required to handle the running shared memory
segments
for SEG_BYTES in ìpcs -m | awk {'print $5'} | grep "[0-9][0-9]*"`
do
MIN_PG=ècho "$SEG_BYTES/($HPG_SZ*1024)" | bc -q`
if [ $MIN_PG -gt 0 ]; then
NUM_PG=ècho "$NUM_PG+$MIN_PG+1" | bc -q`
fi
done
# Finish with results
case $KERN in
'2.4') HUGETLB_POOL=ècho "$NUM_PG*$HPG_SZ/1024" | bc -q`;
echo "Recommended setting: vm.hugetlb_pool = $HUGETLB_POOL" ;;
'2.6'|'3.8') echo "Recommended setting: vm.nr_hugepages = $NUM_PG" ;;
*) echo "Unrecognized kernel version $KERN. Exiting." ;;
esac
# End
c. Run the following command to change the permission of the file:
$ chmod +x hugepages_settings.sh
7. Run the hugepages_settings.sh script to compute the values for hugepages
configuration:
$ ./hugepages_settings.sh
Note: Before running this script, ensure that all the applications that
use hugepages run.
8. Set the following kernel parameter, where value is the HugePages value that you
determined in step 7:
# sysctl -w vm.nr_hugepages=value
9. To ensure that HugePages is allocated after system restarts, add the following
entry to the /etc/sysctl.conf file, where value is the HugePages value that you
determined in step 7:
vm.nr_hugepages=value
10. Run the following command to check the available hugepages:
11. Restart the instance.
12. Run the following command to check the available hugepages (1 or 2 pages free):

Note: If you cannot set your HugePages allocation using nr_
hugepages, then your available memory may be fragmented. Restart
your server for the Hugepages allocation to take effect.
G.1.3 Restrictions for HugePages Configurations
HugePages has the following limitations:
■ You must unset both the MEMORY_TARGET and MEMORY_MAX_TARGET initialization
parameters. For example, to unset the parameters for the database instance, use
the command ALTER SYSTEM RESET.
■ Automatic Memory Management (AMM) and HugePages are not compatible.
When you use AMM, the entire SGA memory is allocated by creating files under
/dev/shm. When Oracle Database allocates SGA with AMM, HugePages are not
reserved. To use HugePages on Oracle Database 12c, You must disable AMM.
■ If you are using VLM in a 32-bit environment, then you cannot use HugePages for
the Database Buffer cache. You can use HugePages for other parts of the SGA,
such as shared_pool, large_pool, and so on. Memory allocation for VLM (buffer
cache) is done using shared memory file systems (ramfs/tmpfs/shmfs). Memory
file systems do not reserve or use HugePages.
■ HugePages are not subject to allocation or release after system startup, unless a
system administrator changes the HugePages configuration, either by modifying
the number of pages available, or by modifying the pool size. If the space required
is not reserved in memory during system startup, then HugePages allocation fails.
■ Ensure that HugePages is configured properly as the system may run out of
memory if excess HugePages is not used by the application.
■ If there is insufficient HugePages when an instance starts and the initialization
parameter use_large_pages is set to only, then the database fails to start and an
alert log message provides the necessary information on Hugepages.
G.1.4 Disabling Transparent HugePages
Transparent HugePages memory is enabled by default with Red Hat Enterprise Linux
6, SUSE 11, and Oracle Linux 6 with earlier releases of Oracle Linux Unbreakable
Enterprise Kernel 2 (UEK2) kernels. Transparent HugePages memory is disabled by
default in later releases of UEK2 kernels.
Transparent HugePages can cause memory allocation delays at runtime. To avoid
performance issues, Oracle recommends that you disable Transparent HugePages on
all Oracle Database servers. Oracle recommends that you instead use standard
HugePages for enhanced performance.
Transparent HugePages memory differs from standard HugePages memory because
the kernel khugepaged thread allocates memory dynamically during runtime. Standard
HugePages memory is pre-allocated at startup, and does not change during runtime.
To check if Transparent HugePages is enabled run one of the following commands as
the root user:
Red Hat Enterprise Linux kernels:
# cat /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_transparent_hugepage/enabled
Other kernels:

