Oracle sql quick reference

Oracle® Database
SQL Quick Reference
10g Release 1 (10.1)
Part No. B10758-01

December 2003

Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference, 10g Release 1 (10.1)

Part No. B10758-01

Copyright © 2003 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

Contributors: Joan Gregoire, Diana Lorentz, Simon Watt

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Contents

Send Us Your Comments ................................................................................................................... v

Preface........................................................................................................................................................... vii
Audience ................................................................................................................................................ vii
Organization.......................................................................................................................................... vii
Related Documentation ...................................................................................................................... viii
Conventions............................................................................................................................................ ix
Documentation Accessibility .............................................................................................................. xii

1 SQL Statements
Syntax for SQL Statements ............................................................................................................... 1-1

2 SQL Functions
Syntax for SQL Functions ................................................................................................................. 2-1

3 SQL Expressions
Syntax for SQL Expression Types.................................................................................................... 3-1

4 SQL Conditions
Syntax for SQL Condition Types..................................................................................................... 4-1

5 Subclauses
Syntax for Subclauses ........................................................................................................................ 5-1

iii

6 Datatypes
Datatypes .............................................................................................................................................. 6-1
Oracle Built-In Datatypes ............................................................................................................ 6-2
Converting to Oracle Datatypes ................................................................................................. 6-5

7 Format Models
Format Models..................................................................................................................................... 7-1
Number Format Models .............................................................................................................. 7-1
Number Format Elements .................................................................................................... 7-1
Datetime Format Models ............................................................................................................. 7-4
Datetime Format Elements................................................................................................... 7-4

A SQL*Plus Commands
SQL*Plus Commands......................................................................................................................... A-1

Index

iv

Send Us Your Comments
Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference, 10g Release 1 (10.1)
Part No. B10758-01

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v

Preface

This quick reference contains a high-level description of the Structured Query
Language (SQL) used to manage information in an Oracle database. Oracle SQL is a
superset of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International
Standards Organization (ISO) SQL:2003 standard.
This preface contains these topics:
s Audience
s Organization
s Related Documentation
s Conventions
s Documentation Accessibility

Audience
Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference is intended for all users of Oracle SQL.

Organization
This quick reference is divided into the following parts:

Chapter 1, "SQL Statements"
This chapter presents the syntax for Oracle SQL statements.

Chapter 2, "SQL Functions"
This chapter presents the syntax for SQL functions.

vii

Chapter 3, "SQL Expressions"
This chapter presents the syntax for SQL expressions.

Chapter 4, "SQL Conditions"
This chapter presents the syntax for SQL conditions.

Chapter 5, "Subclauses"
This chapter presents the syntax for all subclauses found in Chapters 1 through 4.

Chapter 6, "Datatypes"
This chapter presents datatypes recognized by Oracle and available for use within
SQL.

Chapter 7, "Format Models"
This chapter presents the format models for datetime and number data stored in
character strings.

Appendix A, "SQL*Plus Commands"
This appendix presents the basic SQL*Plus commands.

Related Documentation
For more information, see these Oracle resources:
s Oracle Database SQL Reference
s PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference
s SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference
Printed documentation is available for sale in the Oracle Store at
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To download free release notes, installation documentation, white papers, or other
collateral, please visit the Oracle Technology Network (OTN). You must register
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If you already have a username and password for OTN, then you can go directly to
the documentation section of the OTN Web site at

viii

http://otn.oracle.com/documentation/

Conventions
This section describes the conventions used in the text and code examples of this
documentation set. It describes:
s Conventions in Text
s Conventions in Code Examples

Conventions in Text
We use various conventions in text to help you more quickly identify special terms.
The following table describes those conventions and provides examples of their use.

Convention Meaning Example
Bold Bold typeface indicates terms that are When you specify this clause, you create an
deﬁned in the text or terms that appear in index-organized table.
a glossary, or both.
Italics Italic typeface indicates book titles or Oracle Database Concepts
emphasis.
Ensure that the recovery catalog and target
database do not reside on the same disk.
UPPERCASE Uppercase monospace typeface indicates You can specify this clause only for a NUMBER
monospace elements supplied by the system. Such column.
(fixed-width) elements include parameters, privileges,
You can back up the database by using the
font datatypes, RMAN keywords, SQL
BACKUP command.
keywords, SQL*Plus or utility commands,
packages and methods, as well as Query the TABLE_NAME column in the USER_
system-supplied column names, database TABLES data dictionary view.
objects and structures, usernames, and
Use the DBMS_STATS.GENERATE_STATS
roles.
procedure.

ix

lowercase Lowercase monospace typeface indicates Enter sqlplus to open SQL*Plus.
monospace executables, filenames, directory names,
The password is specified in the orapwd file.
(fixed-width) and sample user-supplied elements. Such
font elements include computer and database Back up the datafiles and control files in the
names, net service names, and connect /disk1/oracle/dbs directory.
identifiers, as well as user-supplied
The department_id, department_name,
database objects and structures, column
and location_id columns are in the
names, packages and classes, usernames
hr.departments table.
and roles, program units, and parameter
values. Set the QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED
initialization parameter to true.
Note: Some programmatic elements use a
mixture of UPPERCASE and lowercase. Connect as oe user.
Enter these elements as shown.
The JRepUtil class implements these
methods.
lowercase Lowercase italic monospace font You can specify the parallel_clause.
italic represents placeholders or variables.
Run Uold_release.SQL where old_
monospace
release refers to the release you installed
(fixed-width)
prior to upgrading.
font

Conventions in Code Examples
Code examples illustrate SQL, PL/SQL, SQL*Plus, or other command-line
statements. They are displayed in a monospace (fixed-width) font and separated
from normal text as shown in this example:
SELECT username FROM dba_users WHERE username = 'MIGRATE';

The following table describes typographic conventions used in code examples and
provides examples of their use.

[ ] Brackets enclose one or more optional DECIMAL (digits [ , precision ])
items. Do not enter the brackets.
{ } Braces enclose two or more items, one of {ENABLE | DISABLE}
which is required. Do not enter the
braces.
| A vertical bar represents a choice of two {ENABLE | DISABLE}
or more options within brackets or braces. [COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS]
Enter one of the options. Do not enter the
vertical bar.

x

... Horizontal ellipsis points indicate either:
s That we have omitted parts of the CREATE TABLE ... AS subquery;
code that are not directly related to
the example SELECT col1, col2, ... , coln FROM
employees;
s That you can repeat a portion of the
code
. Vertical ellipsis points indicate that we SQL> SELECT NAME FROM V$DATAFILE;
. have omitted several lines of code not NAME
. directly related to the example. ------------------------------------
/fsl/dbs/tbs_01.dbf
/fs1/dbs/tbs_02.dbf
.
.
.
/fsl/dbs/tbs_09.dbf
9 rows selected.
Other notation You must enter symbols other than acctbal NUMBER(11,2);
brackets, braces, vertical bars, and ellipsis acct CONSTANT NUMBER(4) := 3;
points as shown.
Italics Italicized text indicates placeholders or CONNECT SYSTEM/system_password
variables for which you must supply DB_NAME = database_name
particular values.
UPPERCASE Uppercase typeface indicates elements SELECT last_name, employee_id FROM
supplied by the system. We show these employees;
terms in uppercase in order to distinguish SELECT * FROM USER_TABLES;
them from terms you deﬁne. Unless terms DROP TABLE hr.employees;
appear in brackets, enter them in the
order and with the spelling shown.
However, because these terms are not
case sensitive, you can enter them in
lowercase.
lowercase Lowercase typeface indicates SELECT last_name, employee_id FROM
programmatic elements that you supply. employees;
For example, lowercase indicates names sqlplus hr/hr
of tables, columns, or ﬁles. CREATE USER mjones IDENTIFIED BY ty3MU9;
Note: Some programmatic elements use a
mixture of UPPERCASE and lowercase.
Enter these elements as shown.

xi

Documentation Accessibility
Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting documentation
accessible, with good usability, to the disabled community. To that end, our
documentation includes features that make information available to users of
assistive technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains
markup to facilitate access by the disabled community. Standards will continue to
evolve over time, and Oracle is actively engaged with other market-leading
technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our documentation can be
accessible to all of our customers. For additional information, visit the Oracle
Accessibility Program Web site at
http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/

xii

1
SQL Statements

This chapter presents the syntax for Oracle SQL statements.
This chapter includes the following section:
s Syntax for SQL Statements

Syntax for SQL Statements
SQL statements are the means by which programs and users access data in an
Oracle database.
Table 1–1 shows each SQL statement and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5,
"Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses found in the following table.

See Also: Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed information
about Oracle SQL

SQL Statements 1-1


Table 1–1 Syntax for SQL Statements
SQL Statement Syntax
ALTER CLUSTER ALTER CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
{ physical_attributes_clause
| SIZE size_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
}
[ physical_attributes_clause
| SIZE size_clause
]...
[ parallel_clause ] ;

ALTER DATABASE ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
{ startup_clauses
| recovery_clauses
| database_file_clauses
| logfile_clauses
| controlfile_clauses
| standby_database_clauses
| default_settings_clauses
| redo_thread_clauses
| security_clause
} ;

1-2 Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference


Table 1–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Statements
ALTER DIMENSION ALTER DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension
{ ADD
{ level_clause
| hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
| extended_attribute_clause
}
[ ADD
{ level_clause
| hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
}
]...
| DROP
{ LEVEL level
[ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
| HIERARCHY hierarchy
| ATTRIBUTE attribute
[ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column
[, COLUMN column ]... ]
}
[ DROP
{ LEVEL level
[ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
| HIERARCHY hierarchy
| ATTRIBUTE attribute
[ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column
[, COLUMN column ]... ]
}
]...
| COMPILE
} ;

ALTER DISKGROUP ALTER DISKGROUP
{ disk_clauses | diskgroup_clauses }
[ { disk_clauses | diskgroup_clauses } ]... ;

ALTER FUNCTION ALTER FUNCTION [ schema. ]function
COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
[ compiler_parameters_clause
[ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
[ REUSE SETTINGS ] ;

SQL Statements 1-3


ALTER INDEX ALTER INDEX [ schema. ]index
{ { deallocate_unused_clause
| shrink_clause
| parallel_clause
| physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
}
[ deallocate_unused_clause
| shrink_clause
| parallel_clause
| logging_clause
]...
| rebuild_clause
| PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters')
| { ENABLE | DISABLE }
| UNUSABLE
| RENAME TO new_name
| COALESCE
| { MONITORING | NOMONITORING } USAGE
| UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
| alter_index_partitioning
} ;

ALTER INDEXTYPE ALTER INDEXTYPE [ schema. ]indextype
{ { ADD | DROP }
[ schema. ]operator (parameter_types)
[, { ADD | DROP }
[ schema. ]operator (parameter_types)
]...
[ using_type_clause ]
| COMPILE
} ;

ALTER JAVA ALTER JAVA
{ SOURCE | CLASS } [ schema. ]object_name
[ RESOLVER
( ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )
[ ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )
]...
)
]
{ { COMPILE | RESOLVE }
| invoker_rights_clause
} ;



ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
[ schema. ](materialized_view)
| table_compression
| LOB_storage_clause
[, LOB_storage_clause ]...
| modify_LOB_storage_clause
[, modify_LOB_storage_clause ]...
| alter_table_partitioning
| parallel_clause
| logging_clause
| shrink_clause
]
[ alter_iot_clauses ]
[ USING INDEX physical_attributes_clause ]
[ MODIFY scoped_table_ref_constraint
| alter_mv_refresh
]
[ { ENABLE | DISABLE } QUERY REWRITE
| COMPILE
| CONSIDER FRESH
] ;

SQL Statements 1-5


ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG [ FORCE ]
ON [ schema. ]table
| parallel_clause
| logging_clause
| shrink_clause
]
[ ADD
{ { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
[ (column [, column ]...) ]
| (column [, column ]... )
}
[, { { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
| (column [, column ]...)
}
]...
[ new_values_clause ]
] ;

ALTER OPERATOR ALTER OPERATOR [ schema. ]operator
{ add_binding_clause
| drop_binding_clause
| COMPILE
} ;



ALTER OUTLINE ALTER OUTLINE
[ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] outline
{ REBUILD
| RENAME TO new_outline_name
| CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
}
[ REBUILD
| RENAME TO new_outline_name
| CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
]... ;

ALTER PACKAGE ALTER PACKAGE [ schema. ]package
COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
[ PACKAGE | SPECIFICATION | BODY ]

ALTER PROCEDURE ALTER PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure
COMPILE [ DEBUG ]

ALTER PROFILE ALTER PROFILE profile LIMIT
{ resource_parameters | password_parameters }
[ resource_parameters | password_parameters
]... ;

ALTER RESOURCE COST ALTER RESOURCE COST
{ CPU_PER_SESSION
| CONNECT_TIME
| LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
| PRIVATE_SGA
}
integer
[ { CPU_PER_SESSION
| CONNECT_TIME
| PRIVATE_SGA
}
integer
] ... ;

SQL Statements 1-7


ALTER ROLE ALTER ROLE role
{ NOT IDENTIFIED
| IDENTIFIED
{ BY password
| USING [ schema. ]package
| EXTERNALLY
| GLOBALLY
}
} ;

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
{ ONLINE
| OFFLINE
| storage_clause
| SHRINK [ TO integer [ K | M ] ]
};

ALTER SEQUENCE ALTER SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence
{ INCREMENT BY integer
| { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
| { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
| { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
| { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
| { ORDER | NOORDER }
}
[ INCREMENT BY integer
]... ;

ALTER SESSION ALTER SESSION
{ ADVISE { COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NOTHING }
| CLOSE DATABASE LINK dblink
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } COMMIT IN PROCEDURE
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } GUARD
| { ENABLE | DISABLE | FORCE } PARALLEL
{ DML | DDL | QUERY } [ PARALLEL integer ]
| { ENABLE RESUMABLE
[ TIMEOUT integer ] [ NAME string ]
| DISABLE RESUMABLE
}
| alter_session_set_clause
} ;



ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SYSTEM
{ archive_log_clause
| checkpoint_clause
| check_datafiles_clause
| DUMP ACTIVE SESSION HISTORY [ MINUTES integer ]
| distributed_recov_clauses
| restricted_session_clauses
| FLUSH { SHARED_POOL | BUFFER_CACHE }
| end_session_clauses
| SWITCH LOGFILE
| { SUSPEND | RESUME }
| quiesce_clauses
| shutdown_dispatcher_clause
| REGISTER
| SET alter_system_set_clause
[ alter_system_set_clause ]...
| RESET alter_system_reset_clause
[ alter_system_reset_clause ]...
} ;

ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ alter_table_properties
| column_clauses
| constraint_clauses
| alter_external_table_clauses
| move_table_clause
]
[ enable_disable_clause
{ TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
[ enable_disable_clause
{ TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
]...
] ;

SQL Statements 1-9


ALTER TABLESPACE ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
{ DEFAULT
[ table_compression ] storage_clause
| MINIMUM EXTENT integer [ K | M ]
| RESIZE size_clause
| COALESCE
| RENAME TO new_tablespace_name
| { BEGIN | END } BACKUP
| datafile_tempfile_clauses
| tablespace_logging_clauses
| tablespace_group_clause
| tablespace_state_clauses
| autoextend_clause
| flashback_mode_clause
| tablespace_retention_clause
} ;

ALTER TRIGGER ALTER TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger
{ ENABLE
| DISABLE
| RENAME TO new_name
| COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
[ REUSE SETTINGS ]
} ;

ALTER TYPE ALTER TYPE [ schema. ]type
{ compile_type_clause
| replace_type_clause
| { alter_method_spec
| alter_attribute_definition
| alter_collection_clauses
| [ NOT ] { INSTANTIABLE | FINAL }
}
[ dependent_handling_clause ]
} ;



ALTER USER ALTER USER
{ user
{ IDENTIFIED
{ BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
| EXTERNALLY
| GLOBALLY AS 'external_name'
}
| DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
{ tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
| QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
[ QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
]...
| PROFILE profile
| DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
| ALL [ EXCEPT
role [, role ]... ]
| NONE
}
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
| ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
}
continued

SQL Statements 1-11


(cont.) ALTER USER [ { IDENTIFIED
{ BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
| EXTERNALLY
}
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
]...
| PROFILE profile
| DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
| ALL [ EXCEPT
role [, role ]... ]
| NONE
}
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
}
]...
| user [, user ]... proxy_clause ;

ALTER VIEW ALTER VIEW [ schema. ]view
{ ADD out_of_line_constraint
| MODIFY CONSTRAINT constraint
{ RELY | NORELY }
| DROP { CONSTRAINT constraint
| PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
}
| COMPILE
} ;



ANALYZE ANALYZE
{ TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ PARTITION (partition)
| SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
]
| INDEX [ schema. ]index
]
| CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
}
{ validation_clauses
| LIST CHAINED ROWS [ into_clause ]
| DELETE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS
| compute_statistics_clause
| estimate_statistics_clause
} ;

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS ASSOCIATE STATISTICS WITH
{ column_association | function_association } ;

AUDIT AUDIT
{ sql_statement_clause | schema_object_clause }
[ BY { SESSION | ACCESS } ]
[ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;

CALL CALL
{ routine_clause
| object_access_expression
}
[ INTO :host_variable
[ [ INDICATOR ] :indicator_variable ] ] ;

COMMENT COMMENT ON
{ TABLE [ schema. ]
{ table | view }
| COLUMN [ schema. ]
{ table. | view. | materialized_view. } column
| OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
| INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
| MATERIALIZED VIEW materialized_view
}
IS 'text' ;

COMMIT COMMIT [ WORK ]
[ COMMENT 'text'
| FORCE 'text' [, integer ]
] ;

SQL Statements 1-13


CREATE CLUSTER CREATE CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
(column datatype [ SORT ]
[, column datatype [ SORT ] ]...
)
[ { physical_attributes_clause
| SIZE size_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
| { INDEX
| [ SINGLE TABLE ]
HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
}
}
| SIZE size_clause
| { INDEX
| [ SINGLE TABLE ]
HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
}
]...
]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ NOROWDEPENDENCIES | ROWDEPENDENCIES ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ] ;

CREATE CONTEXT CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] CONTEXT namespace
USING [ schema. ] package
[ INITIALIZED { EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY }
| ACCESSED GLOBALLY
] ;



CREATE CONTROLFILE CREATE CONTROLFILE
[ REUSE ]
[ SET ]
DATABASE database
[ logfile_clause ]
{ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS }
[ DATAFILE file_specification
[, file_specification ]... ]
[ { MAXLOGFILES integer
| MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
| MAXLOGHISTORY integer
| MAXDATAFILES integer
| MAXINSTANCES integer
| { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
| FORCE LOGGING
}
[ MAXLOGFILES integer
| FORCE LOGGING
]...
]
[ character_set_clause ] ;

CREATE DATABASE CREATE DATABASE [ database ]
{ USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY password
| USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY password
| CONTROLFILE REUSE
| CHARACTER SET charset
| NATIONAL CHARACTER SET charset
| SET DEFAULT
{ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
| database_logging_clauses
| tablespace_clauses
| set_time_zone_clause
}... ;

SQL Statements 1-15


CREATE DATABASE LINK CREATE [ SHARED ] [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink
[ CONNECT TO
{ CURRENT_USER
| user IDENTIFIED BY password
[ dblink_authentication ]
}
| dblink_authentication
]
[ USING 'connect_string' ] ;

CREATE DIMENSION CREATE DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension
level_clause
[ level_clause ]...
{ hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
}
[ hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
]... ;

CREATE DIRECTORY CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] DIRECTORY directory
AS 'path_name' ;

CREATE DISKGROUP CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
[ { HIGH | NORMAL | EXTERNAL } REDUNDANCY ]
[ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
DISK qualified_disk_clause
[, qualified_disk_clause ]...
[ [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
]... ;



CREATE FUNCTION CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ schema. ]function
[ (argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
[ NOCOPY ] datatype
[, argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
[ NOCOPY ] datatype
]...
)
]
RETURN datatype
[ { invoker_rights_clause
| DETERMINISTIC
| parallel_enable_clause
}
[ invoker_rights_clause
| DETERMINISTIC
| parallel_enable_clause
]...
]
{ { AGGREGATE | PIPELINED }
USING [ schema. ]implementation_type
| [ PIPELINED ]
{ IS | AS }
{ pl/sql_function_body | call_spec }
} ;

CREATE INDEX CREATE [ UNIQUE | BITMAP ] INDEX [ schema. ]index
ON { cluster_index_clause
| table_index_clause
| bitmap_join_index_clause
} ;

