Partial and multiple correlation and regression
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2. Scatter diagrams provide a visual representation of the relationship between two variables but do not provide a precise measure of correlation. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) calculates the numerical strength of the linear relationship.
3. Correlation is widely used in fields like agriculture, genetics, and physiology to study relationships between variables like crop yield and fertilizer use, gene linkage, and organism growth and environmental factors.
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Types
Objectives
Methods
Difference
For classification the output(s) is nominal
In regression the output is continuous
Correlation and regression
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- A company that experiences an unexpected drop in earnings from a trend: Low payout ratio. It
Lecture 32 dividend decision
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1) The irrelevance theory argues that dividend decisions do not impact shareholder wealth or market price since earnings can be retained or distributed as dividends through financing decisions.
2) The Modigliani-Miller approach also claims dividend policy does not affect market share price or firm value, which is determined by earnings capacity. Dividing earnings between retention and dividends does not change the firm's overall value.
The document provides an example to prove that under the MM hypothesis, paying a dividend of Rs. 6 per share for a firm with 5000 shares and expected earnings of Rs. 50,000 investing Rs. 100,000 does
Lecture 31 inventory management
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Lecture 29 working capital question
Lecture 29 working capital questionKritika Jain Loop Ltd requires net working capital to produce 100 units. It needs raw materials for 8 weeks of stock, work in progress for 6 weeks, and finished goods stock for 6 weeks. Accounts receivable are 2 weeks and accounts payable are 4 weeks. Estimated net working capital is the total working capital requirement plus a 20% contingency amount.
Lecture 26 capital budgeting
Lecture 26 capital budgetingKritika Jain The document discusses various capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate investment projects, including payback period and net present value (NPV). It provides examples of how to calculate payback period for projects with both uniform and non-uniform cash flows. It also discusses the limitations of payback period as a capital budgeting method. The document then introduces NPV as a discounted cash flow technique and provides the formula for calculating NPV. It states that projects with positive NPV should be accepted while projects with negative NPV should be rejected.
Lecture 24 capital budgeting
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1) Capital budgeting involves estimating cash flows, cost of capital, and selecting a decision criterion.
2) For a new machinery investment, the initial cash outflow is Rs. 120,000 and annual cash flows are calculated over 5 years based on revenues, expenses, depreciation, and taxes.
3) The example calculates the annual and terminal cash flows after tax for the machinery project.
Lecture 23 capital budgeting
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Lecture 22 capital budgeting
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Lecture 21 capital budgeting
Lecture 21 capital budgetingKritika Jain - The document discusses capital budgeting and cash flow analysis for a proposed machinery investment of Rs. 1,20,000 with a 5 year life.
- It calculates the annual cash flows after tax over the 5 years, which range from Rs. 24,100 to Rs. 38,800, factoring in revenue, expenses, depreciation and taxes.
- The terminal cash flow at the end of 5 years is Rs. 48,800, which includes the final annual cash flow plus the expected scrap value of Rs. 10,000 for the machine.
Lecture 20 capital structure
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1) The traditional approach finds that a firm's value and cost of capital initially decrease with more debt but then increase after a certain point as debt rises.
2) Modigliani and Miller's approach suggests capital structure does not affect firm value in the absence of taxes.
3) Pecking order theory proposes firms prefer internal funds, then debt, and finally equity when raising capital, due to costs and information asymmetries.
4) Static trade-off theory finds an optimal capital structure where the marginal benefit of debt's tax shield equals the marginal costs of bankruptcy.
Lecture 19 capital structure
Lecture 19 capital structureKritika Jain 1. The net income approach suggests that a firm can minimize its weighted average cost of capital and maximize shareholder value by using as much debt financing as possible, as long as the cost of debt is less than the cost of equity and risk is unchanged.
2. The net operating income approach, proposed by Durand, argues that a company's total market value and overall cost of capital remain constant regardless of its debt-equity ratio, so every capital structure is optimal.
3. The document provides examples to illustrate how to calculate a firm's value and capitalization rates under each approach, assuming no corporate taxes.
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