HugePages G-5
# cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
The following is a sample output that shows Transparent HugePages is being used as
the [always] flag is enabled.
[always] never
Note: If Transparent HugePages is removed from the kernel then the
/sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage or /sys/kernel/mm/redhat_
transparent_hugepage files do not exist.
To disable Transparent HugePages perform the following steps:
1. Add the following entry to the kernel boot line in the /etc/grub.conf file:
transparent_hugepage=never
For example:
title Oracle Linux Server (2.6.32-300.25.1.el6uek.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-300.25.1.el6uek.x86_64 ro root=LABEL=/
transparent_hugepage=never
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-300.25.1.el6uek.x86_64.img

Index-i
Index
Symbols
@ abbreviation, 1-1
A
A_TERM environment variable, 6-9
A_TERMCAP environment variable, 6-9
adapters utility, 5-2
administering command line SQL, 4-1
AIX tools
Base Operation System tools, 8-5
Performance Tool Box Agent, 8-5
Performance Tool Box Manager, 8-5
SMIT, 8-6
System Management Interface tools, 8-6
AIXTHREAD_SCOPE environment variable, C-15
archive buffers
tuning, C-4
ASM_DISKSTRING initialization parameter, 1-6
assistants
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant, 3-2
Oracle Database Upgrade Assistant, 3-2
Oracle Net Configuration Assistant, 3-1
asynchronous flag in SGA, D-7
asynchronous input/output, D-3, D-4
verifying, D-6
Automatic Storage Management
restarting, 2-3
stopping, 2-1
Automatic Storage Management, using, 8-10
automating
shutdown, 2-3
startup, 2-3
B
bit-length support, 6-4
block size, C-4
adjusting, 8-9
buffer cache
paging activity, C-1
tuning, C-2
tuning size, 8-16
buffer manager, 8-7
BUFFER parameter, C-5
C
cache size, 8-16
catching routine, 6-19
example, 6-19
CLASSPATH environment variable, 1-4
client shared libraries, 6-3
client static libraries, 6-3
COBDIR environment variable, 6-8
commands
iostat, 8-3
lsps, 8-4
sar, 8-3
SPOOL, 4-4
swap, 8-4
swapinfo, 8-4
swapon, 8-4
vmo, C-2
vmstat, 8-2
common environment
setting, 1-5
concurrent input/output, C-7
configuration files
ottcfg.cfg, 6-2
pcbcfg.cfg, 6-2
pccfor.cfg, 6-2
pcscfg.cfg, 6-2
pmscfg.cfg, 6-2
precompiler, 6-2
coraenv file, 1-5
CPU scheduling, C-14
CPU_COUNT initialization parameter, D-9
CREATE CONTROLFILE parameter, F-1
CREATE DATABASE parameter, F-1
D
database
block size, C-4
database block size
setting, C-4
database limits, F-1
DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter, 8-12
DB_CACHE_SIZE initialization parameter, 8-12
DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT
parameter, C-12