CREATE INDEXTYPE CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] INDEXTYPE
[ schema. ]indextype FOR
[ schema. ]operator (paramater_type
[, paramater_type ]...)
[, [ schema. ]operator (paramater_type
[, paramater_type ]...)
]...
using_type_clause ;

SQL Statements 1-17


CREATE JAVA CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ AND { RESOLVE | COMPILE } ]
[ NOFORCE ]
JAVA { { SOURCE | RESOURCE }
NAMED [ schema. ]primary_name
| CLASS [ SCHEMA schema ]
}
[ invoker_rights_clause ]
[ RESOLVER
((match_string [,] { schema_name | - })
[ (match_string [,] { schema_name | - }) ]...
)
]
{ USING { BFILE (directory_object_name ,
server_file_name)
| { CLOB | BLOB | BFILE }
subquery
| 'key_for_BLOB'
}
| AS source_text
} ;

CREATE LIBRARY CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] LIBRARY [ schema. ]libname
{ IS | AS } 'filename' [ AGENT 'agent_dblink' ] ;



CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
[ schema. ]materialized_view
[ OF [ schema. ]object_type ]
[ (scoped_table_ref_constraint) ]
{ ON PREBUILT TABLE
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } REDUCED PRECISION ]
| physical_properties materialized_view_props
}
[ USING INDEX
]
]...
| USING NO INDEX
]
[ create_mv_refresh ]
[ FOR UPDATE ]
[ { DISABLE | ENABLE }
QUERY REWRITE
]
AS subquery ;

SQL Statements 1-19


CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
LOG ON [ schema. ] table
| logging_clause
| logging_clause
]...
]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ table_partitioning_clauses ]
[ WITH { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
[, { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
]...
[ new_values_clause ]
] ;

CREATE OPERATOR CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] OPERATOR
[ schema. ] operator binding_clause ;

CREATE OUTLINE CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] OUTLINE [ outline ]
[ FROM [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] source_outline ]
[ FOR CATEGORY category ]
[ ON statement ] ;

CREATE PACKAGE CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE [ schema. ]package
{ IS | AS } pl/sql_package_spec ;

CREATE PACKAGE BODY CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE BODY
[ schema. ]package
{ IS | AS } pl/sql_package_body ;



CREATE PFILE CREATE PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
FROM SPFILE [= 'spfile_name'] ;

CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure
[ (argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
[ NOCOPY ]
datatype
[, argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
[ NOCOPY ]
datatype
]...
)
]
{ IS | AS }
{ pl/sql_subprogram_body | call_spec } ;

CREATE PROFILE CREATE PROFILE profile
LIMIT { resource_parameters
| password_parameters
}
[ resource_parameters
| password_parameters
]... ;

CREATE ROLE CREATE ROLE role
[ NOT IDENTIFIED
| IDENTIFIED { BY password
| USING [ schema. ] package
| EXTERNALLY
| GLOBALLY
}
] ;

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT CREATE [ PUBLIC ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
[ { TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause }
[ TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause ]...
];

CREATE SCHEMA CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schema
{ create_table_statement
| create_view_statement
| grant_statement
}
[ create_table_statement
| create_view_statement
| grant_statement
]... ;

SQL Statements 1-21


CREATE SEQUENCE CREATE SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence
[ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
]
[ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
]... ;

CREATE SPFILE CREATE SPFILE [= 'spfile_name' ]
FROM PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ] ;

CREATE SYNONYM CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM
[ schema. ]synonym
FOR [ schema. ]object [ @ dblink ] ;

CREATE TABLE { relational_table | object_table | XMLType_table }

CREATE TABLESPACE CREATE
[ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
{ permanent_tablespace_clause
| temporary_tablespace_clause
| undo_tablespace_clause
} ;

CREATE TRIGGER CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger
{ BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{ dml_event_clause
| { ddl_event [ OR ddl_event ]...
| database_event [ OR database_event ]...
}
ON { [ schema. ]SCHEMA
| DATABASE
}
}
[ WHEN (condition) ]
{ pl/sql_block | call_procedure_statement } ;



CREATE TYPE { create_incomplete_type
| create_object_type
| create_varray_type
| create_nested_table_type
}

CREATE TYPE BODY CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TYPE BODY [ schema. ]type_name
{ IS | AS }
{ subprogram_declaration
| map_order_func_declaration
}
[, { subprogram_declaration
| map_order_func_declaration
}
]...
END ;

SQL Statements 1-23


CREATE USER CREATE USER user
IDENTIFIED { BY password
| EXTERNALLY
}
[ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| UNLIMITED
}
ON tablespace
| UNLIMITED
}
ON tablespace
]...
| PROFILE profile
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
[ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| UNLIMITED
}
ON tablespace
| UNLIMITED
}
ON tablespace
]...
| PROFILE profile
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
]...
] ;



CREATE VIEW CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ [ NO ] FORCE ] VIEW
[ schema. ]view
[ (alias [ inline_constraint
[ inline_constraint ]... ]
| out_of_line_constraint
[, alias [ inline_constraint
]...
)
| object_view_clause
| XMLType_view_clause
]
AS subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] ;

DELETE DELETE [ hint ]
[ FROM ]
{ dml_table_expression_clause
| ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
}
[ t_alias ]
[ where_clause ]
[ returning_clause ] ;

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS FROM
{ COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
[, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
| FUNCTIONS [ schema. ]function
[, [ schema. ]function ]...
| PACKAGES [ schema. ]package
[, [ schema. ]package ]...
| TYPES [ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]type ]...
| INDEXES [ schema. ]index
[, [ schema. ]index ]...
| INDEXTYPES [ schema. ]indextype
[, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
}
[ FORCE ] ;

DROP CLUSTER DROP CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
[ INCLUDING TABLES [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ] ;

DROP CONTEXT DROP CONTEXT namespace ;

DROP DATABASE DROP DATABASE ;

DROP DATABASE LINK DROP [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink ;

SQL Statements 1-25


DROP DIMENSION DROP DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension ;

DROP DIRECTORY DROP DIRECTORY directory_name ;

DROP DISKGROUP DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
[ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING }
CONTENTS
] ;

DROP FUNCTION DROP FUNCTION [ schema. ]function_name ;

DROP INDEX DROP INDEX [ schema. ]index [ FORCE ] ;

DROP INDEXTYPE DROP INDEXTYPE [ schema. ]indextype [ FORCE ] ;

DROP JAVA DROP JAVA
{ SOURCE | CLASS | RESOURCE }
[ schema. ]object_name ;

DROP LIBRARY DROP LIBRARY library_name ;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
[ schema. ]materialized_view
[ PRESERVE TABLE ] ;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
ON [ schema. ]table ;

DROP OPERATOR DROP OPERATOR [ schema. ]operator [ FORCE ] ;

DROP OUTLINE DROP OUTLINE outline ;

DROP PACKAGE DROP PACKAGE [ BODY ] [ schema. ]package ;

DROP PROCEDURE DROP PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure ;

DROP PROFILE DROP PROFILE profile [ CASCADE ] ;

DROP ROLE DROP ROLE role ;

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment ;

DROP SEQUENCE DROP SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence_name ;

DROP SYNONYM DROP [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM [ schema. ]synonym
[ FORCE ] ;

DROP TABLE DROP TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
[ PURGE ] ;



DROP TABLESPACE DROP TABLESPACE tablespace
[ INCLUDING CONTENTS [ AND DATAFILES ]
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
] ;

DROP TRIGGER DROP TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger ;

DROP TYPE DROP TYPE [ schema. ]type_name
[ FORCE | VALIDATE ] ;

DROP TYPE BODY DROP TYPE BODY [ schema. ]type_name ;

DROP USER DROP USER user [ CASCADE ] ;

DROP VIEW DROP VIEW [ schema. ] view
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ;

EXPLAIN PLAN EXPLAIN PLAN
[ SET STATEMENT_ID = 'text' ]
[ INTO [ schema. ]table [ @ dblink ] ]
FOR statement ;

FLASHBACK DATABASE FLASHBACK [ STANDBY ] DATABASE [ database ]
{ TO { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
| TO BEFORE { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
};

FLASHBACK TABLE FLASHBACK TABLE
[ schema. ]table
[, [ schema. ]table ]...
TO { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
[ { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGERS ]
| BEFORE DROP [ RENAME TO table ]
} ;

GRANT GRANT { grant_system_privileges
| grant_object_privileges
} ;

INSERT INSERT [ hint ]
{ single_table_insert | multi_table_insert } ;

SQL Statements 1-27


LOCK TABLE LOCK TABLE
[ schema. ] { table | view }
[ { PARTITION (partition)
}
| @ dblink
]
[, [ schema. ] { table | view }
}
| @ dblink
]
]...
IN lockmode MODE
[ NOWAIT ] ;

MERGE MERGE [ hint ]
INTO [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
USING [ schema. ] { table | view | subquery }
[ t_alias ]
ON ( condition )
[ merge_update_clause ]
[ merge_insert_clause ] ;

NOAUDIT NOAUDIT
{ sql_statement_clause
[, sql_statement_clause ]...
| schema_object_clause
[, schema_object_clause ]...
}
[ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;

PURGE PURGE
{ { TABLE table
| INDEX index
}
| { RECYCLEBIN | DBA_RECYCLEBIN }
[ USER user ]
} ;

RENAME RENAME old_name
TO new_name ;

REVOKE REVOKE { revoke_system_privileges
| revoke_object_privileges
} ;



ROLLBACK ROLLBACK [ WORK ]
[ TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint
| FORCE 'text'
] ;

SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT savepoint ;

SELECT subquery [ for_update_clause ] ;

SET CONSTRAINT[S] SET { CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS }
{ constraint [, constraint ]...
| ALL
}
{ IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ;

SET ROLE SET ROLE
{ role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
[, role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ] ]...
| ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
| NONE
} ;

SET TRANSACTION SET TRANSACTION
{ { READ { ONLY | WRITE }
| ISOLATION LEVEL
{ SERIALIZABLE | READ COMMITTED }
| USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
}
[ NAME 'text' ]
| NAME 'text'
} ;

TRUNCATE TRUNCATE
{ TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ { PRESERVE | PURGE } MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ]
| CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
}
[ { DROP | REUSE } STORAGE ] ;

UPDATE UPDATE [ hint ]
{ dml_table_expression_clause
| ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
}
[ t_alias ]
update_set_clause
[ where_clause ]
[ returning_clause ] ;

SQL Statements 1-29

2
SQL Functions

This chapter presents the syntax for SQL functions.
s Syntax for SQL Functions

Syntax for SQL Functions
A function is a command that manipulates data items and returns a single value.
Table 2–1 shows each SQL function and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5,
"Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses found in the following table.

See Also: Functions in Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed
information about SQL functions

Table 2–1 Syntax for SQL Functions
SQL Function Syntax
ABS ABS(n)

ACOS ACOS(n)

ADD_MONTHS ADD_MONTHS(date, integer)

analytic_function analytic_function([ arguments ])
OVER (analytic_clause)

ASCII ASCII(char)

ASCIISTR ASCIISTR('char')

ASIN ASIN(n)

ATAN ATAN(n)

SQL Functions 2-1


Table 2–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Functions
SQL Function Syntax
ATAN2 ATAN2(n { , | / } m)

AVG AVG([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
[ OVER(analytic_clause) ]

BFILENAME BFILENAME('directory', 'filename')

BIN_TO_NUM BIN_TO_NUM(expr [, expr ]... )

BITAND BITAND(expr1, expr2)

CARDINALITY CARDINALITY(nested_table)

CAST CAST({ expr | MULTISET (subquery) } AS type_name)

CEIL CEIL(n)

CHARTOROWID CHARTOROWID(char)

CHR CHR(n [ USING NCHAR_CS ])

COALESCE COALESCE(expr [, expr ]...)

COLLECT COLLECT (column)

COMPOSE COMPOSE('char')

CONCAT CONCAT(char1, char2)

CONVERT CONVERT(char, dest_char_set[, source_char_set ])

CORR CORR(expr1, expr2)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

CORR_K { CORR_K | CORR_S }
CORR_S (expr1, expr2
[, { COEFFICIENT
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

COS COS(n)

COSH COSH(n)

COUNT COUNT({ * | [ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr })

COVAR_POP COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2)



SQL Function Syntax
COVAR_SAMP COVAR_SAMP(expr1, expr2)

CUME_DIST (aggregate) CUME_DIST(expr[,expr ]...)
WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)

CUME_DIST (analytic) CUME_DIST( )
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ (precision) ]

CV CV([ dimension_column ])

DBTIMEZONE DBTIMEZONE

DECODE DECODE(expr, search, result
[, search, result ]...
[, default ]
)

DECOMPOSE DECOMPOSE('string' [ CANONICAL | COMPATIBILITY ])

DENSE_RANK (aggregate) DENSE_RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[,expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)

DENSE_RANK (analytic) DENSE_RANK( )
OVER([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

DEPTH DEPTH(correlation_integer)

DEREF DEREF(expr)

DUMP DUMP(expr[, return_fmt
[, start_position [, length ] ]
]
)

SQL Functions 2-3


SQL Function Syntax
EMPTY_BLOB { EMPTY_BLOB | EMPTY_CLOB }( )
EMPTY_CLOB

EXISTSNODE EXISTSNODE
(XMLType_instance, XPath_string
[, namespace_string ]
)

EXP EXP(n)

EXTRACT (datetime) EXTRACT( { { YEAR
| MONTH
| DAY
| HOUR
| MINUTE
| SECOND
}
| { TIMEZONE_HOUR
| TIMEZONE_MINUTE
}
| { TIMEZONE_REGION
| TIMEZONE_ABBR
}
}
FROM { datetime_value_expression
| interval_value_expression
}
)

EXTRACT (XML) EXTRACT(XMLType_instance, XPath_string
)

EXTRACTVALUE EXTRACTVALUE
(XMLType_instance, XPath_string
[, namespace_string
)

FIRST aggregate_function
KEEP
(DENSE_RANK FIRST ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)
[ OVER query_partition_clause ]



SQL Function Syntax
FIRST_VALUE FIRST_VALUE (expr [ IGNORE NULLS ])

FLOOR FLOOR(n)

FROM_TZ FROM_TZ (timestamp_value, time_zone_value)

GREATEST GREATEST(expr [, expr ]...)

GROUP_ID GROUP_ID( )

GROUPING GROUPING(expr)

GROUPING_ID GROUPING_ID(expr [, expr ]...)

HEXTORAW HEXTORAW(char)

INITCAP INITCAP(char)

INSTR { INSTR
| INSTRB
| INSTRC
| INSTR2
| INSTR4
}
(string , substring [, position [, occurrence ] ])

ITERATION_NUMBER ITERATION_NUMBER

LAG LAG(value_expr [, offset ] [, default ])

LAST aggregate_function KEEP
(DENSE_RANK LAST ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)
[ OVER query_partition_clause ]

LAST_DAY LAST_DAY(date)

LAST_VALUE LAST_VALUE(expr [ IGNORE NULLS ])

LEAD LEAD(value_expr [, offset ] [, default ])

LEAST LEAST(expr [, expr ]...)

SQL Functions 2-5


SQL Function Syntax
LENGTH { LENGTH
| LENGTHB
| LENGTHC
| LENGTH2
| LENGTH4
}
(char)

LN LN(n)

LNNVL LNNVL(condition)

LOCALTIMESTAMP LOCALTIMESTAMP [ (timestamp_precision) ]

LOG LOG(m, n)

LOWER LOWER(char)

LPAD LPAD(expr1, n [, expr2 ])

LTRIM LTRIM(char [, set ])

MAKE_REF MAKE_REF({ table | view } , key [, key ]...)

MAX MAX([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)

MEDIAN MEDIAN(expr) [ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

MIN MIN([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)

MOD MOD(m, n)

MONTHS_BETWEEN MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1, date2)

NANVL NANVL(m, n)

NCHR NCHR(number)

NEW_TIME NEW_TIME(date, timezone1, timezone2)

NEXT_DAY NEXT_DAY(date, char)

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN(byte_count, char_set_id)

NLS_CHARSET_ID NLS_CHARSET_ID(text)

NLS_CHARSET_NAME NLS_CHARSET_NAME(number)

NLS_INITCAP NLS_INITCAP(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NLS_LOWER NLS_LOWER(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NLS_UPPER NLS_UPPER(char [, 'nlsparam' ])



SQL Function Syntax
NLSSORT NLSSORT(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NTILE NTILE(expr)

NULLIF NULLIF(expr1, expr2)

NUMTODSINTERVAL NUMTODSINTERVAL(n, 'interval_unit')

NUMTOYMINTERVAL NUMTOYMINTERVAL(n, 'interval_unit')

NVL NVL(expr1, expr2)

NVL2 NVL2(expr1, expr2, expr3)

ORA_HASH ORA_HASH (expr [, max_bucket [, seed_value ] ])

PATH PATH (correlation_integer)

PERCENT_RANK (aggregate) PERCENT_RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
]...
)

PERCENT_RANK (analytic) PERCENT_RANK( )

PERCENTILE_CONT PERCENTILE_CONT(expr) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ])
[ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

PERCENTILE_DISC PERCENTILE_DISC(expr) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ])
[ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

POWER POWER(m, n)

POWERMULTISET POWERMULTISET(expr)

POWERMULTISET_BY_ POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY(expr, cardinality)
CARDINALITY

PRESENTNNV PRESENTNNV(cell_reference, expr1, expr2)

PRESENTV PRESENTV(cell_reference, expr1, expr2)

PREVIOUS PREVIOUS(cell_reference)

SQL Functions 2-7


SQL Function Syntax
RANK (aggregate) RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
]...
)

RANK (analytic) RANK( )

RATIO_TO_REPORT RATIO_TO_REPORT(expr)
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ])

RAWTOHEX RAWTOHEX(raw)

RAWTONHEX RAWTONHEX(raw)

REF REF (correlation_variable)

REFTOHEX REFTOHEX (expr)

REGEXP_INSTR REGEXP_INSTR (source_string, pattern
[, position
[, occurrence
[, return_option
[, match_parameter ]
]
]
]
)

REGEXP_REPLACE REGEXP_REPLACE(source_string, pattern
[, replace_string
[, position
[, occurrence
]
]
]
)



SQL Function Syntax
REGEXP_SUBSTR REGEXP_SUBSTR(source_string, pattern
[, position
[, occurrence
]
]
)

REGR_AVGX { REGR_SLOPE
REGR_AVGY | REGR_INTERCEPT
REGR_COUNT | REGR_COUNT
REGR_INTERCEPT | REGR_R2
REGR_R2 | REGR_AVGX
REGR_SLOPE | REGR_AVGY
REGR_SXX | REGR_SXX
REGR_SXY | REGR_SYY
REGR_SYY | REGR_SXY
}
(expr1 , expr2)

REMAINDER REMAINDER(m, n)

REPLACE REPLACE(char, search_string
[, replacement_string ]
)

ROUND (date) ROUND(date [, fmt ])

ROUND (number) ROUND(n [, integer ])

ROW_NUMBER ROW_NUMBER( )

ROWIDTOCHAR ROWIDTOCHAR(rowid)

ROWIDTONCHAR ROWIDTONCHAR(rowid)

RPAD RPAD(expr1 , n [, expr2 ])

RTRIM RTRIM(char [, set ])

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(number)

SESSIONTIMEZONE SESSIONTIMEZONE

SET SET (nested_table)

SIGN SIGN(n)

SIN SIN(n)

SQL Functions 2-9


SQL Function Syntax
SINH SINH(n)

SOUNDEX SOUNDEX(char)

SQRT SQRT(n)

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST(expr1, expr2, p
[, { TWO_SIDED_PROB
| EXACT_PROB
| ONE_SIDED_PROB_OR_MORE
| ONE_SIDED_PROB_OR_LESS
}
]
)

STATS_CROSSTAB STATS_CROSSTAB(expr1, expr2
[, { CHISQ_OBS
| CHISQ_SIG
| CHISQ_DF
| PHI_COEFFICIENT
| CRAMERS_V
| CONT_COEFFICIENT
| COHENS_K
}
]
)

STATS_F_TEST STATS_F_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| DF_NUM
| DF_DEN
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

STATS_KS_TEST STATS_KS_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC | SIG } ]
)

STATS_MODE STATS_MODE(expr)



SQL Function Syntax
STATS_MW_TEST STATS_MW_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| U_STATISTIC
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA(expr1, expr2
[, { SUM_SQUARES_BETWEEN
| SUM_SQUARES_WITHIN
| DF_BETWEEN
| DF_WITHIN
| MEAN_SQUARES_BETWEEN
| MEAN_SQUARES_WITHIN
| F_RATIO
| SIG
}
]
)

