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ISO/IEC 27001 & 27002 implementation guidance and metrics
Prepared by the international community of ISO27k implementers at ISO27001security.com
Version 1 28th
June 2007
Introduction
This is a collaborative document created by ISO/IEC 27001 and 27002 implementers belonging to the ISO27k implementers' forum. We wanted to document
and share some pragmatic tips for implementing the information security management standards, plus potential metrics for measuring and reporting the status of
information security, both referenced against the ISO/IEC standards.
Scope
This guidance covers all 39 control objectives listed in sections 5 through 15 of ISO/IEC 27002 plus, for completeness, the preceding section 4 on risk
assessment and treatment.
Purpose
This document is meant to help others who are implementing or planning to implement the ISO/IEC information security management standards. Like the
ISO/IEC standards, it is generic and needs to be tailored to your specific requirements.
Copyright
This work is copyright © 2007, ISO27k implementers' forum, some rights reserved. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. You are welcome to reproduce, circulate, use and create derivative works from this provided that (a) it is
not sold or incorporated into a commercial product, (b) it is properly attributed to the ISO27k implementers’ forum (www.ISO27001security.com),
and (c) derivative works are shared under the same terms as this.
Copyright © 2007, ISO27k implementers’ forum www.ISO27001security.com Page 1 of 14

Copyright © 2007, ISO27001security forum Page 2 of 14
Ref. Subject Implementation tips Potential metrics
4. Risk assessment and treatment
4.1
Assessing security
risks
Can use any information security risk management method,
with a preference for documented, structured and generally
accepted methods such as OCTAVE, MEHARI, ISO TR 13335
or BS 7799 Part 3 (and in due course ISO/IEC 27005).
Percentage of risks identified assessed as high, medium
or low significance, plus ‘unassessed’.
4.2 Treating security risks
Management (specifically, the information asset owners) need
to assess risks and decide what (if anything) to do about them.
Such decisions must be documented as a Risk Treatment Plan
(RTP). It is acceptable for management to decide explictly to
do nothing about certain information security risks deemed to
be within the organization's "risk appetite", but not for this to be
the default approach!
Trend in numbers of information security-related risks at
each significance level.
Information security costs as a Percentage of total revenue
or IT budget.
Percentage of information security risks for which
satisfactory controls have been fully implemented.
5. Security policy
5.1
Information security
policy
Think in terms of an information security policy manual or wiki
containing a coherent and internally consistent suite of policies,
standards, procedures and guidelines.
Identify review frequency of the information security policy and
methods to disseminate it organization-wide. Review of
suitability and adequacy of the information security policy may
be included in management reviews.
Policy coverage (i.e. percentage of sections of ISO/IEC
27001/2 for which policies plus associated standards,
procedures and guidelines have been specified, written,
approved and issued).
Extent of policy deployment and adoption across the
organization (measured by Audit, management or Control
Self Assessment).

6. Organizing information security
6.1 Internal organization
Mirror the structure and size of other specialist corporate
functions such as Legal, Risk and Compliance.
Percentage of organizational functions/business units for
which a comprehensive strategy has been implemented to
maintain information security risks within thresholds
explicitly accepted by management.
Percentage of employees who have (a) been assigned,
and (b) formally accepted, information security rôles and
responsibilities.
6.2 External parties
Inventory network connections and significant information flows
to third parties, then risk assess them and review the
information security controls in place against the requirements.
This is bound to be scary, but it's 100% necessary!
Consider requiring ISO/IEC 27001 certificates of critical
business partners such as IT outsourcers, providers of
security-related IT services etc.
Percentage of 3rd
-party connections that have been
identified, risk-assessed and deemed secure.
7. Asset management
7.1
Responsibility for
assets
Build and maintain an information asset registry (similar in
nature to that prepared for Y2k), showing information asset
owners (managers who are accountable for protecting their
assets) and relevant asset details (e.g. locations, serial
numbers, version numbers, dev/test/production status etc.).
Use bar-codes to facilitate easy stock-takes/inventory checks
and to associate IT equipment moving off- and on-site with
employees.
Percentage of information assets at each stage of the
classification process (identified / inventoried / asset owner
nominated / risk assessed / classified / secured).
Percentage of key information assets for which a
comprehensive strategy has been implemented to mitigate
information security risks as necessary and to maintain
these risks within acceptable thresholds
7.2
Information
classification
Keep it simple! Aim to distinguish baseline (across-the-board)
from enhanced security requirements according to risk.
Start with confidentiality, perhaps, but don't neglect integrity
and availability requirements.
Percentage of information assets in each classification
category (including not-yet-classified).