Index-ii
dbhome file, 1-6
debugger programs, 6-3
demo_proc32.mk file, 6-6
demo_procob.mk file, 6-11
demonstration programs
for Pro*COBOL, 6-10
Oracle Call Interface, 6-15
Oracle JDBC/OCI, 6-16
Pro*C/C++, 6-5
Pro*FORTRAN, 6-12
SQL*Module for Ada, 6-14
demonstrations
PL/SQL, 7-1
precompiler, 7-4
SQL*Loader, 7-1
direct input/output, C-7
disk input/output
file system type, 8-10
input/output
slaves, C-11
pacing, C-13
tuning, 8-9
disks
monitoring performance, 8-11
DISPLAY environment variable, 1-4
dynamic linking
Oracle libraries and precompilers, 6-3
E
environment variables, 6-8
A_TERM, 6-9
A_TERMCAP, 6-9
AIXTHREAD_SCOPE, C-15
all, 1-2
CLASSPATH, 1-4
COBDIR, 6-8
DISPLAY, 1-4
for Pro*COBOL, 6-8
HOME, 1-4
LANG, 1-4
LANGUAGE, 1-4
LD_LIBRARY_PATH, 1-5, 6-9, 6-10
LD_OPTIONS, 1-4
LIBPATH, 6-9
LPDEST, 1-5
MicroFocus COBOL compiler, 6-8
ORA_TZFILE, 1-2
ORACLE_BASE, 1-2
ORACLE_HOME, 1-2
ORACLE_PATH, 1-3
ORACLE_SID, 1-1, 1-3
ORACLE_TRACE, 1-3
ORAENV_ASK, 1-3
PATH, 1-5, 4-3, 6-8, 6-9
PRINTER, 1-5
SHLIB_PATH, 6-9
SQLPATH, 1-3
TMPDIR, 1-5
TNS_ADMIN, 5-1
TWO_TASK, 1-3
executables
precompiler, 6-2
precompilers, 6-2
relinking, 3-2
Extended file system, 8-10
F
file buffer cache
tuning on AIX, C-2
file systems
ext2/ext3, 8-10
GPFS, 8-10
JFS, 8-10
OCFS2, 8-10
S5, 8-10
UFS, 8-10
VxFS, 8-10
files
coraenv, 1-5
dbhome, 1-6
demo_procob.mk, 6-11
glogin.sql, 4-1
ins_precomp.mk, 6-2
login.sql, 4-1
Oracle Net Services configuration, 5-1
oraenv, 1-5
ottcfg.cfg, 6-2
pcbcfg.cfg, 6-2
pccfor.cfg, 6-2
pcscfg.cfg, 6-2
pmscfg.cfg, 6-2
privgroup, D-2, D-4
root.sh, 1-6
services, 5-4
FORMAT precompiler, 6-11
Pro*COBOL, 6-12
G
getprivgrp command, D-2, D-4
glogin.sql file, 4-1
GPFS
considerations for using, C-8
H
HOME environment variable, 1-4
HP-UX dynamic processor reconfiguration, D-9
hugetlbfs
on SUSE, B-1
I
implementing asynchronous input/output, D-4
Import utility, C-5
initialization parameters, 1-6
ASM_DISKSTRING, 1-6
CPU_COUNT, D-9
DB_BLOCK_SIZE, 8-12

Index-iii
DB_CACHE_SIZE, 8-12
JAVA_POOL_SIZE, 8-12
LARGE_POOL_SIZE, 8-12
LOG_BUFFERS, 8-12
SHARED_POOL_SIZE, 8-12
input/output
asynchronous, C-9, D-3
slaves, C-11
tuning, 8-9
ins_precomp.mk file, 6-2
installing
SQL*Plus command line Help, 4-2
I/O buffers and SQL*Loader, C-5
I/O support
asynchronous, B-2
direct, B-2
iostat command, 8-3
IPC protocol, 5-2
ireclen, 6-3
J
JAVA_POOL_SIZE initialization parameters, 8-12
JFS2 considerations, C-8
JFSconsiderations, C-8
Journaled file system, 8-10, C-6, C-9
L
LANG environment variable, 1-4
LANGUAGE environment variable, 1-4
LARGE_POOL_SIZE initialization parameters, 8-12
LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable, 1-5, 6-9,
6-10
LD_OPTIONS environment variable, 1-4
LIBPATH environment variable, 6-9
libraries
client shared and static, 6-3
lightweight timer implementation, D-3
Linux tools, 8-4
listener
setting up for TCP/IP or TCP/IP with Secure
Sockets Layer, 5-4
LOG_BUFFERS initialization parameters, 8-12
Logical Volume Manager
See LVM
login.sql file, 4-1
LPDEST environment variable, 1-5
lsps command, 8-4
LVM on AIX, C-6
M
make files
custom, 6-17
demo_proc32.mk, 6-6
demo_procob.mk, 6-11
ins_precomp.mk, 6-2
MAXDATAFILES parameter, F-1
maxfree parameter, C-2
MAXINSTANCES parameter, F-1
MAXLOGFILES parameter, F-1
MAXLOGHISTORY parameter, F-1
MAXLOGMEMBERS parameter, F-1
maxperm parameter, C-2
memory
contention, C-1
control paging, 8-8
swap space, 8-7
tuning, 8-7
MicroFocus COBOL compiler, 6-8
migrating, 3-2
minfree parameter, C-2
minor numbers of 8-bit, D-5
minperm parameter, C-2
MLOCK privilege, D-3
mpstat command, 8-4
multiple signal handlers, 6-19
multithreaded applications, 6-18
O
OCCI, 6-15
user programs, 6-16
OCI, 6-15
user programs, 6-16
operating system buffer cache, tuning, 8-16
operating system commands
getprivgrp, D-2
running, 4-4
setprivgrp, D-2
operating system tools
for AIX, 8-4
iostat, 8-3
lsps, 8-4
sar, 8-3
swap, 8-4
swapinfo, 8-4
swapon, 8-4
vmstat, 8-2
ORA_NLS10 environment variable, 1-2
ORA_TZFILE environment variable, 1-2
Oracle block size, adjusting, 8-9
Oracle buffer manager, 8-7
Oracle C++ Call Interface, 6-15
See OCCI
Oracle Call Interface, 6-15
demonstration programs, 6-15
See OCI
Oracle Cluster Services Synchronization Daemon
starting, 2-3
stopping, 2-3
Oracle Database, 3-2
restarting, 2-3
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant
configuring, 3-2
Oracle Database environment variables
Oracle Database variables, 1-2
Oracle Database process
stopping, 2-1
Oracle Database Sample Schemas