STATS_T_TEST_INDEP { STATS_T_TEST_INDEP
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU | STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
STATS_T_TEST_ONE | STATS_T_TEST_ONE
STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED | STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
}
(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| DF
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

STATS_WSR_TEST STATS_WSR_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

STDDEV STDDEV([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)

SQL Functions 2-11


SQL Function Syntax
STDDEV_POP STDDEV_POP(expr)

STDDEV_SAMP STDDEV_SAMP(expr)

SUBSTR { SUBSTR
| SUBSTRB
| SUBSTRC
| SUBSTR2
| SUBSTR4
}
(string, position [, substring_length ])

SUM SUM([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(column, char)

SYS_CONTEXT SYS_CONTEXT('namespace', 'parameter' [, length ])

SYS_DBURIGEN SYS_DBURIGEN({ column | attribute }
[ rowid ]
[, { column | attribute }
[ rowid ]
]...
[, 'text ( )' ]
)

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC SYS_EXTRACT_UTC(datetime_with_timezone)

SYS_GUID SYS_GUID( )

SYS_TYPEID SYS_TYPEID(object_type_value)

SYS_XMLAGG SYS_XMLAGG(expr [, fmt ])

SYS_XMLGEN SYS_XMLGEN(expr [, fmt ])

SYSDATE SYSDATE

SYSTIMESTAMP SYSTIMESTAMP

TAN TAN(n)

TANH TANH(n)

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN(timestamp)

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE TO_BINARY_DOUBLE(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_BINARY_FLOAT TO_BINARY_FLOAT(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])



SQL Function Syntax
TO_CHAR (character) TO_CHAR(nchar | clob | nclob)

TO_CHAR (datetime) TO_CHAR({ datetime | interval } [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_CHAR (number) TO_CHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_CLOB TO_CLOB(lob_column | char)

TO_DATE TO_DATE(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_DSINTERVAL TO_DSINTERVAL(char [ 'nlsparam' ])

TO_LOB TO_LOB(long_column)

TO_MULTI_BYTE TO_MULTI_BYTE(char)

TO_NCHAR (character) TO_NCHAR({char | clob | nclob}
[, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ]
)

TO_NCHAR (datetime) TO_NCHAR({ datetime | interval }
[, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ]
)

TO_NCHAR (number) TO_NCHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_NCLOB TO_NCLOB(lob_column | char)

TO_NUMBER TO_NUMBER(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_SINGLE_BYTE TO_SINGLE_BYTE(char)

TO_TIMESTAMP TO_TIMESTAMP(char [, fmt [ 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ(char [, fmt [ 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_YMINTERVAL TO_YMINTERVAL(char)

TRANSLATE TRANSLATE(expr, 'from_string', 'to_string')

TRANSLATE ... USING TRANSLATE(text USING { CHAR_CS | NCHAR_CS })

TREAT TREAT(expr AS [ REF ] [ schema. ]type)

TRIM TRIM([ { { LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH }
[ trim_character ]
| trim_character
}
FROM
]
trim_source
)

TRUNC (date) TRUNC(date [, fmt ])

SQL Functions 2-13


SQL Function Syntax
TRUNC (number) TRUNC(n [, m ])

TZ_OFFSET TZ_OFFSET({ 'time_zone_name'
| '{ + | - } hh : mi'
| SESSIONTIMEZONE
| DBTMEZONE
}
)

UID UID

UNISTR UNISTR('string')

UPDATEXML UPDATEXML(XMLType_instance,
XPath_string, value_expr
[, XPath_string, value_expr ] ...
)

UPPER UPPER(char)

USER USER

user-defined function [ schema. ]
{ [ package. ]function | user_defined_operator }
[ @ dblink. ]
[ ([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr [, expr ]...) ]

USERENV USERENV('parameter')

VALUE VALUE(correlation_variable)

VAR_POP VAR_POP(expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

VAR_SAMP VAR_SAMP(expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

VARIANCE VARIANCE([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)

VSIZE VSIZE(expr)

WIDTH_BUCKET WIDTH_BUCKET
(expr, min_value, max_value, num_buckets)

XMLAGG XMLAGG(XMLType_instance [ order_by_clause ])

XMLCOLATTVAL XMLCOLATTVAL(value_expr [ AS c_alias ]
[, value_expr [ AS c_alias ]...
)

XMLCONCAT XMLCONCAT(XMLType_instance [, XMLType_instance ]...)



SQL Function Syntax
XMLELEMENT XMLELEMENT ( [ NAME ] identifier
[, XML_attributes_clause ]
[, value_expr [, value_expr ]... ]
)

XMLFOREST XMLFOREST(value_expr [ AS c_alias ]
[, value_expr [ AS c_alias ]... ]
)

XMLSEQUENCE XMLSEQUENCE( XMLType_instance
| sys_refcursor_instance [, fmt ]
)

XMLTRANSFORM XMLTRANSFORM(XMLType_instance, XMLType_instance)

SQL Functions 2-15

3
SQL Expressions

This chapter presents the syntax for combining values, operators, and functions into
expressions.
s Syntax for SQL Expression Types

Syntax for SQL Expression Types
An expression is a combination of one or more values, operators, and SQL functions
that evaluate to a value. An expression generally assumes the datatype of its
components.
Expressions have several forms. Table 3–1 shows the syntax for each form of
expression. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses found
in the following table.

See Also: Expressions in Oracle Database SQL Reference for
detailed information about SQL expressions

Table 3–1 Syntax for SQL Expression Types
SQL Expression Type Syntax
CASE expression CASE { simple_case_expression
| searched_case_expression
}
[ else_clause ]
END

SQL Expressions 3-1


Table 3–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Expression Types
Compound expression { (expr)
| { + | - | PRIOR } expr
| expr { * | / | + | - | || } expr
}
Note: The double vertical bars are part of the syntax
(indicating concatenation) rather than BNF
notation.

CURSOR expression CURSOR (subquery)

DATETIME expression datetime_value_expr AT
{ LOCAL
| TIME ZONE { ' [ + | - ] hh:mm'
| DBTIMEZONE
| 'time_zone_name'
| expr
}
}

Function expression any built-in SQL function or user-defined function can be
used as an expression

INTERVAL expression interval_value_expr
{ DAY [ (leading_field_precision) ] TO
SECOND [ (fractional_second_precision) ]
| YEAR [ (leading_field_precision) ] TO
MONTH
}

Model expression { measure_column | aggregate_funtion }
[ { condition | expr }
[ , { condition | expr } ]...
]

Note: The outside square brackets are part of the syntax.
In this case, they do not represent optionality.

Object access expression { table_alias.column.
| object_table_alias.
| (expr).
}
{ attribute [.attribute ]...
[.method ([ argument [, argument ]... ]) ]
| method ([ argument [, argument ]... ])
}

Scalar subquery expression a subquery that returns exactly one column value from one
row can be used as an expression



Table 3–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Expression Types
Simple expression { [ query_name.
| [schema.]
{ table. | view. | materialized view. }
] { column | ROWID }
| ROWNUM
| text
| number
| sequence. { CURRVAL | NEXTVAL }
| NULL
}

Type constructor expression [ NEW ] [ schema. ]type_name
([ expr [, expr ]... ])

Variable expression :host_variable
[ [ INDICATOR ]
:indicator_variable
]

SQL Expressions 3-3

4
SQL Conditions

This chapter presents the syntax for combining one or more expressions and logical
(Boolean) operators to specify a condition.
s Syntax for SQL Condition Types

Syntax for SQL Condition Types
A condition speciﬁes a combination of one or more expressions and logical
(Boolean) operators and returns a value of TRUE, FALSE, or unknown.
Conditions have several forms. Table 4–1 shows the syntax for each form of
condition. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses found in
the following table.

See Also: Conditions in Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed
information about SQL conditions

Table 4–1 Syntax for SQL Condition Types
SQL Condition Type Syntax
Compound conditions { (condition)
| NOT condition
| condition { AND | OR } condition
}

EQUALS_PATH condition EQUALS_PATH
(column, path_string [, correlation_integer ])

EXISTS condition EXISTS (subquery)

SQL Conditions 4-1


Table 4–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Condition Types
Floating-point conditions expr IS [ NOT ] { NAN | INFINITE }

Group comparison { expr
condition { = | != | ^= | <> | > | < | >= | <= }
{ ANY | SOME | ALL }
({ expression_list | subquery })
| expr [, expr ]...
{ = | != | ^= | <> }
{ ANY | SOME | ALL }
({ expression_list [, expression_list ]...
| subquery
}
)
}
where !=, ^=, and <> test for inequality
IN conditions { expr [ NOT ] IN ({ expression_list | subquery })
| ( expr
[, expr ]...
[ NOT ] IN ({ expression_list
[, expression_list ]...
| subquery
}
)
)
}

IS A SET conditions nested_table IS [ NOT ] A SET

IS ANY condition [ dimension_column IS ] ANY

IS EMPTY conditions nested_table IS [ NOT ] EMPTY

IS OF TYPE conditions expr IS [ NOT ] OF [ TYPE ]
([ ONLY ] [ schema. ] type
[, [ ONLY ] [ schema. ] type ]...
)

IS PRESENT condition cell_reference IS PRESENT

LIKE condition char1 [ NOT ] ( LIKE | LIKEC | LIKE2 | LIKE4 )
char2 [ ESCAPE esc_char ]

Logical conditions { NOT | AND | OR }

MEMBER condition expr [ NOT ] MEMBER [ OF ] nested_table

NULL conditions expr IS [ NOT ] NULL



Table 4–1 (Cont.) Syntax for SQL Condition Types
Range conditions expr [ NOT ] BETWEEN expr AND expr

REGEXP_LIKE condition REGEXP_LIKE(source_string, pattern
)

Simple comparison { expr
condition { = | != | ^= | <> | > | < | >= | <= }
expr
| (expr [, expr ]...)
{ = | != | ^= | <> }
(subquery)
}
where !=, ^=, and <> test for inequality
SUBMULTISET conditions nested_table1
[ NOT ] SUBMULTISET [ OF ]
nested_table2

UNDER_PATH condition UNDER_PATH (column [, levels ], path_string
[, correlation_integer ]
)

SQL Conditions 4-3

5
Subclauses

This chapter presents the syntax for the subclauses found in the syntax for SQL
statements, functions, expressions and conditions.
s Syntax for Subclauses

Syntax for Subclauses
Table 5–1 shows the syntax for each subclause found in:
s Chapter 1, "SQL Statements"
s Chapter 2, "SQL Functions"
s Chapter 3, "SQL Expressions"
s Chapter 4, "SQL Conditions"

See Also: Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed information
about Oracle SQL

Table 5–1 Syntax for Subclauses
Subclause Syntax
activate_standby_db_clause ACTIVATE
[ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ]
STANDBY DATABASE
[ SKIP [ STANDBY LOGFILE ] ]

Subclauses 5-1


Table 5–1 (Cont.) Syntax for Subclauses
Subclause Syntax
add_binding_clause ADD BINDING
(parameter_type
[, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN (return_type)
[ implementation_clause ]
using_function_clause

add_column_clause ADD
( column datatype
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ { inline_constraint
[ inline_constraint ]...
| inline_ref_constraint
}
]
[, column datatype
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ { inline_constraint
}
]
]...
)
[ column_properties ]

add_disk_clause ADD
[ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
[ [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
]...

add_hash_index_partition ADD PARTITION
[ partition_name ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
[ parallel_clause ]

add_hash_partition_clause ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
partitioning_storage_clause
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]

add_hash_subpartition ADD subpartition_spec
[ parallel_clause ]



Subclause Syntax
add_list_partition_clause ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
list_values_clause
[ table_partition_description ]

add_list_subpartition ADD subpartition_spec

add_logfile_clauses ADD [ STANDBY ] LOGFILE
{ [ INSTANCE 'instance_name' | THREAD integer ]
[ GROUP integer ] redo_log_file_spec
[, [ GROUP integer ] redo_log_file_spec ]...
| MEMBER 'filename' [ REUSE ]
[, 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]...
TO logfile_descriptor
[, logfile_descriptor ]...
}

add_overflow_clause ADD OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ (PARTITION [ segment_attributes_clause ]
[, PARTITION [ segment_attributes_clause ] ]...
)
]

add_range_partition_clause ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause

add_table_partition { add_range_partition_clause
| add_hash_partition_clause
| add_list_partition_clause
}

alias_file_name +diskgroup_name [ (template_name) ] /alias_name

allocate_extent_clause ALLOCATE EXTENT
[ ( { SIZE size_clause
| DATAFILE 'filename'
| INSTANCE integer
}
[ SIZE size_clause
| DATAFILE 'filename'
| INSTANCE integer
]...
)
]

Subclauses 5-3


Subclause Syntax
alter_attribute_definition { { ADD | MODIFY } ATTRIBUTE
{ attribute [ datatype ]
| ( attribute datatype
[, attribute datatype ]...
)
}
| DROP ATTRIBUTE
{ attribute
| ( attribute [, attribute ]... )
}
}

alter_collection_clauses MODIFY { LIMIT integer
| ELEMENT TYPE datatype
}

alter_datafile_clause DATAFILE
{ 'filename' | filenumber }
[, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
}
{ ONLINE
| OFFLINE [ FOR DROP ]
| RESIZE size_clause
| autoextend_clause
| END BACKUP
}

alter_external_table_ { add_column_clause
clauses | modify_column_clauses
| drop_column_clause
| parallel_clause
| external_data_properties
| REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
}
[ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clauses
| parallel_clause
| external_data_properties
| REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
]...



Subclause Syntax
alter_index_partitioning { modify_index_default_attrs
| add_hash_index_partition
| modify_index_partition
| rename_index_partition
| drop_index_partition
| split_index_partition
| coalesce_index_partition
| modify_index_subpartition
}

alter_iot_clauses { index_org_table_clause
| alter_overflow_clause
| alter_mapping_table_clauses
| COALESCE
}

alter_mapping_table_clauses MAPPING TABLE
{ allocate_extent_clause
}

alter_method_spec { ADD | DROP }
{ map_order_function_spec
| subprogram_spec
}
[ { ADD | DROP }
{ map_order_function_spec
| subprogram_spec
}
]...

alter_mv_refresh REFRESH
{ { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
| ON { DEMAND | COMMIT }
| { START WITH | NEXT } date
| WITH PRIMARY KEY
| USING
{ DEFAULT MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
| MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
}
| USING { ENFORCED | TRUSTED } CONSTRAINTS
}

Subclauses 5-5


Subclause Syntax
alter_overflow_clause { OVERFLOW
{ allocate_extent_clause
}
[ allocate_extent_clause
]...
| add_overflow_clause
}

alter_session_set_clause SET parameter_name = parameter_value
[ parameter_name = parameter_value ]...

alter_system_reset_clause parameter_name
[ SCOPE = { MEMORY | SPFILE | BOTH } ]
SID = 'sid'

alter_system_set_clause parameter_name =
parameter_value [, parameter_value ]...
[ COMMENT 'text' ]
[ DEFERRED ]
[ SCOPE = { MEMORY | SPFILE | BOTH } ]
[ SID = { 'sid' | * } ]

alter_table_partitioning { modify_table_default_attrs
| set_subpartition_template
| modify_table_partition
| modify_table_subpartition
| move_table_partition
| move_table_subpartition
| add_table_partition
| coalesce_table_partition
| drop_table_partition
| drop_table_subpartition
| rename_partition_subpart
| truncate_partition_subpart
| split_table_partition
| split_table_subpartition
| merge_table_partitions
| merge_table_subpartitions
| exchange_partition_subpart
}



Subclause Syntax
alter_table_properties { { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| table_compression
| supplemental_table_logging
| shrink_clause
| upgrade_table_clause
| records_per_block_clause
| parallel_clause
| row_movement_clause
}
| logging_clause
| table_compression
| supplemental_table_logging
| shrink_clause
| upgrade_table_clause
| records_per_block_clause
| parallel_clause
| row_movement_clause
]...
| RENAME TO new_table_name
}
[ alter_iot_clauses ]

alter_tempfile_clause TEMPFILE
{ 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| filenumber [, filenumber ]...
}
{ RESIZE size_clause
| autoextend_clause
| DROP [ INCLUDING DATAFILES ]
| ONLINE
| OFFLINE
}

alter_varray_col_properties MODIFY VARRAY varray_item
( modify_LOB_parameters )

analytic_clause [ query_partition_clause ]
[ order_by_clause [ windowing_clause ] ]

Subclauses 5-7


Subclause Syntax
archive_log_clause ARCHIVE LOG
[ INSTANCE 'instance_name' | THREAD integer ]
{ { SEQUENCE integer
| CHANGE integer
| CURRENT [ NOSWITCH ]
| GROUP integer
| LOGFILE 'filename'
[ USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE ]
| NEXT
| ALL
| START
}
[ TO 'location' ]
| STOP
}

array_DML_clause [ WITH | WITHOUT ]
ARRAY DML
[ ([ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]varray_type ])
[, ([ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]varray_type ])...
]

ASM_filename { fully_qualified_file_name
| numeric_file_name
| incomplete_file_name
| alias_file_name
}

attribute_clause ATTRIBUTE level DETERMINES
{ dependent_column
| ( dependent_column
[, dependent_column ]... )
}

auditing_by_clause BY { proxy [, proxy ]...
| user [, user ]...
}

auditing_on_clause ON { [ schema. ]object
| DIRECTORY directory_name
| DEFAULT
}



Subclause Syntax
autoextend_clause AUTOEXTEND
{ OFF
| ON [ NEXT size_clause ]
[ maxsize_clause ]
}

binding_clause BINDING
(parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN return_type
[, (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN return_type
]...

bitmap_join_index_clause [ schema.]table
( [ [ schema. ]table. | t_alias. ]column
[ ASC | DESC ]
[, [ [ schema. ]table. | t_alias. ]column
[ ASC | DESC ]
]...
)
FROM [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
[, [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
]...
WHERE condition
[ local_partitioned_index ] index_attributes

build_clause BUILD { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED }

C_declaration C [ NAME name ]
LIBRARY lib_name
[ AGENT IN (argument[, argument ]...) ]
[ WITH CONTEXT ]
[ PARAMETERS (parameter[, parameter ]...) ]

call_spec LANGUAGE { Java_declaration | C_declaration }

cancel_clause CANCEL [ IMMEDIATE ] [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]

Subclauses 5-9


Subclause Syntax
cell_assignment measure_column [ { { condition
| expr
| single_column_for_loop
}
[, { condition
| expr
| single_column_for_loop
}
]...
| multi_column_for_loop
}
]

Note: The outer square brackets are part of the syntax.
In this case, they do not indicate optionality.

cell_reference_options [ { IGNORE | KEEP } NAV ]
[ UNIQUE { DIMENSION | SINGLE REFERENCE } ]

character_set_clause CHARACTER SET character_set

check_datafiles_clause CHECK DATAFILES [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ]



Subclause Syntax
check_diskgroup_clauses CHECK
{ ALL
| DISK
disk_name
[, disk_name ]...
| DISKS IN FAILGROUP
failgroup_name
[, failgroup_name ]...
| FILE
filename
[, filename ]...
}
[ CHECK
{ ALL
| DISK
disk_name
[, disk_name ]...
failgroup_name
[, failgroup_name ]...
| FILE
filename
[, filename ]...
}
]...
[ REPAIR | NOREPAIR ]

checkpoint_clause CHECKPOINT [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ]

cluster_index_clause CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster index_attributes

coalesce_index_partition COALESCE PARTITION
[ parallel_clause ]

coalesce_table_partition COALESCE PARTITION
[ parallel_clause ]

column_association COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
[, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
using_statistics_type

Subclauses 5-11


Subclause Syntax
column_clauses { { add_column_clause
| modify_column_clause
}
[ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clause
]...
| rename_column_clause
| modify_collection_retrieval
[ modify_collection_retrieval ]...
| modify_LOB_storage_clause
| alter_varray_col_properties
}

column_properties { object_type_col_properties
| nested_table_col_properties
| { varray_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause }
[ (LOB_partition_storage
[, LOB_partition_storage ]...
)
]
| XMLType_column_properties
}
[ { object_type_col_properties
| nested_table_col_properties
| { varray_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause }
[ (LOB_partition_storage
[, LOB_partition_storage ]...
)
]
| XMLType_column_properties
}
]...

commit_switchover_clause { PREPARE | COMMIT } TO SWITCHOVER
[ TO { { PHYSICAL | LOGICAL } PRIMARY
| [ PHYSICAL ] STANDBY
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } SESSION SHUTDOWN
{ WAIT | NOWAIT }
]
| LOGICAL STANDBY
}
| CANCEL
]