8. Human resources security
8.1 Prior to employment
In conjunction with HR, ensure a screening process is in-place
that is commensurate with the security classification of the
information to be accessed by the incoming employee. Simply
put, the process of hiring should be a lot different for a clerk or
an IT system administrator. Look into background checks,
verification of claimed educational attainment and skill sets etc.
Percentage of new employees plus pseudo-employees
(contractors, consultants, temps etc.) that have been fully
screened and approved in accordance with company
policies prior to starting work.
8.2 During employment
Responsibility towards protection of information does not end
when an employee leaves for home or leaves the
organization. Ensure that this is clearly documented in
awareness materials, employment contracts etc.
Consider an annual employment contract review by HR
department with employees to refresh expectations stated in
the terms and conditions of employment including their
commitment to information security.
Response to security awareness activities measured by,
say, the number of emails and calls relating to individual
awareness initiatives.
8.3
Termination or change
of employment
Refer to Section 7.1. Return of organization's assets when an
employee leaves would be much easier to verify if your asset
inventory was regularly updated and verified.
Look at which accesses you need to revoke first when an
employee files his/her resignation letter: which are the most
critical or vulnerable systems?
Track use of email by resignees prior to leaving in case they
start sending confidential information out (subject to applicable
policies and, perhaps, legal obligations re privacy).
Percentage of userIDs belonging to people who have left
the organization, separated into active (pending
deactivation) and inactive (pending archival and deletion)
categories.

9. Physical and environmental security
9.1 Secure areas
The standard seems to focus on the computer suite but there
are many other vulnerable areas to consider e.g. wiring
closets, "departmental servers", and filing cabinets everywhere
(remember: the standards are about securing information not
just IT).
Look into the ingress and egress of people into and from your
organization. How far could the pizza or FedEx delivery
person go without being challenged, authenticated and
accompanied? What could they see or pick-up or hear while
they are inside? Some organizations use color-coded
identification tags to signify accessible areas by visitors. (e.g.
Blue for 1st
floor, Green for 3rd
floor etc...). Now if you see a
green ID on the 4th
level, frag 'em!
Be sure to retrieve staff and visitor passes when they leave.
Have card-access systems disallow and alarm on attempted
access. Have visitor passes turn opaque or otherwise appear
invalid after so many hours from issue.
Reports from periodic physical security site surveys,
including regular status updates on corrective items
identified in previous surveys and still outstanding.
9.2 Equipment security
Have site security stop anyone (employees, visitors, IT support
people, couriers and office removals people etc.) from
removing IT equipment from site without written authority.
Make this a visible deterrent with random stop-checks (if not
airport-style metal detectors!). Be especially vigilant at back
doors, loading ramps, smoking exits etc. Consider bar-coding
equipment to make stop-checks and stock-checks more
efficient.
Number of stop- or stock-checks performed in the previous
month, and percentage of checks that revealed
unauthorized movement of IT equipment, media etc. or
other security issues.