Index-iv
Oracle Database tuning and large memory
allocations, D-8
Oracle Database Upgrade Assistant, 3-2
Oracle environment variables
ORA_NLS10, 1-2
ORACLE_BASE, 1-2
ORACLE_HOME, 1-2
ORACLE_SID, 1-3
Oracle JDBC/OCI
Oracle Net Configuration Assistant
using, 3-1
Oracle Net Services
configuration files, 5-1
IPC protocol, 5-2
protocol support, 5-2
protocols, 5-2
Secure Sockets Layer protocol, 5-3
TCP/IP protocol, 5-3
Oracle ODBC Driver, E-1
Oracle Protocol Support
IPC protocol, 5-2
TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer protocol, 5-3
ORACLE_BASE environment variable, 1-2
ORACLE_HOME environment variable, 1-2
ORACLE_PATH environment variable, 1-3
ORACLE_SID environment variable, 1-1, 1-3
ORACLE_TRACE environment variable, 1-3
oradism command, A-3
oraenv file, 1-5
ORAENV_ASK environment variable, 1-3
oreclen, 6-3
ottcfg.cfg file, 6-2
P
page-out activity, 8-8
paging
allocating sufficient, C-3
controlling, C-4
tuning, 8-7
parameters
BUFFER, C-5
CREATE CONTROLFILE, F-1
CREATE DATABASE, F-1
DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT, C-12
MAXDATAFILES, F-1
maxfree, C-2
MAXLOGFILES, F-1
MAXLOGHISTORY, F-1
MAXLOGMEMBERS, F-1
maxperm, C-2
minfree, C-2
minperm, C-2
SCHED_NOAGE, D-2
SGA_MAX_SIZE, A-3
shm_max, 8-11
shm_seg, 8-12
shmmax, 8-11
shmseg, 8-12
PATH environment variable, 1-5, 4-3, 6-8, 6-9
pcbcfg.cfg file, 6-2
pccfor.cfg file, 6-2
pcscfg.cfg file, 6-2
PL/SQL demonstrations, 7-1
PL/SQL kernel demonstrations, 7-2
pmscfg.cfg file, 6-2
postinstallation tasks
configuration assistants, 3-1
precompiler executables
relinking, 6-2
precompilers
executables, 6-2
overview, 6-1
Pro*C/C++, 6-5
Pro*COBOL, 6-7
running demonstrations, 7-4
signals, 6-19
uppercase to lowercase conversion, 6-3
value of ireclen and oreclen, 6-3
vendor debugger programs, 6-3
PRINTER environment variable, 1-5
privgroup file, D-2, D-4
Pro*C/C++
make files, 6-6
signals, 6-19
user programs, 6-6
Pro*C/C++ precompiler, 6-5
Pro*COBOL
environment variables, 6-8
FORMAT precompiler, 6-11, 6-12
naming differences, 6-7
Oracle Runtime system, 6-10
user programs, 6-11
Pro*FORTRAN demonstration programs, 6-12
processor binding on SMP systems
using, C-15
PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE table, 4-2
protocols, 5-2
R
raw devices
buffer cache size, 8-16
raw logical volumes, C-6, C-9
relinking executables, 3-2
removing
SQL*Plus command line Help, 4-3
resilvering, with Oracle Database, C-13
restarting
Automatic Storage Management, 2-3
Oracle Database, 2-3
restrictions, SQL*Plus, 4-4
passwords, 4-5
resizing windows, 4-4
return codes, 4-5