Subclause Syntax
compile_type_clause COMPILE
[ DEBUG ]
[ SPECIFICATION | BODY ]
[ REUSE SETTINGS ]

compiler_parameters_clause parameter_name = parameter_value

composite_partitioning PARTITION BY RANGE ( column_list )
[ subpartition_by_list | subpartition_by_hash ]
( PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause
table_partition_description
[, PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause
table_partition_description ] ...
)

compute_statistics_clause COMPUTE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS [ for_clause ]

conditional_insert_clause [ ALL | FIRST ]
WHEN condition
THEN insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ error_logging_clause ]
[ insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
]...
[ WHEN condition
THEN insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ values_clause ]
]...
]...
[ ELSE insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ values_clause ]
]...
]

Subclauses 5-13


Subclause Syntax
constraint { inline_constraint
| out_of_line_ref_constraint
}

constraint_clauses { ADD { out_of_line_constraint
[ out_of_line_constraint ]...
| out_of_line_REF_constraint
}
| MODIFY { CONSTRAINT constraint
| PRIMARY KEY
}
constraint_state
| RENAME CONSTRAINT old_name TO new_name
| drop_constraint_clause
}

constraint_state [ [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
[ INITIALLY { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ]
| [ INITIALLY { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
]
[ RELY | NORELY ]
[ using_index_clause ]
[ ENABLE | DISABLE ]
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
[ exceptions_clause ]

constructor_declaration [ FINAL ]
[ INSTANTIABLE ]
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION datatype
[ [ SELF IN OUT datatype, ]
parameter datatype
[, parameter datatype ]...
]
RETURN SELF AS RESULT
{ IS | AS } { pl/sql_block | call_spec }



Subclause Syntax
constructor_spec [ FINAL ]
[ INSTANTIABLE ]
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION datatype
[ ([ SELF IN OUT datatype, ]
parameter datatype
[, parameter datatype ]...
)
]
RETURN SELF AS RESULT
[ { IS | AS } call_spec ]

context_clause [ WITH INDEX CONTEXT,
SCAN CONTEXT implementation_type
[ COMPUTE ANCILLARY DATA ]
]
[ WITH COLUMN CONTEXT ]

controlfile_clauses { CREATE [ LOGICAL | PHYSICAL ]
STANDBY CONTROLFILE AS
'filename' [ REUSE ]
| BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO
{ 'filename' [ REUSE ]
| trace_file_clause
}
}

create_datafile_clause CREATE DATAFILE
{ 'filename' | filenumber }
}
[ AS { file_specification
[, file_specification ]...
| NEW
}
]

create_incomplete_type CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
TYPE [ schema. ]type_name ;

Subclauses 5-15


Subclause Syntax
create_mv_refresh { REFRESH
{ { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
| WITH { PRIMARY KEY | ROWID }
| USING
{ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
| [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
}
[ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
]...
| USING
{ ENFORCED | TRUSTED }
CONSTRAINTS
}
[ { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
| WITH { PRIMARY KEY | ROWID }
| USING
{ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
}
[ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ]
ROLLBACK SEGMENT
]...
| USING
{ ENFORCED | TRUSTED }
CONSTRAINTS
]...
| NEVER REFRESH
}

create_nested_table_type CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
TYPE [ schema. ]type_name
[ OID 'object_identifier' ]
{ IS | AS } TABLE OF datatype ;



Subclause Syntax
create_object_type CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
{ { IS | AS } OBJECT
| UNDER [schema.]supertype
}
[ sqlj_object_type ]
[ ( attribute datatype
[ sqlj_object_type_attr ]
[, attribute datatype
[ sqlj_object_type_attr ]...
[, element_spec
[, element_spec ]...
]
)
]
[ [ NOT ] FINAL ]
[ [ NOT ] INSTANTIABLE ] ;

create_varray_type CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
{ IS | AS } { VARRAY | VARYING ARRAY }
(limit) OF datatype ;

database_file_clauses { RENAME FILE
'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
TO 'filename'
| create_datafile_clause
| alter_datafile_clause
| alter_tempfile_clause
}

database_logging_clauses { LOGFILE
[ GROUP integer ] file_specification
[, [ GROUP integer ] file_specification ]...
| MAXLOGFILES integer
| FORCE LOGGING
}

Subclauses 5-17


Subclause Syntax
datafile_tempfile_clauses { ADD { DATAFILE | TEMPFILE }
[ file_specification
]
| RENAME DATAFILE 'filename' [, 'filename' ]... TO
'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| { DATAFILE | TEMPFILE } { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
}

datafile_tempfile_spec [ 'filename' | 'ASM_filename' ]
[ SIZE size_clause ]
[ REUSE ]
[ autoextend_clause ]

dblink database[.domain [.domain ]... ]
[ @ connect_descriptor ]

dblink_authentication AUTHENTICATED BY user
IDENTIFIED BY password

deallocate_unused_clause DEALLOCATE UNUSED
[ KEEP size_clause ]

default_cost_clause DEFAULT COST (cpu_cost, io_cost, network_cost)

default_selectivity_clause DEFAULT SELECTIVITY default_selectivity

default_tablespace DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
[ DATAFILE datafile_tempfile_spec ]
extent_management_clause

default_settings_clauses { SET DEFAULT
{ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
| DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
| RENAME GLOBAL_NAME TO
database.domain [.domain ]...
| { ENABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING
[ USING FILE 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]
| DISABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING
}
| set_time_zone_clause
}



Subclause Syntax
default_temp_tablespace [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TEMPFILE file_specification
]
extent_management_clause

dependent_handling_clause { INVALIDATE
| CASCADE [ { [ NOT ] INCLUDING TABLE DATA
| CONVERT TO SUBSTITUTABLE
}
]
[ [FORCE ] exceptions_clause ]
}

dimension_join_clause JOIN KEY
{ child_key_column
| (child_key_column [, child_key_column ]...)
}
REFERENCES parent_level
[ JOIN KEY
{ child_key_column
| (child_key_column [, child_key_column ]...)
}
REFERENCES parent_level
]...

disk_clauses { diskgroup_name
{ add_disk_clause
| drop_disk_clauses
| resize_disk_clauses
}
| { diskgroup_name | ALL }
undrop_disk_clause
}

diskgroup_alias_clauses { ADD ALIAS
'alias_name' FOR 'filename'
[, 'alias_name' FOR 'filename' ]...
| DROP ALIAS
'alias_name'
[, 'alias_name' ]...
| RENAME ALIAS
'old_alias_name' TO 'new_alias_name'
[, 'old_alias_name' TO 'new_alias_name' ]...
}

Subclauses 5-19


Subclause Syntax
diskgroup_availability { MOUNT
| DISMOUNT [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
}

diskgroup_clauses { diskgroup_name
{ rebalance_diskgroup_clause
| check_diskgroup_clauses
| diskgroup_template_clauses
| diskgroup_directory_clauses
| diskgroup_alias_clauses
| drop_diskgroup_file_clause
}
| { diskgroup_name | ALL }
diskgroup_availability
}

diskgroup_directory_clauses { ADD DIRECTORY
'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...
| DROP DIRECTORY
'filename' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, 'filename' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
| RENAME DIRECTORY
'old_dir_name' TO 'new_dir_name'
[, 'old_dir_name' TO 'new_dir_name' ]...
}

diskgroup_template_clauses { { ADD | ALTER } TEMPLATE
qualified_template_clause
[, qualified_template_clause ]...
| DROP TEMPLATE
template_name
[, template_name ]...
}

distributed_recov_clauses { ENABLE | DISABLE } DISTRIBUTED RECOVERY



Subclause Syntax
dml_event_clause { DELETE | INSERT | UPDATE
[ OF column [, column ]... ]
}
[ OR { DELETE | INSERT | UPDATE
[ OF column [, column]... ]
}
]...
ON { [ schema. ]table
| [ NESTED TABLE nested_table_column OF ]
[ schema. ] view
}
[ referencing_clause ]
[ FOR EACH ROW ]

dml_table_expression_clause { [ schema. ]
{ table
}
| @ dblink
]
| { view | materialized view } [ @ dblink ]
}
| ( subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] )
| table_collection_expression
}

domain_index_clause INDEXTYPE IS indextype
[ parallel_clause ]
[ PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters') ]

drop_binding_clause DROP BINDING
(parameter_type
[ FORCE ]

Subclauses 5-21


Subclause Syntax
drop_column_clause { SET UNUSED { COLUMN column
}
[ { CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE }
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE ]...
]
| DROP { COLUMN column
}
[ { CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE }
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE ]...
]
[ CHECKPOINT integer ]
| DROP { UNUSED COLUMNS
| COLUMNS CONTINUE
}
[ CHECKPOINT integer ]
}

drop_constraint_clause DROP
{ { PRIMARY KEY
}
[ CASCADE ]
[ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]
| CONSTRAINT constraint
[ CASCADE ]
}

drop_disk_clauses DROP
{ DISK
disk_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, disk_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
failgroup_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, failgroup_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
}

drop_diskgroup_file_clause DROP FILE
'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...

drop_index_partition DROP PARTITION partition_name



Subclause Syntax
drop_logfile_clauses DROP [ STANDBY ] LOGFILE
{ logfile_descriptor
| MEMBER 'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...
}

drop_table_partition DROP PARTITION partition
[ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]

drop_table_subpartition DROP SUBPARTITION subpartition

element_spec [ inheritance_clauses ]
{ subprogram_spec
| constructor_spec
| map_order_function_spec
}
[ subprogram_clause
| constructor_spec
| map_order_function_spec
]...
[, pragma_clause ]

else_clause ELSE else_expr

enable_disable_clause { ENABLE | DISABLE }
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY
| CONSTRAINT constraint
}
[ using_index_clause ]
[ CASCADE ]
[ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]

end_session_clauses { DISCONNECT SESSION 'integer1, integer2'
[ POST_TRANSACTION ]
| KILL SESSION 'integer1, integer2'
}
[ IMMEDIATE ]

estimate_statistics_clause ESTIMATE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS [ for_clause ]
[ SAMPLE integer { ROWS | PERCENT } ]

exceptions_clause EXCEPTIONS INTO [ schema. ]table

Subclauses 5-23


Subclause Syntax
exchange_partition_subpart EXCHANGE { PARTITION partition
| SUBPARTITION subpartition
}
WITH TABLE table
[ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } INDEXES ]
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } VALIDATION ]

expr { simple_expression
| compound_expression
| case_expression
| cursor_expression
| datetime_expression
| function_expression
| interval_expression
| object_access_expression
| scalar_subquery_expression
| model_expression
| type_constructor_expression
| variable_expression
}

expression_list { expr [, expr ]...
| (expr [, expr ]...)
}

extended_attribute_clause ATTRIBUTE attribute
LEVEL level
DETERMINES { dependent_column
| (dependent_column
[, dependent_column ]...
)
[ LEVEL level
DETERMINES { dependent_column
| (dependent_column
[, dependent_column ]...
)
]...



Subclause Syntax
extent_management_clause EXTENT MANAGEMENT
{ DICTIONARY
| LOCAL
[ AUTOALLOCATE
| UNIFORM
]
}

external_data_properties DEFAULT DIRECTORY directory
[ ACCESS PARAMETERS
{ (opaque_format_spec)
| USING CLOB subquery
}
]
LOCATION
([ directory: ] 'location_specifier'
[, [ directory: ] 'location_specifier' ]...
)

external_table_clause ([ TYPE access_driver_type ]
external_data_properties
)
[ REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED } ]

file_specification { datafile_tempfile_spec
| redo_log_file_spec
}

finish_clause [ DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ] ]
[ parallel_clause ]
FINISH
[ SKIP [ STANDBY LOGFILE ] ]
[ WAIT | NOWAIT ]

flashback_mode_clause FLASHBACK { ON | OFF }

flashback_query_clause [ VERSIONS BETWEEN
{ SCN | TIMESTAMP }
{ expr | MINVALUE } AND
{ expr | MAXVALUE }
]
AS OF { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr

Subclauses 5-25


Subclause Syntax
for_clause FOR
{ TABLE
| ALL [ INDEXED ] COLUMNS [ SIZE integer ]
| COLUMNS [ SIZE integer ]
{ column | attribute } [ SIZE integer ]
[ { column | attribute }
[ SIZE integer ]
]...
| ALL [ LOCAL ] INDEXES
}
[ FOR
{ TABLE
| ALL [ INDEXED ] COLUMNS
[ SIZE integer ]
| COLUMNS [ SIZE integer ]
{ column | attribute } [ SIZE integer ]
[ { column | attribute }
[ SIZE integer ]
]...
| ALL [ LOCAL ] INDEXES
}
]...

for_update_clause FOR UPDATE
[ OF [ [ schema. ]
{ table | view } . ]column
[, [ [ schema. ]
{ table | view } . ]column
]...
]
[ NOWAIT | WAIT integer ]

full_database_recovery [ STANDBY ] DATABASE
[ { UNTIL { CANCEL
| TIME date
| CHANGE integer
}
| USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE
}
[ UNTIL { CANCEL
| TIME date
| CHANGE integer
}
| USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE
]...
]



Subclause Syntax
fully_qualified_file_name +diskgroup_name/db_name/file_type/
file_type_tag.filenumber.incarnation_number

function_association { FUNCTIONS
[ schema. ]function [, [ schema. ]function ]...
| PACKAGES
[ schema. ]package [, [ schema. ]package ]...
| TYPES
[ schema. ]type [, [ schema. ]type ]...
| INDEXES
[ schema. ]index [, [ schema. ]index ]...
| INDEXTYPES
[ schema. ]indextype [, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
}
{ using_statistics_type
| { default_cost_clause
[, default_selectivity_clause ]
| default_selectivity_clause
[, default_cost_clause ]
}
}

function_declaration FUNCTION name
(parameter datatype[, parameter datatype ]...)
RETURN datatype

function_spec FUNCTION name
(parameter datatype [, parameter datatype ]...)
return_clause

Subclauses 5-27


Subclause Syntax
general_recovery RECOVER
[ AUTOMATIC ]
[ FROM 'location' ]
{ { full_database_recovery
| partial_database_recovery
| LOGFILE 'filename'
}
[ { TEST
| ALLOW integer CORRUPTION
| parallel_clause
}
[ TEST
| ALLOW integer CORRUPTION
| parallel_clause
]...
]
| CONTINUE [ DEFAULT ]
| CANCEL
}

global_partitioned_index GLOBAL PARTITION BY
{ RANGE
(column_list)
(index_partitioning_clause)
| HASH
(column_list)
{ individual_hash_partitions
| hash_partitions_by_quantity
}
}

grant_object_privileges { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
[, { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
]...
on_object_clause
TO grantee_clause
[ WITH HIERARCHY OPTION ]
[ WITH GRANT OPTION ]



Subclause Syntax
grant_system_privileges { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
[, { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
]...
TO grantee_clause
[ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
[ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]

grantee_clause { user | role | PUBLIC }
[, { user | role | PUBLIC } ]...

group_by_clause GROUP BY
{ expr
| rollup_cube_clause
| grouping_sets_clause
}
[, { expr
| rollup_cube_clause
| grouping_sets_clause
}
]...
[ HAVING condition ]

grouping_expression_list expression_list [, expression_list ]...

grouping_sets_clause GROUPING SETS
({ rollup_cube_clause | grouping_expression_list })

hash_partitioning PARTITION BY HASH
(column [, column ] ...)
{ individual_hash_partitions
| hash_partitions_by_quantity
}

hash_partitions_by_quantity PARTITIONS hash_partition_quantity
[ STORE IN
(tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
[ OVERFLOW STORE IN
(tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]

hierarchical_query_clause [ START WITH condition ]
CONNECT BY [ NOCYCLE ] condition

Subclauses 5-29


Subclause Syntax
hierarchy_clause HIERARCHY hierarchy
(child_level CHILD OF parent_level
[ CHILD OF parent_level ]...
[ dimension_join_clause ]
)

implementation_clause { ANCILLARY TO
primary_operator (parameter_type
[, primary_operator ( parameter_type
]...
| context_clause
}

incomplete_file_name +diskgroup_name [ (template_name) ]

index_attributes [ { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| ONLINE
| COMPUTE STATISTICS
| TABLESPACE { tablespace | DEFAULT }
| key_compression
| { SORT | NOSORT }
| REVERSE
| parallel_clause
}
| logging_clause
| ONLINE
| key_compression
| { SORT | NOSORT }
| REVERSE
| parallel_clause
]...
]

index_expr { column | column_expression }

index_org_overflow_clause [ INCLUDING column_name ]
OVERFLOW
[ segment_attributes_clause ]



Subclause Syntax
index_org_table_clause [ { mapping_table_clause
| PCTTHRESHOLD integer
| key_compression
}
[ mapping_table_clause
| PCTTHRESHOLD integer
| key_compression
]...
]
[ index_org_overflow_clause ]

index_partition_description PARTITION
[ partition
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}
[ segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
]...
]
]

index_partitioning_clause PARTITION [ partition ]
VALUES LESS THAN (value[, value... ])

index_properties [ { { global_partitioned_index
| local_partitioned_index
}
| index_attributes
}
[ { { global_partitioned_index
| local_partitioned_index
}
| index_attributes
}
]...
| domain_index_clause
]

Subclauses 5-31


Subclause Syntax
index_subpartition_clause { STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...)
| (SUBPARTITION
[ subpartition [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] ]
[, SUBPARTITION
[ subpartition [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] ]
]...
)
}

individual_hash_partitions (PARTITION
[ partition partitioning_storage_clause ]
[, PARTITION
[ partition partitioning_storage_clause ]
]...
)

inheritance_clauses [ NOT ] { OVERRIDING | FINAL | INSTANTIABLE }
[ [ NOT ] { OVERRIDING | FINAL | INSTANTIABLE } ]...

inline_constraint [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ [ NOT ] NULL
| UNIQUE
| PRIMARY KEY
| references_clause
| CHECK (condition)
}
[ constraint_state ]

inline_ref_constraint { SCOPE IS [ schema. ] scope_table
| WITH ROWID
| [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
references_clause
}

inner_cross_join_clause table_reference
{ [ INNER ] JOIN table_reference
{ ON condition
| USING (column [, column ]...)
}
| { CROSS
| NATURAL [ INNER ]
}
JOIN table_reference
}

insert_into_clause INTO dml_table_expression_clause [ t_alias ]



Subclause Syntax
integer [ + | - ] digit [ digit ]...

interval_day_to_second INTERVAL
'{ integer | integer time_expr | time_expr }'
{ { DAY | HOUR | MINUTE }
[ (leading_precision) ]
| SECOND
[ (leading_precision
[, fractional_seconds_precision ]
)
]
}
[ TO { DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND
[ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
}
]

interval_year_to_month INTERVAL 'integer [- integer ]'
{ YEAR | MONTH } [ (precision) ]
[ TO { YEAR | MONTH } ]

into_clause INTO [ schema. ] table

invoker_rights_clause AUTHID { CURRENT_USER | DEFINER }

Java_declaration JAVA NAME 'string'

join_clause { inner_cross_join_clause | outer_join_clause }

key_compression { COMPRESS [ integer ]
| NOCOMPRESS
}

level_clause LEVEL level IS
{ level_table.level_column
| (level_table.level_column
[, level_table.level_column ]...
)
}

list_partitioning PARTITION BY LIST (column)
(PARTITION [ partition ]
list_values_clause
list_values_clause
]...
)

Subclauses 5-33


Subclause Syntax
list_values_clause VALUES ({ value | NULL
[, { value | NULL }...)
| DEFAULT
)

LOB_parameters { TABLESPACE tablespace
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } STORAGE IN ROW
| storage_clause
| CHUNK integer
| PCTVERSION integer
| RETENTION
| FREEPOOLS integer
| { CACHE
| { NOCACHE | CACHE READS } [ logging_clause ]
}
}
[ TABLESPACE tablespace
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } STORAGE IN ROW
| storage_clause
| CHUNK integer
| RETENTION
| FREEPOOLS integer
| { CACHE
}
]...