10. Communications and operations management
10.1
Operational
procedures and
responsibilities
Document information security procedures, standards and
guidelines, plus roles and responsibilities, identified in the
organization's information security policy manual.
Security-related IT process maturity metrics such as the
“half-life” for applying security patches (the time taken to
update at least half the population of vulnerable systems -
this measure helps avoid the variable tail caused by the
inevitable few systems that remain unpatched because
they are not in daily use, are normally out of the office or
whatever).
10.2
Third party service
delivery management
Are you getting your money's worth? Answer this question and
support it with facts by establishing a monitoring system for 3rd
-
party service providers and their respective service deliveries.
Look at periodic of review of service-level agreements (SLA)
and compare it with monitoring records. A reward and penalty
system may work in some cases. Watch out for changes that
impact security.
Cost of downtime due to non-fulfillment of service level
agreements
Performance evaluation of 3rd
-party providers to include
quality of service, delivery, cost etc.
10.3
System planning and
acceptance
Adopt structured processes for IT capacity planning, secure
development, security testing etc., using accepted standards
such as ISO 20000 (ITIL) wherever possible.
Define and mandate baseline (minimal acceptable) security
standards for all operating system platforms, using security
advice from CIS, NIST, NSA and operating system vendors
and of course your own information security policies.
Percentage of emergency, high, medium and low risk
changes.
Numbers and trends of rolled-back/reversed-out changes,
rejected changes vs. successful changes.
Percentage of systems that (a) are supposed to comply
with defined baseline security or similar technical security
standards; and (b) have been proven by
benchmarking/testing to comply fully with those standards.
10.4
Protection against
malicious and mobile
code
Combine technological controls (e.g. anti-virus software) with
non-technical measures (education, awareness and training).
It is not much help having top of the line anti-virus software if
employees keep on opening emails from unknown senders or
downloading files from untrusted sites!
Trends in the number of viruses, worms, Trojans or spams
detected and stopped.
Number and cumulative costs of malware incidents.

10.5 Back-up
Implement back-up and restore procedures that satisfy not only
contractual requirements but also the "internal" business
requirements of the organization. Take inputs from the Risk
Assessment exercise on what information assets are more
significant and use this information in creating your back-up
and restore strategy. Choice of storage, media to be used,
back-up appliance, frequency of back-up and testing of back-
up media needs to be decided upon and established.
Encrypt backups and archives containing sensitive or valuable
data (in practice, that's virtually all of them, otherwise why take
backups?).
Percentage of back-up operations that are successful.
Percentage of test backup restores that are successful.
Mean travel time to retrieve back-up media from off-site
storage to a successful restored state at all primary
locations.
Percentage of backups and archives containing sensitive
or valuable data that are encrypted.
10.6
Network security
management
Prepare and implement technical security standards,
guidelines and procedures for network platforms and network
security tools such as IDS/IPS, vulnerability management etc.
Number of network security incidents identified in the
previous month, divided into minor/significant/serious
categories, with trends analysis and narrative descriptions
of all serious incidents and adverse trends.
10.7 Media handling
Secure media and information in transit not only physically but
also electronically (via the networks).
Encrypt all sensitive/valuable data prior to being moved.
Percentage of physical backup/archive media that are fully
encrypted.
10.8
Exchange of
information
Look into alternate and “pre-approved” communications
channels particularly secondary email addresses should the
primary email address or mail server fail, and offline
communications in case the networks are down. Verifying
alternate comms channels would reduce stress in an actual
incident.
Percentage of 3rd
-party links for which information security
requirements have been satisfactorily (a) defined and (b)
implemented.
10.9
Electronic commerce
services
Work closely with the business functions to develop secure
eBusiness, by incorporating information security requirements
into the projects and hence eCommerce systems from the
outset (also any changes/upgrades thereafter). Emphasize the
added value of security in reducing the commercial, legal and
operational risks involved in entering into online business.
Work on all three core aspects of security i.e. confidentiality,
integrity and availability.
"eSecurity status" i.e. informed commentary on the overall
management confidence level, based on analysis of recent
penetration tests, current/recent incidents, current known
vulnerabilities, planned changes etc.

