Os Threads

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This document discusses threads and threading models. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization consisting of a program counter, stack, and registers. Threads allow for simultaneous execution of tasks within the same process by switching between threads rapidly. There are three main threading models: many-to-one maps many user threads to one kernel thread; one-to-one maps each user thread to its own kernel thread; many-to-many maps user threads to kernel threads in a variable manner. Popular thread libraries include POSIX pthreads and Win32 threads.

THREADS
BY SALMAN MEMON
2K12/IT/109
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH
JAMSHORO

INTRODUCTION
A thread is contained inside a
process and different threads
in the same process share
some resources (most
commonly memory), while
different processes do not.
Process and threads

INTRODUCTION
A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization, consisting of a
program counter, a stack, and a set of registers, ( and a
thread ID. )
On a single processor, multithreading generally
occurs by as in multitasking, the processor switches
between different threads.
On a multiprocessor or multi-core system, the threads
or tasks actually do run at the same time, with each
processor or core running a particular thread or task

Single Thread
◦Has single thread of control
◦It allows the process to perform only 1 task at a time.
Multi thread
◦Has many threads
◦Simultaneous execution of different task

BENEFITS
Take less time to create a new tread than a process.
Less time to terminate a tread than a presses.
less time to switch between two treads within the same process.
Hence treads within the same process share memory and files,
they can communicate with each other without invoking the
kernel.
Responsiveness.
Resource sharing .
Economy.
Utilization of MP Architectures.

User Threads
Thread management done by user-level threads
library
◦Thread creation, scheduling, are done in user level
Fast to create and manage
Drawback:
◦If kernel is single thread, then user level thread performing a
blocking system call will cause entire process to block

KERNEL THREAD
Supported by OS
◦Thread creation, scheduling, are done in user level by kernel
Thread management is performed by os, thus kernel
thread are slow.
If thread perform blocking system call, kernel can
schedule another thread in application for execution

Multithreading Models
(In a specific implementation, the user threads must
be mapped to kernel threads, using one of the
following strategies. )
Many-to-One
One-to-One
Many-to-Many

MANY-TO-ONEmany user-level threads are all
mapped onto a single kernel thread.
Thread management is handled by
the thread library in user space,
which is very efficient.
if a blocking system call is made, then
the entire process blocks, even if the
other user threads would otherwise
be able to continue.
Ex: Green threads for Solaris and GNU
Portable

ONE-TO-ONE MODEL
Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
Allow anther thread to run if block
Run parallel
Drawback: along with user thread kernel thread shld be
created.
Ex: Linux and Windows from 95 to XP

MANY-TO-MANY
The many-to-many model multiplexes
any number of user threads onto an
equal or smaller number of kernel
threads, combining the best features of
the one-to-one and many-to-one
models.
Blocking kernel system calls do not
block the entire process.
Individual processes may be allocated
variable numbers of kernel threads,
depending on the number of CPUs
present and other factors.
Ex: RIX, HP-UX, and Tru64 UNIX

Thread Libraries
Thread libraries provide programmers with an API for
creating and managing threads.
Thread libraries may be implemented either in user space
or in kernel space.
There are three main thread libraries in use today:
 POSIX Pthreads .
Win32 threads.
Java threads .

Pthreads
May be provided either as user-level or kernel-level.
A POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation and
synchronization.
API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up
to development of the library.
Common in UNIX operating systems (Solaris, Linux, Mac OS X).

Linux Threads
Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads.
Thread creation is done through clone() system
call.
clone() allows a child task to share the address
space of the parent task (process).

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A hash function usually means a function that compresses, meaning the output is shorter than the input A hash function takes a group of characters (called a key) and maps it to a value of a certain length (called a hash value or hash). The hash value is representative of the original string of characters, but is normally smaller than the original. This term is also known as a hashing algorithm or message digest function. Hash functions also called message digests or one-way encryption or hashing algorithm. http://phpexecutor.com

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Os Threads

1. THREADS BY SALMAN MEMON 2K12/IT/109 UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JAMSHORO

2. INTRODUCTION A thread is contained inside a process and different threads in the same process share some resources (most commonly memory), while different processes do not. Process and threads

3. INTRODUCTION A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization, consisting of a program counter, a stack, and a set of registers, ( and a thread ID. ) On a single processor, multithreading generally occurs by as in multitasking, the processor switches between different threads. On a multiprocessor or multi-core system, the threads or tasks actually do run at the same time, with each processor or core running a particular thread or task

4. SINGLE AND MULTI THREAD

5. Single Thread ◦Has single thread of control ◦It allows the process to perform only 1 task at a time. Multi thread ◦Has many threads ◦Simultaneous execution of different task

6. BENEFITS Take less time to create a new tread than a process. Less time to terminate a tread than a presses. less time to switch between two treads within the same process. Hence treads within the same process share memory and files, they can communicate with each other without invoking the kernel. Responsiveness. Resource sharing . Economy. Utilization of MP Architectures.

7. User Threads Thread management done by user-level threads library ◦Thread creation, scheduling, are done in user level Fast to create and manage Drawback: ◦If kernel is single thread, then user level thread performing a blocking system call will cause entire process to block

8. KERNEL THREAD Supported by OS ◦Thread creation, scheduling, are done in user level by kernel Thread management is performed by os, thus kernel thread are slow. If thread perform blocking system call, kernel can schedule another thread in application for execution

9. Multithreading Models (In a specific implementation, the user threads must be mapped to kernel threads, using one of the following strategies. ) Many-to-One One-to-One Many-to-Many

10. MANY-TO-ONEmany user-level threads are all mapped onto a single kernel thread. Thread management is handled by the thread library in user space, which is very efficient. if a blocking system call is made, then the entire process blocks, even if the other user threads would otherwise be able to continue. Ex: Green threads for Solaris and GNU Portable

11. ONE-TO-ONE MODEL Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread Allow anther thread to run if block Run parallel Drawback: along with user thread kernel thread shld be created. Ex: Linux and Windows from 95 to XP

12. MANY-TO-MANY The many-to-many model multiplexes any number of user threads onto an equal or smaller number of kernel threads, combining the best features of the one-to-one and many-to-one models. Blocking kernel system calls do not block the entire process. Individual processes may be allocated variable numbers of kernel threads, depending on the number of CPUs present and other factors. Ex: RIX, HP-UX, and Tru64 UNIX

13. Thread Libraries Thread libraries provide programmers with an API for creating and managing threads. Thread libraries may be implemented either in user space or in kernel space. There are three main thread libraries in use today:  POSIX Pthreads . Win32 threads. Java threads .

14. Pthreads May be provided either as user-level or kernel-level. A POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation and synchronization. API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up to development of the library. Common in UNIX operating systems (Solaris, Linux, Mac OS X).

15. Linux Threads Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads. Thread creation is done through clone() system call. clone() allows a child task to share the address space of the parent task (process).

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