LOB_partition_storage PARTITION partition
{ LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }
[ LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties ]...
[ (SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }
[ LOB_storage_clause
| varray_col_properties
]...
)
]



Subclause Syntax
LOB_storage_clause LOB
{ (LOB_item [, LOB_item ]...)
STORE AS (LOB_parameters)
| (LOB_item)
STORE AS
{ LOB_segname (LOB_parameters)
| LOB_segname
| (LOB_parameters)
}
}

local_partitioned_index LOCAL
[ on_range_partitioned_table
| on_list_partitioned_table
| on_hash_partitioned_table
| on_comp_partitioned_table
]

logfile_clause LOGFILE
[ GROUP integer ] file_specification
[, [ GROUP integer ] file_specification ]...

logfile_clauses { { ARCHIVELOG [ MANUAL ]
| NOARCHIVELOG
}
| [ NO ] FORCE LOGGING
| RENAME FILE 'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...
TO 'filename'
| CLEAR
[ UNARCHIVED ]
LOGFILE logfile_descriptor
[ UNRECOVERABLE DATAFILE ]
| add_logfile_clauses
| drop_logfile_clauses
| supplemental_db_logging
}

logfile_descriptor { GROUP integer
| ('filename' [, 'filename' ]...)
| 'filename'
}

logging_clause { LOGGING | NOLOGGING }

Subclauses 5-35


Subclause Syntax
main_model [ MAIN main_model_name ]
model_column_clauses
[ cell_reference_options ]
model_rules_clause

managed_standby_recovery RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE
[ recover_clause | cancel_clause | finish_clause ]

map_order_func_declaration { MAP | ORDER } MEMBER function_declaration

map_order_function_spec { MAP | ORDER } MEMBER function_spec

mapping_table_clauses { MAPPING TABLE | NOMAPPING }

materialized_view_props [ column_properties ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ build_clause ]

maximize_standby_db_clause SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE
{ PROTECTION | AVAILABILITY | PERFORMANCE }

maxsize_clause MAXSIZE { UNLIMITED | size_clause }

merge_insert_clause WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT [ (column [, column ]...) ]
VALUES ({ expr [, expr ]... | DEFAULT })
[ where_clause ]

merge_table_partitions MERGE PARTITIONS partition_1, partition_2
[ INTO partition_spec ]
[ parallel_clause ]

merge_table_subpartitions MERGE SUBPARTITIONS subpart_1, subpart_2
[ INTO subpartition_spec ]
[ parallel_clause ]

merge_update_clause WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET column = { expr | DEFAULT }
[, column = { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
[ where_clause ]
[ DELETE where_clause ]



Subclause Syntax
model_clause MODEL
[ return_rows_clause ]
[ reference_model ]
[ reference_model ]...
main_model

model_column expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]

model_column_clauses [ query_partition_clause [ c_alias ] ]
DIMENSION BY (model_column
[, model_column ]...)
MEASURES (model_column
[, model_column ]...)

model_rules_clause RULES
[ UPSERT | UPDATE ]
[ { AUTOMATIC | SEQUENTIAL } ORDER ]
[ ITERATE (number) [ UNTIL (condition) ] ]
([ UPDATE | UPSERT ]
cell_assignment [ order_by_clause ] = expr
[ [ UPDATE | UPSERT ]
cell_assignment [ order_by_clause ] = expr
]...
)

modify_col_properties ( column [ datatype ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint
[ LOB_storage_clause ]
[, column [ datatype ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint
[ LOB_storage_clause ]
]
)

modify_col_substitutable COLUMN column
[ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS
[ FORCE ]

modify_collection_retrieval MODIFY NESTED TABLE collection_item
RETURN AS { LOCATOR | VALUE }

Subclauses 5-37


Subclause Syntax
modify_column_clauses MODIFY { modify_col_properties
| modify_col_substitutable
}

modify_hash_partition MODIFY PARTITION partition
{ partition_attributes
| alter_mapping_table_clause
| [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
}

modify_hash_subpartition { { allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| { LOB LOB_item
| VARRAY varray
}
modify_LOB_parameters
[ { LOB LOB_item
| VARRAY varray
}
]...
}
}

modify_index_default_attrs MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES
[ FOR PARTITION partition ]
| logging_clause
}
| logging_clause
]...



Subclause Syntax
modify_index_partition MODIFY PARTITION partition
{ { deallocate_unused_clause
| logging_clause
| key_compression
}
[ deallocate_unused_clause
| logging_clause
| key_compression
]...
| COALESCE
| UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
| UNUSABLE
}

modify_index_subpartition MODIFY SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ UNUSABLE
}

modify_list_partition MODIFY PARTITION partition
| {ADD | DROP} VALUES
(partition_value[, partition_value ]...)
}

modify_list_subpartition { allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| { LOB LOB_item | VARRAY varray }
[ { LOB LOB_item | VARRAY varray }
] ...
| { ADD | DROP } VALUES (value[, value ]...)
}

Subclauses 5-39


Subclause Syntax
modify_LOB_parameters { storage_clause
| RETENTION
| FREEPOOLS integer
| REBUILD FREEPOOLS
| { CACHE
}
}
[ storage_clause
| RETENTION
| FREEPOOLS integer
| REBUILD FREEPOOLS
| { CACHE
}
]...

modify_LOB_storage_clause MODIFY LOB (LOB_item)
(modify_LOB_parameters)

modify_range_partition MODIFY PARTITION partition
| { add_hash_subpartition
| add_list_subpartition
}
| COALESCE SUBPARTITION
[ parallel_clause ]
| alter_mapping_table_clause
}



Subclause Syntax
modify_table_default_attrs MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES
[ FOR PARTITION partition ]
[ table_compression ]
[ PCTTHRESHOLD integer ]
[ key_compression ]
[ alter_overflow_clause ]
[ { LOB (LOB_item)
| VARRAY varray
}
(LOB_parameters)
[ { LOB (LOB_item)
| VARRAY varray
}
(LOB_parameters)
]...
]

modify_table_partition { modify_range_partition
| modify_hash_partition
| modify_list_partition
}

modify_table_subpartition MODIFY SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ modify_hash_subpartition
| modify_list_subpartition
}

move_table_clause MOVE [ ONLINE ]
[ index_org_table_clause ]
[ { LOB_storage_clause
}
}
]...
]
[ parallel_clause ]

move_table_partition MOVE PARTITION partition
[ MAPPING TABLE ]
[ parallel_clause ]

Subclauses 5-41


Subclause Syntax
move_table_subpartition MOVE SUBPARTITION
subpartition_spec
[ parallel_clause ]

multi_column_for_loop FOR (dimension_column
[, dimension_column ]...)
IN ( { (literal [, literal ]...)
[ (literal [, literal ]...)... ]
| subquery
}
)

multi_table_insert { ALL insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ values_clause ]
]...
| conditional_insert_clause
}
subquery

multiset_except nested_table1
MULTISET EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2

multiset_intersect nested_table1
MULTISET INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2

multiset_union nested_table1
MULTISET UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2



Subclause Syntax
nested_table_col_properties NESTED TABLE
{ nested_item | COLUMN_VALUE }
[ substitutable_column_clause ]
STORE AS storage_table
[ ( { (object_properties)
| [ physical_properties ]
| [ column_properties ]
}
[ (object_properties)
| [ physical_properties ]
| [ column_properties ]
]...
)
]
[ RETURN AS { LOCATOR | VALUE } ]

new_values_clause { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } NEW VALUES

number [ + | - ]
{ digit [ digit ]... [ . ] [ digit [ digit ]... ]
| . digit [ digit ]...
}
[ e [ + | - ] digit [ digit ]... ]
[ f | d ]

numeric_file_name +diskgroup_name.filenumber.incarnation_number

object_properties { { column | attribute }
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint [ inline_constraint ]...
]
| { out_of_line_constraint
| supplemental_logging_props
}
}

object_table CREATE [ GLOBAL TEMPORARY ] TABLE
[ schema. ]table OF
[ schema. ]object_type
[ object_table_substitution ]
[ (object_properties) ]
[ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
[ OID_clause ]
[ OID_index_clause ]
[ physical_properties ]
[ table_properties ] ;

Subclauses 5-43


Subclause Syntax
object_table_substitution [ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS

object_type_col_properties COLUMN column substitutable_column_clause

object_view_clause OF [ schema. ]type_name
{ WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER
{ DEFAULT | ( attribute
[, attribute ]... )
}
| UNDER [ schema. ]superview
}
({ out_of_line_constraint
| attribute inline_constraint
}
[, { out_of_line_constraint
| attribute inline_constraint
}
]...
)

OID_clause OBJECT IDENTIFIER IS
{ SYSTEM GENERATED | PRIMARY KEY }

OID_index_clause OIDINDEX [ index ]
({ physical_attributes_clause
}
]...
)



Subclause Syntax
on_comp_partitioned_table [ STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace ]... ) ]
( PARTITION
[ partition
[ { segment_attribute_clause
| key_compression
}
[ segment_attribute_clause
| key_compression
]...
]
[ index_subpartition_clause ]
]
[, PARTITION
[ partition
[ { segment_attribute_clause
| key_compression
}
[ segment_attribute_clause
| key_compression
]...
]
]...
]
)

on_hash_partitioned_table { STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...)
| (PARTITION
[ partition [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] ]
[, PARTITION
[ partition [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] ]
]...
)
}

Subclauses 5-45


Subclause Syntax
on_list_partitioned_table ( PARTITION
[ partition
| key_compression
}
| key_compression
]...
]
]
[, PARTITION
[ partition
| key_compression
}
| key_compression
]...
]
]
]...
)

on_object_clause { schema.object
| { DIRECTORY directory_name
| JAVA { SOURCE | RESOURCE } [ schema. ]object
}
}



Subclause Syntax
on_range_partitioned_table ( PARTITION
[ partition
| key_compression
}
| key_compression
]...
]
]
[, PARTITION
[ partition
| key_compression
}
| key_compression
]...
]
]
]...
)

order_by_clause ORDER [ SIBLINGS ] BY
{ expr | position | c_alias }
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
[, { expr | position | c_alias }
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
]...

out_of_line_constraint [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY (column [, column ]...)
| FOREIGN KEY (column [, column ]...)
references_clause
| CHECK (condition)
}

Subclauses 5-47


Subclause Syntax
out_of_line_ref_constraint { SCOPE FOR
({ ref_col | ref_attr })
IS [ schema. ]scope_table
| REF
WITH ROWID
| [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
FOREIGN KEY
references_clause
}

outer_join_clause table_reference
[ query_partition_clause ]
{ outer_join_type JOIN
| NATURAL [ outer_join_type ] JOIN
}
table_reference [ query_partition_clause ]
[ ON condition
| USING ( column [, column ]...)
]

outer_join_type { FULL | LEFT | RIGHT }
[ OUTER ]

parallel_clause { NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL [ integer ] }

parallel_enable_clause PARALLEL_ENABLE
[ (PARTITION argument BY
{ ANY
| { HASH | RANGE } (column [, column ]...)
}
)
[ streaming_clause ]
]



Subclause Syntax
partial_database_recovery { TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ]...
| DATAFILE { 'filename' | filenumber }
}
| STANDBY
{ TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ]...
| DATAFILE { 'filename' | filenumber }
}
}
UNTIL [ CONSISTENT WITH ] CONTROLFILE
}

partition_attributes [ { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| shrink_clause
}
| logging_clause
| shrink_clause
]...
]
[ OVERFLOW
| logging_clause
}
| logging_clause
]...
]
]...
]

Subclauses 5-49


Subclause Syntax
partition_extended_name [ schema.] { table | view }
]

partition_level_ { SUBPARTITIONS hash_subpartition_quantity
subpartition [ STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...) ]
| (subpartition_spec[, subpartition_spec ]...)
}

partition_spec PARTITION [ partition ]

partitioning_storage_clause [ { TABLESPACE tablespace
| OVERFLOW [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
| LOB (LOB_item) STORE AS
{ LOB_segname [ (TABLESPACE tablespace) ]
| (TABLESPACE tablespace)
}
| VARRAY varray_item STORE AS LOB LOB_segname
}
[ { TABLESPACE tablespace
| OVERFLOW [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
| LOB (LOB_item) STORE AS
{ LOB_segname [ (TABLESPACE tablespace) ]
| (TABLESPACE tablespace)
}
| VARRAY varray_item STORE AS LOB LOB_segname
}
]...
]

password_parameters { { FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
| PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME
| PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME
| PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX
| PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME
| PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME
}
{ expr | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
| PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION
{ function | NULL | DEFAULT }
}



Subclause Syntax
permanent_tablespace_clause { MINIMUM EXTENT integer [ K | M ]
| BLOCKSIZE integer [ K ]
| logging_clause
| FORCE LOGGING
| DEFAULT [ table_compression ]
storage_clause
| { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
| extent_management_clause
| segment_management_clause
[ MINIMUM EXTENT integer [ K | M ]
| BLOCKSIZE integer [ K ]
| logging_clause
| FORCE LOGGING
| DEFAULT [ table_compression ]
storage_clause
| { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
| extent_management_clause
| segment_management_clause
]...
}

physical_attributes_clause [ { PCTFREE integer
| PCTUSED integer
| INITRANS integer
| storage_clause
}
[ PCTFREE integer
| PCTUSED integer
| INITRANS integer
| storage_clause
]...
]

Subclauses 5-51


Subclause Syntax
physical_properties { segment_attributes_clause
| ORGANIZATION
{ HEAP
| INDEX
index_org_table_clause
| EXTERNAL
external_table_clause
}
| CLUSTER cluster (column [, column ]...)
}

pragma_clause PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES
({ method_name | DEFAULT } ,
{ RNDS | WNDS | RNPS | WNPS | TRUST }
[, { RNDS | WNDS | RNPS | WNPS | TRUST } ]...
)

procedure_declaration PROCEDURE name (parameter datatype
[, parameter datatype ]...)

procedure_spec PROCEDURE name
(parameter datatype [, parameter datatype ]...)
[ { IS | AS } call_spec ]

proxy_authentication { AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
| AUTHENTICATED USING
{ PASSWORD
| DISTINGUISHED NAME
| CERTIFICATE [ TYPE 'type' ]
[ VERSION 'version' ]
}
}



Subclause Syntax
proxy_clause { GRANT | REVOKE }
CONNECT THROUGH proxy
[ WITH { ROLE { role_name
[, role_name ]...
| ALL EXCEPT role_name
[, role_name ]...
}
| NO ROLES
}
]
[ proxy_authentication ]

qualified_disk_clause 'search_string'
[ NAME disk_name ]
[ FORCE | NOFORCE ]

qualified_template_clause template_name
ATTRIBUTES
([ MIRROR | UNPROTECTED ]
[ FINE | COARSE ]
)

query_partition_clause PARTITION BY
{ value_expr[, value_expr ]...
| ( value_expr[, value_expr ]... )

query_table_expression { query_name
| [ schema. ]
{ table [ { PARTITION (partition)
}
[ sample_clause ]
| [ sample_clause ]
| @ dblink
]
| { view | materialized view } [ @ dblink ]
}
| (subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ])
| table_collection_expression
}

quiesce_clauses QUIESCE RESTRICTED | UNQUIESCE

Subclauses 5-53


Subclause Syntax
range_partitioning PARTITION BY RANGE (column[, column ]...)
(PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause
range_values_clause
]...
)

range_values_clause VALUES LESS THAN
({ value | MAXVALUE }
[, { value | MAXVALUE } ]...
)

rebalance_diskgroup_clause REBALANCE [ POWER integer ]

rebuild_clause REBUILD
[ { PARTITION partition
}
| { REVERSE | NOREVERSE }
]
[ parallel_clause
| ONLINE
| key_compression
| logging_clause
]
[ parallel_clause
| ONLINE
| key_compression
| logging_clause
]...

records_per_block_clause { MINIMIZE | NOMINIMIZE } RECORDS_PER_BLOCK



Subclause Syntax
recover_clause { { DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ]
| { TIMEOUT integer | NOTIMEOUT }
}
| { NODELAY | DEFAULT DELAY | DELAY integer }
| NEXT integer
| { EXPIRE integer | NO EXPIRE }
| parallel_clause
| USING CURRENT LOGFILE
| UNTIL CHANGE integer
| THROUGH { [ THREAD integer ] SEQUENCE integer
| ALL ARCHIVELOG
| { ALL | LAST | NEXT } SWITCHOVER
}
}
[ { DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ]
| { TIMEOUT integer | NOTIMEOUT }
}
| { NODELAY | DEFAULT DELAY | DELAY integer }
| NEXT integer
| { EXPIRE integer | NO EXPIRE }
| parallel_clause
| USING CURRENT LOGFILE
| UNTIL CHANGE integer
| THROUGH { [ THREAD integer ] SEQUENCE integer
| ALL ARCHIVELOG
| { ALL | LAST | NEXT } SWITCHOVER
}
] ...

recovery_clauses { general_recovery
| managed_standby_recovery
| BEGIN BACKUP
| END BACKUP
}

redo_log_file_spec [ 'filename | ASM_filename'
| ('filename | ASM_filename'
[, 'filename | ASM_filename' ]...)
]
[ REUSE ]

redo_thread_clauses { ENABLE | DISABLE }
{ INSTANCE 'instance_name'
| [ PUBLIC ] THREAD integer
}

Subclauses 5-55


Subclause Syntax
reference_model REFERENCE reference_spreadsheet_name
ON (subquery)
spreadsheet_column_clauses

references_clause REFERENCES [ schema. ] { object_table | view }
[ON DELETE { CASCADE | SET NULL } ]

referencing_clause REFERENCING
{ OLD [ AS ] old
| NEW [ AS ] new
| PARENT [ AS ] parent }
[ OLD [ AS ] old
| NEW [ AS ] new
| PARENT [ AS ] parent ]...

register_logfile_clause REGISTER
[ OR REPLACE ]
[ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ]
LOGFILE
[ file_specification
[, file_specification ]... ]
[ FOR logminer_session_name ]



Subclause Syntax
relational_properties { column datatype [ SORT ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint
]
}
}
[, { column datatype [ SORT ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ inline_constraint
]
}
]...

relational_table CREATE [ GLOBAL TEMPORARY ] TABLE [ schema. ]table
[ (relational_properties) ]

rename_column_clause RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name

rename_index_partition RENAME { PARTITION partition
| SUBPARTITION subpartition }
TO new_name

rename_partition_subpart RENAME { PARTITION | SUBPARTITION }
current_name TO new_name

replace_type_clause REPLACE [ invoker_rights_clause ] AS OBJECT
(attribute datatype [, attribute datatype ]...
[, element_spec [, element_spec ]... ])

Subclauses 5-57


Subclause Syntax
resize_disk_clauses RESIZE
{ ALL [ SIZE size_clause ]
| DISK
disk_name [ SIZE size_clause ]
[, disk_name [ SIZE size_clause ] ]...
failgroup_name [ SIZE size_clause ]
[, failgroup_name [ SIZE size_clause ] ]...
}

resource_parameters { { SESSIONS_PER_USER
| CPU_PER_SESSION
| CPU_PER_CALL
| CONNECT_TIME
| IDLE_TIME
| LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL
| COMPOSITE_LIMIT
}
{ integer | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
| PRIVATE_SGA
{ integer [ K | M ] | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
}

restricted_session_clauses { ENABLE | DISABLE } RESTRICTED SESSION

return_clause { RETURN datatype [ { IS | AS } call_spec ]
| sqlj_object_type_sig
}

return_rows_clause RETURN { UPDATED | ALL } ROWS

returning_clause RETURNING expr [, expr ]...
INTO data_item [, data_item ]...

revoke_object_privileges { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
[, { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ]...
on_object_clause
FROM grantee_clause
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | FORCE ]



Subclause Syntax
revoke_system_privileges { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
[, { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
]...
FROM grantee_clause

rollup_cube_clause { ROLLUP | CUBE } (grouping_expression_list)

routine_clause [ schema. ] [ type. | package. ]
{ function | procedure | method }
[ @dblink_name ]
( [ argument [, argument ]... ] )

row_movement_clause { ENABLE | DISABLE } ROW MOVEMENT

sample_clause SAMPLE [ BLOCK ]
(sample_percent)
[ SEED (seed_value) ]

schema_object_clause { object_option [, object_option ]... | ALL }
auditing_on_clause

scoped_table_ref_constraint { SCOPE FOR
({ ref_column | ref_attribute })
IS [ schema. ] { scope_table_name | c_alias }
}
[, SCOPE FOR
({ ref_column | ref_attribute })
IS [ schema. ] { scope_table_name | c_alias }
]...

searched_case_expression WHEN condition THEN return_expr
[ WHEN condition THEN return_expr ]...

security_clause GUARD { ALL | STANDBY | NONE }

segment_attributes_clause { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
}
| logging_clause
]...

Subclauses 5-59


Subclause Syntax
segment_management_clause SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT { MANUAL | AUTO }

select_list { *
| { query_name.*
| [ schema. ]
{ table | view | materialized view } .*
| expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
}
[, { query_name.*
| [ schema. ]
{ table | view | materialized view } .*
| expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
}
]...
}

set_subpartition_template SET SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
{ (SUBPARTITION subpartition
[ list_values_clause ]
[ partitioning_storage_clause ]
[, SUBPARTITION subpartition
[ partitioning_storage_clause ]...
]
)
| hash_subpartition_quantity
}

set_time_zone_clause SET TIME_ZONE =
'{ { + | - } hh : mi | time_zone_region }'

shrink_clause SHRINK SPACE [ COMPACT ] [ CASCADE ]

shutdown_dispatcher_clause SHUTDOWN [ IMMEDIATE ] dispatcher_name

simple_case_expression expr WHEN comparison_expr
THEN return_expr
[ WHEN comparison_expr
THEN return_expr ]...