Index-v
root.sh script, 1-6
S
Sample Schemas
See Oracle Database Sample Schemas
sar command, 8-3, 8-8
SCHED_NOAGE
enabling, D-2
scheduling policy, D-2
scripts
root.sh, 1-6
sequential read ahead
tuning, C-12
services file, 5-4
setprivgrp command, D-2, D-4
SGA, 8-11
determining the size of, 8-12
SGA_MAX_SIZE parameter, A-3
shared memory segments, D-1
SHARED_POOL_SIZE initialization
parameters, 8-12
SHLIB_PATH environment variable, 6-9
shm_max parameter, 8-11
shm_seg parameter, 8-12
shmmax parameter, 8-11
shmseg parameter, 8-12
shutdown
automating, 2-3
SIGCLD signal, 6-18
SIGCONT signal, 6-18
SIGINT signal, 6-18
SIGIO signal, 6-18
signal handlers, 6-18
signal routine, 6-19
example, 6-19
signals
SIGCLD, 6-18
SIGCONT, 6-18
SIGINT, 6-18
SIGIO, 6-18
SIGPIPE, 6-19
SIGTERM, 6-19
SIGURG, 6-19
SIGPIPE signal, 6-19
SIGTERM signal, 6-19
SIGURG signal, 6-19
Solaris tools, 8-4
SPOOL command
SQL*Plus, 4-4
SQL*Loader, C-5
SQL*Loader demonstrations, 7-1
user programs, 6-15
SQL*Plus
command line Help, 4-2
default editor, 4-3
editor, 4-3
interrupting, 4-4
PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE table, 4-2
restrictions, 4-4
running operating system commands, 4-4
site profile, 4-1
SPOOL command, 4-4
system editor, 4-3
user profile, 4-1
using command-line SQL*Plus, 4-3
SQL*Plus command line Help
installing, 4-2
removing, 4-3
SQL*Plus, interrupting, 4-4
SQLPATH environment variable, 1-3
starting
Oracle Cluster Services Synchronization
Daemon, 2-3
startup
automating, 2-3
static linking
Oracle libraries and precompilers, 6-3
stopping
Oracle Cluster Services Synchronization
Daemon, 2-3
striped logical volume
designing, C-6
swap command, 8-4
swap space, 8-7
tuning, 8-7
swap space allocation, 8-7
swapinfo command, 8-4
swapon command, 8-4
symfind utility, 6-17
SYSDATE, 1-6
system editor
SQL*Plus, 4-3
system time, 1-6
T
tables
PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE, 4-2
TCP/IP with Secure Sockets Layer protocol, 5-3
thread support, 6-18
TMPDIR environment variable, 1-5
tuning, 8-7
disk input/output, 8-9
input/output bottlenecks, 8-9
large memory allocations, D-8
memory management, 8-7
recommendations, D-9
sequential read ahead, C-12
tuning tools
iostat command, 8-3
lsps command, 8-4
mpstat, 8-4
Performance Tool Box Manager, 8-5
sar command, 8-3
swap command, 8-4

Index-vi
swapinfo command, 8-4
swapon command, 8-4
vmstat command, 8-2
TWO_TASK environment variable, 1-3
U
undefined symbols, 6-17
unified file systems, 8-10
UNIX System V file system, 8-10
upgraded databases
upgrading, 3-2
user interrupt handler, 6-19
user profile
SQL*Plus, 4-1
user programs
for Pro*C/C++, 6-6
OCCI, 6-16
OCI, 6-16
Pro*C/C++, 6-6
Pro*COBOL, 6-11
using command-line SQL*Plus, 4-3
utilities
adapters, 5-2
Import, C-5
symfind, 6-17
V
Veritas file system, 8-10
virtual memory data pages
tuning Oracle Database, D-8
Virtual Memory Manager
See VMM
virtual memory page size, default, D-8
VMM
vmo command, C-2
vmstat command, 8-2
X
XA functionality, 6-20
X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing XA
interface, 6-20

Oracle database 12c administrator's reference

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