Subclause Syntax
single_column_for_loop FOR dimension_column
{ IN ( { literal
[, literal ]...
| subquery
}
)
| [ LIKE pattern ]
FROM literal TO literal
{ INCREMENT | DECREMENT } literal
}

single_table_insert insert_into_clause
{ values_clause [ returning_clause ]
| subquery
}

size_clause integer [ K | M | G | T ]

split_index_partition SPLIT PARTITION partition_name_old
AT (value [, value ]...)
[ INTO (index_partition_description,
index_partition_description
)
]
[ parallel_clause ]

split_table_partition SPLIT PARTITION current_partition
{ AT | VALUES } (value [, value ]...)
[ INTO (partition_spec, partition_spec) ]
[ parallel_clause ]

split_table_subpartition SPLIT SUBPARTITION subpartition
VALUES ({ value | NULL }
[, value | NULL ]...)
[ INTO (subpartition_spec,
subpartition_spec
)
]
[ parallel_clause ]

sql_statement_clause { { statement_option | ALL }
[, { statement_option | ALL } ]...
| { system_privilege | ALL PRIVILEGES }
[, { system_privilege | ALL PRIVILEGES } ]...
}
[ auditing_by_clause ]

Subclauses 5-61


Subclause Syntax
sqlj_object_type EXTERNAL NAME java_ext_name LANGUAGE JAVA
USING (SQLData | CustomDatum | OraData)

sqlj_object_type_attr EXTERNAL NAME 'field_name'

sqlj_object_type_sig RETURN { datatype | SELF AS RESULT }
EXTERNAL { VARIABLE NAME 'java_static_field_name'
| NAME 'java_method_sig'
}

standby_database_clauses ( activate_standby_db_clause
| maximize_standby_db_clause
| register_logfile_clause
| commit_switchover_clause
| start_standby_clause
| stop_standby_clause
)
[ parallel_clause ]

start_standby_clause START LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY
[ IMMEDIATE ]
[ NODELAY ]
[ NEW PRIMARY dblink
| INITIAL [ scn_value ]
| { SKIP FAILED TRANSACTION | FINISH }
]

startup_clauses { MOUNT [ { STANDBY | CLONE } DATABASE ]
| OPEN { [ READ WRITE ]
[ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS ]
[ UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE ]
| READ ONLY
}
}

stop_standby_clause { STOP | ABORT }
LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY



Subclause Syntax
storage_clause STORAGE
({ INITIAL integer [ K | M ]
| NEXT integer [ K | M ]
| MINEXTENTS integer
| MAXEXTENTS { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PCTINCREASE integer
| FREELISTS integer
| FREELIST GROUPS integer
| OPTIMAL [ integer [ K | M ]
| NULL
]
| BUFFER_POOL { KEEP | RECYCLE | DEFAULT }
}
[ INITIAL integer [ K | M ]
| NEXT integer [ K | M ]
| MINEXTENTS integer
| MAXEXTENTS { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PCTINCREASE integer
| FREELISTS integer
| FREELIST GROUPS integer
| OPTIMAL [ integer [ K | M ]
| NULL
]
| BUFFER_POOL { KEEP | RECYCLE | DEFAULT }
]...
)

streaming_clause { ORDER | CLUSTER } BY (column [, column ]...)

subpartition_by_hash SUBPARTITION BY HASH (column [, column ]...)
[ SUBPARTITIONS quantity
[ STORE IN (tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
| subpartition_template
]

subpartition_by_list SUBPARTITION BY LIST (column)
[ subpartition_template ]

subpartition_spec SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]

Subclauses 5-63


Subclause Syntax
subpartition_template SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
(SUBPARTITION subpartition
[, SUBPARTITION subpartition
]
)
| hash_subpartition_quantity

subprogram_declaration { MEMBER | STATIC }
{ procedure_declaration
| function_declaration
| constructor_declaration
}

subprogram_spec { MEMBER | STATIC }
{ procedure_spec | function_spec }

subquery [ subquery_factoring_clause ]
SELECT
[ hint ]
[ { { DISTINCT | UNIQUE }
| ALL
}
]
select_list
FROM table_reference
[, table_reference ]...
[ where_clause ]
[ hierarchical_query_clause ]
[ group_by_clause ]
[ HAVING condition ]
[ model_clause ]
[ { UNION [ ALL ]
| INTERSECT
| MINUS
}
(subquery)
]
[ order_by_clause ]

subquery_factoring_clause WITH query_name AS (subquery)
[, query_name AS (subquery) ]...



Subclause Syntax
subquery_restriction_clause WITH { READ ONLY
| CHECK OPTION [ CONSTRAINT constraint ]
}

substitutable_column_clause [ ELEMENT ] IS OF [ TYPE ] ([ ONLY ] type)
| [ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS

supplemental_db_logging { ADD | DROP } SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ DATA | supplemental_id_key_clause }

supplemental_id_key_clause DATA
({ ALL
| PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE
| FOREIGN KEY
}
[, { ALL
| PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE
| FOREIGN KEY
}
]...
)
COLUMNS

supplemental_log_grp_clause GROUP log_group
(column [ NO LOG ]
[, column [ NO LOG ] ]...)
[ ALWAYS ]

supplemental_logging_props { supplemental_log_grp_clause
| supplemental_id_key_clause
}

Subclauses 5-65


Subclause Syntax
supplemental_table_logging { ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_log_grp_clause
}
[, SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_log_grp_clause
}
]...
| DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_id_key_clause
| GROUP log_group
}
[, SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_id_key_clause
| GROUP log_group
}
]...
}

table_collection_expression TABLE (collection_expression) [ (+) ]

table_compression { COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS }

table_index_clause [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
(index_expr [ ASC | DESC ]
[, index_expr [ ASC | DESC ] ]...)
[ index_properties ]

table_partition_description [ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ table_compression | key_compression ]
[ OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ] ]
}
[ LOB_storage_clause
]...
]
[ partition_level_subpartition ]

table_partitioning_clauses { range_partitioning
| hash_partitioning
| list_partitioning
| composite_partitioning
}



Subclause Syntax
table_properties [ column_properties ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ ROWDEPENDENCIES | NOROWDEPENDENCIES ]
[ enable_disable_clause ]
[ enable_disable_clause ]...
[ row_movement_clause ]
[ AS subquery ]

table_reference { ONLY
(query_table_expression)
[ flashback_query_clause ]
[ t_alias ]
| query_table_expression
[ flashback_query_clause ]
[ t_alias ]
| (join_clause)
| join_clause
}

tablespace_clauses { EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
| DATAFILE file_specification
| SYSAUX DATAFILE file_specification
| default_tablespace
| default_temp_tablespace
| undo_tablespace
}

tablespace_group_clause TABLESPACE GROUP { tablespace_group_name | '' }

tablespace_logging_clauses { logging_clause
| [ NO ] FORCE LOGGING
}

tablespace_retention_clause RETENTION { GUARANTEE | NOGUARANTEE }

tablespace_state_clauses { ONLINE
| OFFLINE [ NORMAL | TEMPORARY | IMMEDIATE ]
}
| READ { ONLY | WRITE }
| { PERMANENT | TEMPORARY }

Subclauses 5-67


Subclause Syntax
temporary_tablespace_clause TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TEMPFILE file_specification
]
[ tablespace_group_clause ]
[ extent_management_clause ]

text [ N | n ]
{ 'c [ c ]...'
| { Q | q }
'quote_delimiter c [ c ]... quote_delimiter'
}

trace_file_clause TRACE
[ AS 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]
[ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS ]

truncate_partition_subpart TRUNCATE { PARTITION partition
}
[ { DROP | REUSE } STORAGE ]

undo_tablespace [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
UNDO TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TABLESPACE file_specification
]

undo_tablespace_clause UNDO TABLESPACE tablespace
[ DATAFILE file_specification
]
[ extent_management_clause ]
[ tablespace_retention_clause ]

undrop_disk_clause UNDROP DISKS



Subclause Syntax
update_all_indexes_clause UPDATE INDEXES
[ (index ( { update_index_partition
| update_index_subpartition
}
)
)
[, (index ( { update_index_partition
| update_index_subparition
}
)
)
]...

update_global_index_clause { UPDATE | INVALIDATE } GLOBAL INDEXES

update_index_clauses { update_global_index_clause
| update_all_indexes_clause
}

update_index_partition PARTITION [ partition ]
[ index_partition_description
]
[ index_partition_description
]
]...

update_index_subpartition SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[, SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
]...

update_set_clause SET
{ { (column [, column ]...) = (subquery)
| column = { expr | (subquery) | DEFAULT }
}
[, { (column [, column]...) = (subquery)
| column = { expr | (subquery) | DEFAULT }
}
]...
| VALUE (t_alias) = { expr | (subquery) }
}

upgrade_table_clause UPGRADE [ [NOT ] INCLUDING DATA ]
[ column_properties ]

Subclauses 5-69


Subclause Syntax
using_function_clause USING [ schema. ] [ package. | type. ]function_name

using_index_clause USING INDEX
{ [ schema. ]index
| (create_index_statement)
| index_properties
}

using_statistics_type USING { [ schema. ] statistics_type | NULL }

using_type_clause USING [ schema. ]implementation_type
[ array_DML_clause ]

validation_clauses { VALIDATE REF UPDATE
[ SET DANGLING TO NULL ]
| VALIDATE STRUCTURE
[ CASCADE ]
[ into_clause ]
{ OFFLINE| ONLINE }
}

values_clause VALUES ({ expr | DEFAULT }
[, { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
)

varray_col_properties VARRAY varray_item
{ [ substitutable_column_clause ]
STORE AS LOB
{ [ LOB_segname ] (LOB_parameters)
| LOB_segname
}
| substitutable_column_clause
}

where_clause WHERE condition



Subclause Syntax
windowing_clause { ROWS | RANGE }
{ BETWEEN
{ UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
}
AND
{ UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
}
| { UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr PRECEDING
}
}

XML_attributes_clause XMLATTRIBUTES
(value_expr [ AS c_alias ]
[, value_expr [ AS c_alias ]...
)

XMLSchema_spec [ XMLSCHEMA XMLSchema_URL ]
ELEMENT { element | XMLSchema_URL # element }

XMLType_column_properties XMLTYPE [ COLUMN ] column
[ XMLType_storage ]
[ XMLSchema_spec ]

XMLType_storage STORE AS
{ OBJECT RELATIONAL
| CLOB [ { LOB_segname [ (LOB_parameters) ]
| LOB_parameters
}
]

XMLType_table CREATE TABLE [ GLOBAL TEMPORARY ] TABLE
[ schema. ]table OF XMLTYPE
[ (oject_properties) ]
[ XMLTYPE XMLType_storage ]
[ XMLSchema_spec ]
[ OID_clause ]
[ OID_index_clause ]

Subclauses 5-71


Subclause Syntax
XMLType_view_clause OF XMLTYPE
[ XMLSchema_spec ]
WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER
{ DEFAULT | ( expr [, expr ]...) }


6
Datatypes

This chapter presents datatypes recognized by Oracle and available for use within
SQL.
s Datatypes

Datatypes
A datatype is a classiﬁcation of a particular type of information or data. Each value
manipulated by Oracle has a datatype. The datatype of a value associates a ﬁxed set
of properties with the value. These properties cause Oracle to treat values of one
datatype differently from values of another.
Table 6–1 shows the datatypes recognized by Oracle.

Table 6–1 Datatypes Recognized by Oracle
Datatype Syntax
ANSI-supported datatypes { CHARACTER [VARYING] (size)
| { CHAR | NCHAR } VARYING (size)
| VARCHAR (size)
| NATIONAL { CHARACTER | CHAR }
[VARYING] (size)
| { NUMERIC | DECIMAL | DEC }
[ (precision [, scale ]) ]
| { INTEGER | INT | SMALLINT }
| FLOAT [ (size) ]
| DOUBLE PRECISION
| REAL
}

Datatypes 6-1

Datatypes

Table 6–1 (Cont.) Datatypes Recognized by Oracle
Datatype Syntax
Oracle built-in datatypes { character_datatypes
| number_datatypes
| long_and_raw_datatypes
| datetime_datatypes
| large_object_datatypes
| rowid_datatypes
}

Oracle-supplied types { any_types
| XML_types
| spatial_types
| media_types
| expression_filter_type
}

user-defined datatypes use Oracle built-in datatypes and other user-defined datatypes
to model the structure and behavior of data in applications

See Also: Datatypes in Oracle Database SQL Reference

Oracle Built-In Datatypes
Table 6–2 identifies the types of Oracle built-in datatypes.

Table 6–2 Oracle Built-in Datatypes
Built-In Datatype Syntax
character_datatypes { CHAR [ (size [ BYTE | CHAR ]) ]
| VARCHAR2 (size [ BYTE | CHAR ])
| NCHAR [ (size) ]
| NVARCHAR2 (size)
}

datetime_datatypes { DATE
| TIMESTAMP [ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
[ WITH [ LOCAL ] TIME ZONE ])
| INTERVAL YEAR [ (year_precision) ] TO MONTH
| INTERVAL DAY [ (day_precision) ] TO SECOND
[ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
}

large_object_datatypes { BLOB | CLOB | NCLOB | BFILE }

long_and_raw_datatypes { LONG | LONG RAW | RAW (size) }


Datatypes

Table 6–2 (Cont.) Oracle Built-in Datatypes
Built-In Datatype Syntax
number_datatypes { NUMBER [ (precision [, scale ]) ]
| BINARY_FLOAT
| BINARY_DOUBLE
}

rowid_datatypes { ROWID | UROWID [ (size) ] }

Table 6–3 summarizes Oracle built-in datatypes. The codes listed for the datatypes
are used internally by Oracle Database. The datatype code of a column or object
attribute is returned by the DUMP function.

Table 6–3 Built-In Datatype Summary
Code Built_in Datatype Description
1 VARCHAR2(size Variable-length character string having maximum
[BYTE | CHAR]) length size bytes or characters. Maximum size is 4000
bytes or characters, and minimum is 1 byte or 1
character. You must specify size for VARCHAR2.
BYTE indicates that the column will have byte length
semantics; CHAR indicates that the column will have
character semantics.
1 NVARCHAR2(size) Variable-length character string having maximum
length size characters. Maximum size is determined
by the national character set definition, with an upper
limit of 4000 bytes. You must specify size for
NVARCHAR2.
2 NUMBER(p,s) Number having precision p and scale s. The precision p
can range from 1 to 38. The scale s can range from -84 to
127.
8 LONG Character data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes, or
231 -1 bytes.
12 DATE Valid date range from January 1, 4712 BC to December
31, 9999 AD.
21 BINARY_FLOAT 32-bit floating point number. This datatype requires 5
bytes, including the length byte.
22 BINARY_DOUBLE 64-bit floating point number. This datatype requires 9
bytes, including the length byte.

Datatypes 6-3

Datatypes

Table 6–3 (Cont.) Built-In Datatype Summary
180 TIMESTAMP Year, month, and day values of date, as well as hour,
(fractional_ minute, and second values of time, where
seconds_precision) fractional_seconds_precision is the number of
digits in the fractional part of the SECOND datetime
field. Accepted values of fractional_seconds_
precision are 0 to 9. The default is 6.
181 TIMESTAMP All values of TIMESTAMP as well as time zone
(fractional_ displacement value, where fractional_seconds_
seconds_precision) precision is the number of digits in the fractional part
WITH TIME ZONE of the SECOND datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9.
The default is 6.
231 TIMESTAMP All values of TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, with the
(fractional_ following exceptions:
seconds_precision)
s Data is normalized to the database time zone when
WITH LOCAL TIME
it is stored in the database.
ZONE
s When the data is retrieved, users see the data in the
session time zone.
182 INTERVAL YEAR Stores a period of time in years and months, where
(year_precision) TO year_precision is the number of digits in the YEAR
MONTH datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is
2.
183 INTERVAL DAY (day_ Stores a period of time in days, hours, minutes, and
precision) TO seconds, where
SECOND
s day_precision is the maximum number of digits
(fractional_
in the DAY datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to
seconds_precision)
9. The default is 2.
s fractional_seconds_precision is the
number of digits in the fractional part of the
SECOND field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The
default is 6.
23 RAW(size) Raw binary data of length size bytes. Maximum size
is 2000 bytes. You must specify size for a RAW value.
24 LONG RAW Raw binary data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes.
69 ROWID Base 64 string representing the unique address of a row
in its table. This datatype is primarily for values
returned by the ROWID pseudocolumn.


Datatypes

Table 6–3 (Cont.) Built-In Datatype Summary
208 UROWID [(size)] Base 64 string representing the logical address of a row
of an index-organized table. The optional size is the
size of a column of type UROWID. The maximum size
and default is 4000 bytes.
96 CHAR(size [BYTE | Fixed-length character data of length size bytes.
CHAR]) Maximum size is 2000 bytes or characters. Default and
minimum size is 1 byte.
BYTE and CHAR have the same semantics as for
VARCHAR2.
96 NCHAR(size) Fixed-length character data of length size characters.
Maximum size is determined by the national character
set definition, with an upper limit of 2000 bytes. Default
and minimum size is 1 character.
112 CLOB A character large object containing single-byte or
multibyte characters. Both fixed-width and
variable-width character sets are supported, both using
the database character set. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes
- 1) * (database block size).
112 NCLOB A character large object containing Unicode characters.
Both fixed-width and variable-width character sets are
supported, both using the database national character
set. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1) * (database block
size). Stores national character set data.
113 BLOB A binary large object. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1)
* (database block size).
114 BFILE Contains a locator to a large binary file stored outside
the database. Enables byte stream I/O access to external
LOBs residing on the database server. Maximum size is
4 gigabytes.


Converting to Oracle Datatypes
SQL statements that create tables and clusters can also use ANSI datatypes and
datatypes from the IBM products SQL/DS and DB2. Oracle recognizes the ANSI or
IBM datatype name that differs from the Oracle datatype name, records it as the

Datatypes 6-5

Datatypes

name of the datatype of the column, and then stores the column data in an Oracle
datatype based on the conversions shown in Table 6–4 and Table 6–5.

Table 6–4 ANSI Datatypes Converted to Oracle Datatypes
ANSI SQL Datatype ANSI SQL Datatype Notes
CHARACTER(n) CHAR(n)
CHAR(n)
CHARACTER VARYING(n) VARCHAR(n)
CHAR VARYING(n)
NATIONAL CHARACTER(n) NCHAR(n)
NATIONAL CHAR(n)
NCHAR(n)
NATIONAL CHARACTER NVARCHAR2(n)
VARYING(n)
NATIONAL CHAR VARYING(n)
NCHAR VARYING(n)
NUMERIC(p,s) NUMBER(p,s) a
The NUMBERIC and DECIMAL datatypes can
a specify only fixed-point numbers. For those
DECIMAL(p,s)
datatypes, s defaults to 0.
INTEGER NUMBER(38)
INT
SMALLINT

FLOAT(b)b NUMBER b
The FLOAT datatype is a floating-point
number with a binary precision b. The default
DOUBLE PRECISIONc precision for this datatypes is 126 binary, or 38
REALd decimal.
c
The DOUBLE PRECISION datatype is a
floating-point number with binary precision
126.
d
The REAL datatype is a floating-point number
with a binary precision of 63, or 18 decimal.


Datatypes

Table 6–5 SQL/DS and DB2 Datatypes Converted to Oracle Datatypes
SQL/DS or DB2 Datatype Oracle Datatype Notes
CHARACTER(n) CHAR(n)
VARCHAR(n) VARCHAR(n)
LONG VARCHAR(n) LONG
DECIMAL(p,s) NUMBER(p,s) The DECIMAL datatype can
specify only fixed-point
numbers. For this datatype,
s defaults to 0.
INTEGER NUMBER(38)
SMALLINT
FLOAT(b) NUMBER The FLOAT datatype is a
floating-point number with
a binary precision b. The
default precision for this
datatype is 126 binary or 38
decimal.

Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 datatypes, because
they have no corresponding Oracle datatype:
s GRAPHIC
s LONG VARGRAPHIC
s VARGRAPHIC
s TIME
Note that data of type TIME can also be expressed as Oracle datetime data.


Datatypes 6-7

Datatypes


7
Format Models

This chapter presents the format models for datetime and number data stored in
character strings.
s Format Models

Format Models
A format model is a character literal that describes the format of DATETIME or
NUMBER data stored in a character string. When you convert a character string into a
datetime or number, a format model tells Oracle how to interpret the string.

See Also: Format Models in Oracle Database SQL Reference

Number Format Models
You can use number format models:
s In the TO_CHAR function to translate a value of NUMBER datatype to VARCHAR2
datatype
s In the TO_NUMBER function to translate a value of CHAR or VARCHAR2 datatype
to NUMBER datatype

Number Format Elements
A number format model is composed of one or more number format elements.
Table 7–1 lists the elements of a number format model.

Format Models 7-1

Format Models

Table 7–1 Number Format Elements
Element Example Description
, (comma) 9,999 Returns a comma in the specified position. You can specify multiple commas in a
number format model.
Restrictions:
s A comma element cannot begin a number format model.
s A comma cannot appear to the right of a decimal character or period in a
. (period) 99.99 Returns a decimal point, which is a period (.) in the specified position.
Restriction: You can specify only one period in a number format model.
$ $9999 Returns value with a leading dollar sign.
0 0999 Returns leading zeros.
9990 Returns trailing zeros.
9 9999 Returns value with the specified number of digits with a leading space if positive
or with a leading minus if negative.
Leading zeros are blank, except for a zero value, which returns a zero for the
integer part of the fixed-point number.
B B9999 Returns blanks for the integer part of a fixed-point number when the integer part
is zero (regardless of zeros in the format model).
C C999 Returns in the specified position the ISO currency symbol (the current value of
the NLS_ISO_CURRENCY parameter).
D 99D99 Returns in the specified position the decimal character, which is the current value
of the NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER parameter. The default is a period (.).
Restriction: You can specify only one decimal character in a number format
model.
EEEE 9.9EEEE Returns a value using in scientific notation.
G 9G999 Returns in the specified position the group separator (the current value of the
NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER parameter). You can specify multiple group
separators in a number format model.
Restriction: A group separator cannot appear to the right of a decimal character
or period in a number format model.
L L999 Returns in the specified position the local currency symbol (the current value of
the NLS_CURRENCY parameter).


Format Models

Table 7–1 (Cont.) Number Format Elements
MI 9999MI Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-).
Returns positive value with a trailing blank.
Restriction: The MI format element can appear only in the last position of a
PR 9999PR Returns negative value in <angle brackets>.
Returns positive value with a leading and trailing blank.
Restriction: The PR format element can appear only in the last position of a
RN RN Returns a value as Roman numerals in uppercase.
rn rn Returns a value as Roman numerals in lowercase.
Value can be an integer between 1 and 3999.
S S9999 Returns negative value with a leading minus sign (-).
Returns positive value with a leading plus sign (+).
9999S Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-).
Returns positive value with a trailing plus sign (+).
Restriction: The S format element can appear only in the first or last position of a
TM TM The text minimum number format model returns (in decimal output) the
smallest number of characters possible. This element is case insensitive.
The default is TM9, which returns the number in fixed notation unless the output
exceeds 64 characters. If the output exceeds 64 characters, then Oracle Database
automatically returns the number in scientific notation.
Restrictions:
s You cannot precede this element with any other element.
s You can follow this element only with one 9 or one E (or e), but not with any
combination of these. The following statement returns an error:
s SELECT TO_CHAR(1234, 'TM9e') FROM DUAL;
U U9999 Returns in the specified position the Euro (or other) dual currency symbol (the
current value of the NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY parameter).

Format Models 7-3

Format Models

Table 7–1 (Cont.) Number Format Elements
V 999V99 Returns a value multiplied by 10n (and if necessary, round it up), where n is the
number of 9's after the V.
X XXXX Returns the hexadecimal value of the speciﬁed number of digits. If the speciﬁed
number is not an integer, then Oracle Database rounds it to an integer.
xxxx
Restrictions:
s This element accepts only positive values or 0. Negative values return an
error.
s You can precede this element only with 0 (which returns leading zeroes) or
FM. Any other elements return an error. If you specify neither 0 nor FM with
X, then the return always has 1 leading blank.

See Also: Number Format Models in Oracle Database SQL
Reference

Datetime Format Models
You can use datetime format models:
s In the TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, TO_TIMESTAMP, TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, TO_
YMINTERVAL, and TO_DSINTERVAL datetime functions to translate a character
string that is in a format other than the default datetime format into a
DATETIME value
s In the TO_CHAR function to translate a DATETIME value that is in a format other
than the default datetime format into a character string

Datetime Format Elements
A datetime format model is composed of one or more datetime format elements.
Table 7–2 lists the elements of a date format model.


Format Models

Table 7–2 Datetime Format Elements
Specify in TO_*
datetime
Element functions?a Meaning
- Yes Punctuation and quoted text is reproduced in the result.
/
,
.
;
:
"text"
AD Yes AD indicator with or without periods.
A.D.
AM Yes Meridian indicator with or without periods.
A.M.
BC Yes BC indicator with or without periods.
B.C.
CC No Century.
SCC s If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are between 01 and 99 (inclusive),
then the century is one greater than the ﬁrst 2 digits of that year.
s If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are 00, then the century is the same
as the ﬁrst 2 digits of that year.
For example, 2002 returns 21; 2000 returns 20.
D Yes Day of week (1-7).
DAY Yes Name of day, padded with blanks to length of 9 characters.
DD Yes Day of month (1-31).
DDD Yes Day of year (1-366).
DL Yes Returns a value in the long date format, which is an extention of Oracle
Database's DATE format (the current value of the NLS_DATE_FORMAT
parameter). Makes the appearance of the date components (day name,
month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_
LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the AMERICAN_AMERICA locale,
this is equivalent to specifying the format 'fmDay, Month dd, yyyy'. In
the GERMAN_GERMANY locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format
'fmDay, dd. Month yyyy'.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element,
separated by white space.

Format Models 7-5

Format Models

Table 7–2 (Cont.) Datetime Format Elements
Specify in TO_*
datetime
DS Yes Returns a value in the short date format. Makes the appearance of the date
components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_
TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the
AMERICAN_AMERICA locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format
'MM/DD/RRRR'. In the ENGLISH_UNITED_KINGDOM locale, it is equivalent
to specifying the format 'DD/MM/RRRR'.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element,
DY Yes Abbreviated name of day.
E No Abbreviated era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha
calendars).
EE No Full era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha
calendars).
FF [1..9] Yes Fractional seconds; no radix character is printed (use the X format element
to add the radix character). Use the numbers 1 to 9 after FF to specify the
number of digits in the fractional second portion of the datetime value
returned. If you do not specify a digit, then Oracle Database uses the
precision specified for the datetime datatype or the datatype's default
precision.
Examples: 'HH:MI:SS.FF'
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP, 'SS.FF3') from dual;
FM Yes Returns a value with no leading or trailing blanks.
See Also: Additional discussion on this format model modifier in the
Oracle Database SQL Reference
FX Yes Requires exact matching between the character data and the format model.
See Also: Additional discussion on this format model modifier in the
HH Yes Hour of day (1-12).
HH12 No Hour of day (1-12).
HH24 Yes Hour of day (0-23).
IW No Week of year (1-52 or 1-53) based on the ISO standard.


Format Models

Specify in TO_*
datetime
IYY No Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of ISO year.
IY
I
IYYY No 4-digit year based on the ISO standard.
J Yes Julian day; the number of days since January 1, 4712 BC. Number speciﬁed
with J must be integers.
MI Yes Minute (0-59).
MM Yes Month (01-12; January = 01).
MON Yes Abbreviated name of month.
MONTH Yes Name of month, padded with blanks to length of 9 characters.
PM No Meridian indicator with or without periods.
P.M.
Q No Quarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4; January - March = 1).
RM Yes Roman numeral month (I-XII; January = I).
RR Yes Lets you store 20th century dates in the 21st century using only two digits.
See Also: Additional discussion on RR datetime format element in the
RRRR Yes Round year. Accepts either 4-digit or 2-digit input. If 2-digit, provides the
same return as RR. If you do not want this functionality, then enter the
4-digit year.
SS Yes Second (0-59).
SSSSS Yes Seconds past midnight (0-86399).
TS Yes Returns a value in the short time format. Makes the appearance of the time
components (hour, minutes, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY
and NLS_LANGUAGE initialization parameters.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the DL or DS element,

Format Models 7-7

Format Models

Specify in TO_*
datetime
TZD Yes Daylight savings information. The TZD value is an abbreviated time zone
string with daylight savings information. It must correspond with the
region specified in TZR.
Example: PST (for US/Pacific standard time); PDT (for US/Pacific daylight
time).
TZH Yes Time zone hour. (See TZM format element.)
Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.
TZM Yes Time zone minute. (See TZH format element.)
Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.
TZR Yes Time zone region information. The value must be one of the time zone
regions supported in the database.
Example: US/Pacific
WW No Week of year (1-53) where week 1 starts on the first day of the year and
continues to the seventh day of the year.
W No Week of month (1-5) where week 1 starts on the first day of the month and
ends on the seventh.
X Yes Local radix character.
Example: 'HH:MI:SSXFF'.
Y,YYY Yes Year with comma in this position.
YEAR No Year, spelled out; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign (-).
SYEAR
YYYY Yes 4-digit year; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign.
SYYYY
YYY Yes Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of year.
YY
Y

See Also: Datetime Format Models in Oracle Database SQL
Reference


A
SQL*Plus Commands

This appendix presents many of the SQL*Plus commands.
This appendix includes the following section:
s SQL*Plus Commands

SQL*Plus Commands
SQL*Plus is a command-line tool that provides access to the Oracle RDBMS.
SQL*Plus enables you to:
s Enter SQL*Plus commands to conﬁgure the SQL*Plus environment
s Startup and shutdown an Oracle database
s Connect to an Oracle database
s Enter and execute SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks
s Format and print query results
SQL*Plus is available on several platforms. In addition, it has a web-based user
interface, iSQL*Plus.
The commands shown in Table A–1 are SQL*Plus commands available in the
command-line interface. Not all commands or command parameters are shown.

See Also:
s SQL*Plus Quick Reference
s SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference

SQL*Plus Commands A-1

SQL*Plus Commands

Table A–1 Basic SQL*Plus Commands
How To... SQL*Plus Command
Log in to SQL*Plus SQLPLUS [ { username[/passward][@connect_identifier] | / }
[ AS { SYSDBA | SYSOPER } ]
| /NOLOG
]

List help topics available HELP [ INDEX | topic ]
in SQL*Plus
Execute host commands HOST [ command ]

Show SQL*Plus system SHOW { ALL | ERRORS | USER | system_variable | ... }
variables or environment
settings
Alter SQL*Plus system SET system_variable value
variables or environment
settings
Start up a database STARTUP PFILE = filename
[ MOUNT [ dbname ] | NOMOUNT | ... ]

Connect to a database CONNECT [ [ username [ /password ] [ @connect_identifier ]
[ / AS { SYSOPER | SYSDBA } ]
]

List column definitions for DESCRIBE [ schema. ] object
a table, view, or synonym,
or specifications for a
function or procedure
Edit contents of the SQL EDIT [ filename [ .ext ] ]
buffer or a file
Get a file and load its GET filename [ .ext ] [ LIST | NOLLIST ]
contents into the SQL
buffer
Save contents of the SQL SAVE filename [ .ext ] [ CREATE | REPLACE | APPEND ]
buffer to a file
List contents of the SQL LIST [ n | n m | n LAST | ... ]
buffer
Delete contents of the SQL DEL [ n | n m | n LAST | ... ]
buffer
Add new lines following INPUT [ text ]
current line in the SQL
buffer

A-2 Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference

SQL*Plus Commands

Table A–1 Basic SQL*Plus Commands
How To... SQL*Plus Command
Append text to end of APPEND text
current line in the SQL
buffer
Find and replace first CHANGE sepchar old [ sepchar [ new [ sepchar ] ] ]
occurrence of a text string sepchar can be any non-alphanumeric character such as "/" or
in current line of the SQL "!"
buffer
Capture query results in a SPOOL [ filename [ .ext ]
file and, optionally, send [ CREATE | REPLACE | APPEND | OFF | OUT ]
contents of file to default
printer
Run SQL*Plus statements @ { url | filename [ .ext ] } [ arg... ]
stored in a file START filename [ .ext ] [ arg... ]
.ext can be omitted if the filename extension is .sql

Execute commands stored /
in the SQL buffer
List and execute RUN
commands stored in the
SQL buffer
Execute a single PL/SQL EXECUTE statement
statement or run a stored
procedure
Disconnect from a DISCONNECT
database
Shut down a database SHUTDOWN [ ABORT | IMMEDIATE | NORMAL | ... ]

Log out of SQL*Plus { EXIT | QUIT }
[ SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | ... ]
[ COMMIT | ROLLBACK ]

SQL*Plus Commands A-3

SQL*Plus Commands

A-4 Oracle Database SQL Quick Reference

Index
Symbols ALTER OUTLINE, 1-7
ALTER PACKAGE, 1-7
- (dash) ALTER PROCEDURE, 1-7
datetime format element, 7-4 ALTER PROFILE, 1-7
. (period) ALTER RESOURCE COST, 1-7
datetime format element, 7-4 ALTER ROLE, 1-8
/ (slash) ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-8
datetime format element, 7-4 ALTER SEQUENCE, 1-8
SQL*Plus command, A-3 ALTER SESSION, 1-8
, (comma) ALTER SYSTEM, 1-9
datetime format element, 7-4 ALTER TABLE, 1-9
: (colon) ALTER TABLESPACE, 1-10
datetime format element, 7-4 ALTER TRIGGER, 1-10
; (semicolon) ALTER TYPE, 1-10
datetime format element, 7-4 ALTER USER, 1-11
@ (at sign) ALTER VIEW, 1-12
SQL*Plus command, A-3 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
datatypes
A conversion to Oracle datatypes, 6-5
analytic_function function, 2-1
ABS function, 2-1
ANALYZE, 1-13
ACOS function, 2-1
APPEND
ADD_MONTHS function, 2-1
SQL*Plus command, A-3
ALTER CLUSTER, 1-2
ASCII function, 2-1
ALTER DATABASE, 1-2
ASCIISTR function, 2-1
ALTER DIMENSION, 1-3
ASIN function, 2-1
ALTER DISKGROUP, 1-3
ASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1-13
ALTER FUNCTION, 1-3
ATAN function, 2-1
ALTER INDEX, 1-4
ATAN2 function, 2-2
ALTER INDEXTYPE, 1-4
AUDIT, 1-13
ALTER JAVA, 1-4
AVG function, 2-2
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-5
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-6
ALTER OPERATOR, 1-6

Index-1

B CREATE DIRECTORY, 1-16
CREATE DISKGROUP, 1-16
BFILENAME function, 2-2 CREATE FUNCTION, 1-17
BIN_TO_NUM function, 2-2 CREATE INDEX, 1-17
BITAND function, 2-2 CREATE INDEXTYPE, 1-17
CREATE JAVA, 1-18
C CREATE LIBRARY, 1-18
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-19
CALL, 1-13
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-20
CARDINALITY function, 2-2
CREATE OPERATOR, 1-20
CASE expressions, 3-1
CREATE OUTLINE, 1-20
CAST function, 2-2
CREATE PACKAGE, 1-20
CC datetime format element, 7-4
CREATE PACKAGE BODY, 1-20
CEIL function, 2-2
CREATE PFILE, 1-21
CHANGE
CREATE PROCEDURE, 1-21
CREATE PROFILE, 1-21
CHARTOROWID function, 2-2
CREATE ROLE, 1-21
CHR function, 2-2
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-21
COALESCE function, 2-2
CREATE SCHEMA, 1-21
COLLECT function, 2-2
CREATE SEQUENCE, 1-22
COMMENT, 1-13
CREATE SPFILE, 1-22
COMMIT, 1-13
CREATE SYNONYM, 1-22
COMPOSE function, 2-2
CREATE TABLE, 1-22
compound conditions, 4-1
CREATE TABLESPACE, 1-22
compound expressions, 3-2
CREATE TRIGGER, 1-22
CONCAT function, 2-2
CREATE TYPE, 1-23
conditions, 4-1
CREATE TYPE BODY, 1-23
see also SQL conditions
CREATE USER, 1-24
CONNECT
CREATE VIEW, 1-25
CUME_DIST (aggregate) function, 2-3
CONVERT function, 2-2
CUME_DIST (analytic) function, 2-3
CORR function, 2-2
currency
CORR_K function, 2-2
group separators, 7-2
CORR_S function, 2-2
currency symbol
COS function, 2-2
ISO, 7-2
COSH function, 2-2
local, 7-2
COUNT function, 2-2
union, 7-3
COVAR_POP function, 2-2
CURRENT_DATE function, 2-3
COVAR_SAMP function, 2-3
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function, 2-3
CREATE CLUSTER, 1-14
CURSOR expression, 3-2
CREATE CONTEXT, 1-14
CV function, 2-3
CREATE CONTROLFILE, 1-15
CREATE DATABASE, 1-15
CREATE DATABASE LINK, 1-16 D
CREATE DIMENSION, 1-16
date format models, 7-4, 7-5

Index-2

datetime format elements, 7-4 DROP PROFILE, 1-26
long, 7-5 DROP ROLE, 1-26
short, 7-6 DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-26
DATETIME expressions, 3-2 DROP SEQUENCE, 1-26
datetime format elements, 7-4 DROP SYNONYM, 1-26
DB2 datatypes DROP TABLE, 1-26
restrictions on, 6-7 DROP TABLESPACE, 1-27
DBTIMEZONE function, 2-3 DROP TRIGGER, 1-27
DD datetime format element, 7-4 DROP TYPE, 1-27
DDAY datetime format element, 7-4 DROP TYPE BODY, 1-27
DDD datetime format element, 7-4 DROP USER, 1-27
decimal characters DROP VIEW, 1-27
specifying, 7-2 DUMP function, 2-3
DECODE function, 2-3 DY datetime format element, 7-4
DECOMPOSE function, 2-3
DEL
E
DELETE, 1-25 E datetime format element, 7-4
DENSE_RANK (aggregate) function, 2-3 EDIT
DENSE_RANK (analytic) function, 2-3 SQL*Plus command, A-2
DEPTH function, 2-3 EE datetime format element, 7-4
DEREF function, 2-3 EMPTY_BLOB function, 2-4
DESCRIBE EQUALS_PATH condition, 4-1
SQL*Plus command, A-2 EXECUTE
DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1-25 SQL*Plus command, A-3
DISCONNECT EXISTSNODE function, 2-4
SQL*Plus command, A-3 EXIT
DROP CLUSTER, 1-25 SQL*Plus command, A-3
DROP CONTEXT, 1-25 EXP function, 2-4
DROP DATABASE, 1-25 EXPLAIN PLAN, 1-27
DROP DATABASE LINK, 1-25 expressions, 3-1
DROP DIMENSION, 1-26 see also SQL expressions
DROP DIRECTORY, 1-26 EXTRACT (datetime) function, 2-4
DROP DISKGROUP, 1-26 EXTRACT (XML) function, 2-4
DROP FUNCTION, 1-26 EXTRACTVALUE function, 2-4
DROP INDEX, 1-26
DROP INDEXTYPE, 1-26 F
DROP JAVA, 1-26
DROP LIBRARY, 1-26 FF datetime format element, 7-4
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-26 FIRST function, 2-4
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-26 FIRST_VALUE function, 2-5
DROP OPERATOR, 1-26 FLASHBACK DATABASE, 1-27
DROP OUTLINE, 1-26 FLASHBACK TABLE, 1-27
DROP PACKAGE, 1-26 floating-point condition, 4-2
DROP PROCEDURE, 1-26 FLOOR function, 2-5

Index-3

format models, 7-1 IS A SET conditions, 4-2
date format models, 7-4 IS ANY condition, 4-2
datetime format elements, 7-4 IS EMPTY conditions, 4-2
number format models, 7-1 IS OF TYPE conditions, 4-2
number format elements, 7-1 IS PRESENT condition, 4-2
FROM_TZ function, 2-5 ITERATION_NUMBER function, 2-5
functions, 2-1
see also SQL functions
L
LAG function, 2-5
G LAST function, 2-5
GET LAST_DAY function, 2-5
SQL*Plus command, A-2 LAST_VALUE function, 2-5
GRANT, 1-27 LEAD function, 2-5
GRAPHIC datatype LEAST function, 2-5
DB2, 6-7 LENGTH function, 2-6
SQL/DS, 6-7 LIKE condition, 4-2
GREATEST function, 2-5 LIST
group comparison condition, 4-1 SQL*Plus command, A-2
group separator LN function, 2-6
specifying, 7-2 LNNVL function, 2-6
GROUP_ID function, 2-5 locale independent, 7-5
GROUPING function, 2-5 LOCALTIMESTAMP function, 2-6
GROUPING_ID function, 2-5 LOCK TABLE, 1-28
LOG function, 2-6
logical conditions, 4-2
H LONG VARGRAPHIC datatype
HELP DB2, 6-7
SQL*Plus command, A-2 SQL/DS, 6-7
hexadecimal value LOWER function, 2-6
returning, 7-4 LPAD function, 2-6
HEXTORAW function, 2-5 LTRIM function, 2-6
HH datetime format element, 7-4
HOST
SQL*Plus command, A-2 M
MAKE_REF function, 2-6
MAX function, 2-6
I MEDIAN function, 2-6
IN conditions, 4-2 MEMBER condition, 4-2
INITCAP function, 2-5 MERGE, 1-28
INPUT MIN function, 2-6
SQL*Plus command, A-2 MOD function, 2-6
INSERT, 1-27 model expressions, 3-2
INSTR function, 2-5 MONTHS_BETWEEN function, 2-6
INTERVAL expressions, 3-2

Index-4

N Q
NANVL function, 2-6 QUIT
NCHR function, 2-6 SQL*Plus command, A-3
NEW_TIME function, 2-6
NEXT_DAY function, 2-6
NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN function, 2-6
R
NLS_CHARSET_ID function, 2-6 range conditions, 4-3
NLS_CHARSET_NAME function, 2-6 RANK (aggregate) function, 2-8
NLS_INITCAP function, 2-6 RANK (analytic) function, 2-8
NLS_LOWER function, 2-6 RATIO_TO_REPORT function, 2-8
NLS_UPPER function, 2-6 RAWTOHEX function, 2-8
NLSSORT function, 2-7 RAWTONHEX function, 2-8
NOAUDIT, 1-28 REF function, 2-8
NTILE function, 2-7 REFTOHEX function, 2-8
NULL conditions, 4-2 REGEXP_INSTR function, 2-8
NULLIF function, 2-7 REGEXP_LIKE condition, 4-3
number format elements, 7-1 REGEXP_REPLACE function, 2-8
number format models, 7-1 REGEXP_SUBSTR function, 2-9
number format elements, 7-1 REGR_AVGX function, 2-9
NUMTODSINTERVAL function, 2-7 REGR_AVGY function, 2-9
NUMTOYMINTERVAL function, 2-7 REGR_COUNT function, 2-9
NVL function, 2-7 REGR_INTERCEPT function, 2-9
NVL2 function, 2-7 REGR_R2 function, 2-9
REGR_SLOPE function, 2-9
REGR_SXX function, 2-9
O REGR_SXY function, 2-9
object access expressions, 3-2 REGR_SYY function, 2-9
ORA_HASH function, 2-7 REMAINDER function, 2-9
RENAME, 1-28
REPLACE function, 2-9
P REVOKE, 1-28
PATH function, 2-7 ROLLBACK, 1-29
PERCENT_RANK (aggregate) function, 2-7 ROUND (date) function, 2-9
PERCENT_RANK (analytic) function, 2-7 ROUND (number) function, 2-9
PERCENTILE_CONT function, 2-7 ROW_NUMBER function, 2-9
PERCENTILE_DISC function, 2-7 ROWIDTOCHAR function, 2-9
POWER function, 2-7 ROWTONCHAR function, 2-9
POWERMULTISET function, 2-7 RPAD function, 2-9
POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY RTRIM function, 2-9
function, 2-7 RUN
PRESENTNNV function, 2-7 SQL*Plus command, A-3
PRESENTV function, 2-7
PREVIOUS function, 2-7
PURGE, 1-28 S
SAVE

Index-5

SQL*Plus command, A-2 SQL expressions, 3-1
SAVEPOINT, 1-29 CASE expressions, 3-1
SCC datetime format element, 7-4 compound expressions, 3-2
scientific notation, 7-2 CURSOR expression, 3-2
SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP function, 2-9 DATETIME expressions, 3-2
SELECT, 1-29 INTERVAL expressions, 3-2
SESSIONTIMEZONE function, 2-9 model expressions, 3-2
SET object access expressions, 3-2
SQL*Plus command, A-2 simple expressions, 3-3
SET CONSTRAINT, 1-29 type constructor expression, 3-3
SET function, 2-9 variable expression, 3-3
SET ROLE, 1-29 SQL functions, 2-1
SET TRANSACTION, 1-29 ABS, 2-1
SHOW ACOS, 2-1
SQL*Plus command, A-2 ADD_MONTHS, 2-1
SHUTDOWN analytic_function, 2-1
SQL*Plus command, A-3 ASCII, 2-1
SIGN function, 2-9 ASCIISTR, 2-1
simple comparison condition, 4-3 ASIN, 2-1
simple expressions, 3-3 ATAN, 2-1
SIN function, 2-9 ATAN2, 2-2
SINH function, 2-10 AVG, 2-2
SOUNDEX function, 2-10 BFILENAME, 2-2
SPOOL BIN_TO_NUM, 2-2
SQL*Plus command, A-3 BITAND, 2-2
SQL conditions, 4-1 CARDINALITY, 2-2
compound conditions, 4-1 CAST, 2-2
EQUALS_PATH condition, 4-1 CEIL, 2-2
floating-point condition, 4-2 CHARTOROWID, 2-2
group comparison condition, 4-1 CHR, 2-2
IN conditions, 4-2 COALESCE, 2-2
IS A SET conditions, 4-2 COLLECT, 2-2
IS ANY condition, 4-2 COMPOSE, 2-2
IS EMPTY conditions, 4-2 CONCAT, 2-2
IS OF TYPE conditions, 4-2 CONVERT, 2-2
IS PRESENT condition, 4-2 CORR, 2-2
LIKE condition, 4-2 CORR_K, 2-2
logical conditions, 4-2 CORR_S, 2-2
MEMBER condition, 4-2 COS, 2-2
NULL conditions, 4-2 COSH, 2-2
range conditions, 4-3 COUNT, 2-2
REGEXP_LIKE condition, 4-3 COVAR_POP, 2-2
simple comparison condition, 4-3 COVAR_SAMP, 2-3
SUBMULTISET conditions, 4-3 CUME_DIST (aggregate), 2-3
UNDER_PATH condition, 4-3 CUME_DIST (analytic), 2-3

Index-6

CURRENT_DATE, 2-3 MEDIAN, 2-6
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 2-3 MIN, 2-6
CV, 2-3 MOD, 2-6
DBTIMEZONE, 2-3 MONTHS_BETWEEN, 2-6
DECODE, 2-3 NANVL, 2-6
DECOMPOSE, 2-3 NCGR, 2-6
DENSE_RANK (aggregate), 2-3 NEW_TIME, 2-6
DENSE_RANK (analytic), 2-3 NEXT_DAY, 2-6
DEPTH, 2-3 NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN, 2-6
DEREF, 2-3 NLS_CHARSET_ID, 2-6
DUMP, 2-3 NLS_CHARSET_NAME, 2-6
EMPTY_BLOB, 2-4 NLS_INITCAP, 2-6
EXISTSNODE, 2-4 NLS_LOWER, 2-6
EXP, 2-4 NLS_UPPER, 2-6
EXTRACT (datetime), 2-4 NLSSORT, 2-7
EXTRACT (XML), 2-4 NTILE, 2-7
EXTRACTVALUE, 2-4 NULLIF, 2-7
FIRST, 2-4 NUMTODSINTERVAL, 2-7
FIRST_VALUE, 2-5 NUMTOYMINTERVAL, 2-7
FLOOR, 2-5 NVL, 2-7
FROM_TZ, 2-5 NVL2, 2-7
GREATEST, 2-5 ORA_HASH, 2-7
GROUP_ID, 2-5 PATH, 2-7
GROUPING, 2-5 PERCENT_RANK (aggregate), 2-7
GROUPING_ID, 2-5 PERCENT_RANK (analytic), 2-7
HEXTORAW, 2-5 PERCENTILE_CONT, 2-7
INITCAP, 2-5 PERCENTILE_DISC, 2-7
INSTR, 2-5 POWER, 2-7
ITERATION_NUMBER, 2-5 POWERMULTISET, 2-7
LAG, 2-5 POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY, 2-7
LAST, 2-5 PRESENTNNV, 2-7
LAST_DAY, 2-5 PRESENTV, 2-7
LAST_VALUE, 2-5 PREVIOUS, 2-7
LEAD, 2-5 RANK (aggregate), 2-8
LEAST, 2-5 RANK (analytic), 2-8
LENGTH, 2-6 RATIO_TO_REPORT, 2-8
LN, 2-6 RAWTOHEX, 2-8
LNNVL, 2-6 RAWTONHEX, 2-8
LOCALTIMESTAMP, 2-6 REF, 2-8
LOG, 2-6 REFTOHEX, 2-8
LOWER, 2-6 REGEXP_INSTR, 2-8
LPAD, 2-6 REGEXP_REPLACE, 2-8
LTRIM, 2-6 REGEXP_SUBSTR, 2-9
MAKE_REF, 2-6 REGR_AVGX, 2-9
MAX, 2-6 REGR_AVGY, 2-9

Index-7

REGR_COUNT, 2-9 SYS_GUID, 2-12
REGR_INTERCEPT, 2-9 SYS_TYPEID, 2-12
REGR_R2, 2-9 SYS_XMLAGG, 2-12
REGR_SLOPE, 2-9 SYS_XMLGEN, 2-12
REGR_SXX, 2-9 SYSDATE, 2-12
REGR_SXY, 2-9 SYSTIMESTAMP, 2-12
REGR_SYY, 2-9 TAN, 2-12
REMAINDER, 2-9 TANH, 2-12
REPLACE, 2-9 TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN, 2-12
ROUND (date), 2-9 TO_BINARY_DOUBLE, 2-12
ROUND (number), 2-9 TO_BINARY_FLOAT, 2-12
ROW_NUMBER, 2-9 TO_CHAR (character), 2-13
ROWIDTOCHAR, 2-9 TO_CHAR (datetime), 2-13
ROWTONCHAR, 2-9 TO_CHAR (number), 2-13
RPAD, 2-9 TO_CLOB, 2-13
RTRIM, 2-9 TO_DATE, 2-13
SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP, 2-9 TO_DSINTERVAL, 2-13
SESSIONTIMEZONE, 2-9 TO_LOB, 2-13
SET, 2-9 TO_MULTI_BYTE, 2-13
SIGN, 2-9 TO_NCHAR (character), 2-13
SIN, 2-9 TO_NCHAR (datetime), 2-13
SINH, 2-10 TO_NCHAR (number), 2-13
SOUNDEX, 2-10 TO_NCLOB, 2-13
SQRT, 2-10 TO_NUMBER, 2-13
STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST, 2-10 TO_SINGLE_BYTE, 2-13
STATS_CROSSTAB, 2-10 TO_TIMESTAMP, 2-13
STATS_F_TEST, 2-10 TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, 2-13
STATS_KS_TEST, 2-10 TO_YMINTERVAL, 2-13
STATS_MODE, 2-10 TRANSLATE, 2-13
STATS_MW_TEST, 2-11 TRANSLATE...USING, 2-13
STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA, 2-11 TREAT, 2-13
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP, 2-11 TRIM, 2-13
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU, 2-11 TRUNC (date), 2-13
STATS_T_TEST_ONE, 2-11 TRUNC (number), 2-14
STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED, 2-11 TZ_OFFSET, 2-14
STATS_WSR_TEST, 2-11 UID, 2-14
STDDEV, 2-11 UNISTR, 2-14
STDDEV_POP, 2-12 UPDATEXML, 2-14
STDDEV_SAMP, 2-12 UPPER, 2-14
SUBSTR, 2-12 USER, 2-14
SUM, 2-12 user-defined function, 2-14
SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH, 2-12 USERENV, 2-14
SYS_CONTEXT, 2-12 VALUE, 2-14
SYS_DBURIGEN, 2-12 VAR_POP, 2-14
SYS_EXTRACT_UTC, 2-12 VAR_SAMP, 2-14

Index-8

VARIANCE, 2-14 CREATE CONTEXT, 1-14
VSIZE, 2-14 CREATE CONTROLFILE, 1-15
WIDTH_BUCKET, 2-14 CREATE DATABASE, 1-15
XMLAGG, 2-14 CREATE DATABASE LINK, 1-16
XMLCOLATTVAL, 2-14 CREATE DIMENSION, 1-16
XMLCONCAT, 2-14 CREATE DIRECTORY, 1-16
XMLELEMENT, 2-15 CREATE DISKGROUP, 1-16
XMLFOREST, 2-15 CREATE FUNCTION, 1-17
XMLSEQUENCE, 2-15 CREATE INDEX, 1-17
XMLTRANSFORM, 2-15 CREATE INDEXTYPE, 1-17
SQL statements, 1-1 CREATE JAVA, 1-18
ALTER CLUSTER, 1-2 CREATE LIBRARY, 1-18
ALTER DATABASE, 1-2 CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-19
ALTER DIMENSION, 1-3 CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-20
ALTER DISKGROUP, 1-3 CREATE OPERATOR, 1-20
ALTER FUNCTION, 1-3 CREATE OUTLINE, 1-20
ALTER INDEX, 1-4 CREATE PACKAGE, 1-20
ALTER INDEXTYPE, 1-4 CREATE PACKAGE BODY, 1-20
ALTER JAVA, 1-4 CREATE PFILE, 1-21
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-5 CREATE PROCEDURE, 1-21
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-6 CREATE PROFILE, 1-21
ALTER OPERATOR, 1-6 CREATE ROLE, 1-21
ALTER OUTLINE, 1-7 CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-21
ALTER PACKAGE, 1-7 CREATE SCHEMA, 1-21
ALTER PROCEDURE, 1-7 CREATE SEQUENCE, 1-22
ALTER PROFILE, 1-7 CREATE SPFILE, 1-22
ALTER RESOURCE COST, 1-7 CREATE SYNONYM, 1-22
ALTER ROLE, 1-8 CREATE TABLE, 1-22
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-8 CREATE TABLESPACE, 1-22
ALTER SEQUENCE, 1-8 CREATE TRIGGER, 1-22
ALTER SESSION, 1-8 CREATE TYPE, 1-23
ALTER SYSTEM, 1-9 CREATE TYPE BODY, 1-23
ALTER TABLE, 1-9 CREATE USER, 1-24
ALTER TABLESPACE, 1-10 CREATE VIEW, 1-25
ALTER TRIGGER, 1-10 DELETE, 1-25
ALTER TYPE, 1-10 DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1-25
ALTER USER, 1-11 DROP CLUSTER, 1-25
ALTER VIEW, 1-12 DROP CONTEXT, 1-25
ANALYZE, 1-13 DROP DATABASE, 1-25
ASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1-13 DROP DATABASE LINK, 1-25
AUDIT, 1-13 DROP DIMENSION, 1-26
CALL, 1-13 DROP DIRECTORY, 1-26
COMMENT, 1-13 DROP DISKGROUP, 1-26
COMMIT, 1-13 DROP FUNCTION, 1-26
CREATE CLUSTER, 1-14 DROP INDEX, 1-26

Index-9

DROP INDEXTYPE, 1-26 CONNECT, A-2
DROP JAVA, 1-26 DEL, A-2
DROP LIBRARY, 1-26 DESCRIBE, A-2
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1-26 DISCONNECT, A-3
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1-26 EDIT, A-2
DROP OPERATOR, 1-26 EXECUTE, A-3
DROP OUTLINE, 1-26 EXIT, A-3
DROP PACKAGE, 1-26 GET, A-2
DROP PROCEDURE, 1-26 HELP, A-2
DROP PROFILE, 1-26 HOST, A-2
DROP ROLE, 1-26 INPUT, A-2
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1-26 LIST, A-2
DROP SEQUENCE, 1-26 QUIT, A-3
DROP SYNONYM, 1-26 RUN, A-3
DROP TABLE, 1-26 SAVE, A-2
DROP TABLESPACE, 1-27 SET, A-2
DROP TRIGGER, 1-27 SHOW, A-2
DROP TYPE, 1-27 SHUTDOWN, A-3
DROP TYPE BODY, 1-27 SPOOL, A-3
DROP USER, 1-27 SQLPLUS, A-2
DROP VIEW, 1-27 START, A-3
EXPLAIN PLAN, 1-27 STARTUP, A-2
FLASHBACK DATABASE, 1-27 SQL/DS datatypes
FLASHBACK TABLE, 1-27 restrictions on, 6-7
GRANT, 1-27 SQLPLUS
INSERT, 1-27 SQL*Plus command, A-2
LOCK TABLE, 1-28 SQRT function, 2-10
MERGE, 1-28 START
NOAUDIT, 1-28 SQL*Plus command, A-3
PURGE, 1-28 STARTUP
RENAME, 1-28 SQL*Plus command, A-2
REVOKE, 1-28 statements, 1-1
ROLLBACK, 1-29 see also SQL statements
SAVEPOINT, 1-29 STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST function, 2-10
SELECT, 1-29 STATS_CROSSTAB function, 2-10
SET CONSTRAINT, 1-29 STATS_F_TEST function, 2-10
SET ROLE, 1-29 STATS_KS_TEST function, 2-10
SET TRANSACTION, 1-29 STATS_MODE function, 2-10
TRUNCATE, 1-29 STATS_MW_TEST function, 2-11
UPDATE, 1-29 STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA function, 2-11
SQL*Plus commands, A-1 STATS_T_TEST_INDEP function, 2-11
/ (slash), A-3 STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU function, 2-11
@ (at sign), A-3 STATS_T_TEST_ONE function, 2-11
APPEND, A-3 STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED function, 2-11
CHANGE, A-3 STATS_WSR_TEST function, 2-11

Index-10

STDDEV function, 2-11 TO_NCLOB function, 2-13
STDDEV_POP function, 2-12 TO_NUMBER function, 2-13
STDDEV_SAMP function, 2-12 TO_SINGLE_BYTE function, 2-13
SUBMULTISET conditions, 4-3 TO_TIMESTAMP function, 2-13
SUBSTR function, 2-12 TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ function, 2-13
SUM function, 2-12 TO_YMINTERVAL function, 2-13
SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH function, 2-12 TRANSLATE function, 2-13
SYS_CONTEXT function, 2-12 TRANSLATE...USING function, 2-13
SYS_DBURIGEN function, 2-12 TREAT function, 2-13
SYS_EXTRACT_UTC function, 2-12 TRIM function, 2-13
SYS_GUID function, 2-12 TRUNC (date) function, 2-13
SYS_TYPEID function, 2-12 TRUNC (number) function, 2-14
SYS_XMLAGG function, 2-12 TRUNCATE, 1-29
SYS_XMLGEN function, 2-12 type constructor expression, 3-3
SYSDATE function, 2-12 TZ_OFFSET function, 2-14
SYSTIMESTAMP function, 2-12
U
T UID function, 2-14
TAN function, 2-12 UNDER_PATH condition, 4-3
TANH function, 2-12 UNISTR function, 2-14
TIME datatype UPDATE, 1-29
DB2, 6-7 UPDATEXML function, 2-14
SQL/DS, 6-7 UPPER function, 2-14
time format models USER function, 2-14
short, 7-7 user-defined function, 2-14
time zone USERENV function, 2-14
formatting, 7-8
TIMESTAMP datatype
DB2, 6-7
V
SQL/DS, 6-7 VALUE function, 2-14
TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN function, 2-12 VAR_POP function, 2-14
TO_BINARY_DOUBLE function, 2-12 VAR_SAMP function, 2-14
TO_BINARY_FLOAT function, 2-12 VARGRAPHIC datatype
TO_CHAR (character) function, 2-13 DB2, 6-7
TO_CHAR (datetime) function, 2-13 SQL/DS, 6-7
TO_CHAR (number) function, 2-13 variable expression, 3-3
TO_CLOB function, 2-13 VARIANCE function, 2-14
TO_DATE function, 2-13 VSIZE function, 2-14
TO_DSINTERVAL function, 2-13
TO_LOB function, 2-13 W
TO_MULTI_BYTE function, 2-13
TO_NCHAR (character) function, 2-13 WIDTH_BUCKET function, 2-14
TO_NCHAR (datetime) function, 2-13
TO_NCHAR (number) function, 2-13

Index-11

X
XMLAGG function, 2-14
XMLCOLATTVAL function, 2-14
XMLCONCAT function, 2-14
XMLELEMENT function, 2-15
XMLFOREST function, 2-15
XMLSEQUENCE function, 2-15
XMLTRANSFORM function, 2-15

Index-12

Oracle sql quick reference

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