10.10 Monitoring
The old quality assurance axiom "you cant' control what you
can't measure or monitor", holds true for information security.
The necessity of implementing monitoring processes is now
more evident as measurement of the effectiveness of controls
is made an explicit requirement. Look at the criticality and
significance of data that you are going to monitor and how this
affects the overall business objectives of the organization in
relation to information security.
Percentage of systems whose security logs are (a)
appropriately configured, (b) securely captured to a
centralised log management facility and (c) routinely
monitored/reviewed/assessed.
Trends in the number of security log entries that have (a)
been captured; (b) been analyzed; and (c) led to follow-up
activities.
11. Access control
11.1
Business requirement
for access control
Information asset owners who are held accountable by
management for protecting “their” assets should have the
ability to define and/or approve the access control rules and
other information security controls. Make sure they are held
to account for breaches, non-compliances and other incidents.
Percentage of corporate application systems for which
suitable "owners" have (a) been identified, (b) formally
accepted their ownership responsibilities, (c) undertaken
(or commissioned) risk-based application security and
access reviews, and (d) defined rôle-based access control
rules.
11.2
User access
management
Set up a discrete "security admin" function with operational
responsibilities for applying the access control rules defined by
application owners and Information Security Management.
Invest in providing security admin with the tools to do their jobs
as efficiently as possible.
Average delay between access change requests being
raised and actioned, and number of access change
requests actioned in the previous month (with trends
analysis and commentary on any peaks/troughs e.g. "New
Finance application implemented this month"...).
11.3 User responsibilities
Ensure security responsibilities are established and understood
by the incumbent personnel. A good strategy is to clearly
define and document responsibilities for information security in
job descriptions or job profiles. Periodic review is a must to
keep track of changes. Disseminate job profiles periodically to
the employees (e.g. at annual performance appraisal time) to
remind them of their responsibilities and gather any updates.
Percentage of job descriptions that include (a) fully
documented and (b) formally accepted, information
security responsibilities.

11.4
Network access
control
Balance network perimeter (LAN/WAN) and internal (LAN/LAN)
security controls against application security controls (defense
in depth).
Firewall statistics such as percentage of outbound packets
or sessions that are blocked (e.g. attempted access to
blacklisted websites; number of potential hacking attacks
repelled, categorized into trivial/of some concern/critical).
11.5
Operating system
access control
Implement baseline security standards for all the main
computing and telecoms platforms, reflecting best practice
advice from CIS, NIST, system vendors etc.
System and network vulnerability statistics such as the
number of known vulnerabilities closed, open and new;
average speed of patching vulnerabilities (analyzed by
vendor or in-house priorities/categories).
11.6
Application and
information access
control
Implement baseline security standards for all the main
application systems and middleware, reflecting best practice
advice and checklists from CIS, NIST, software vendors etc.
Percentage of platforms that are fully compliant with
baseline security standards (as determined by
independent testing), with notes on non-compliant systems
(e.g. "Finance system due to be upgraded to compliant
platform in Q4").
11.7
Mobile computing and
teleworking
Have clearly defined policies for the protection of not only
mobile computing facilities themselves (i.e. laptops, PDAs etc.)
but more importantly the information stored on them. As a rule,
the information value far exceeds that of the hardware.
Ensure the level of protection of information processing
facilities being used inside the organization's premises
"matches" the level of protection of your mobile computing
facilities such as anti-virus software, patches, fixes, firewall
software etc.
“Mobile/teleworking security status” i.e. informed
commentary on the current security status of mobile IT
(laptops, PDAs, cellphones etc.) and teleworkers (home
working, mobile workforce etc.), with notes on
recent/current incidents, current known security
vulnerabilities and projections of any increasing risks,
coverage of defined secure configurations, antivirus,
personal firewalls etc.

12. Information systems acquisition, development and maintenance
12.1
Security requirements
of information systems
Get "information asset owners" involved in high-level risk
assessments and get their sign-off on security requirements
arising. If they are truly accountable for protecting their assets,
it is in their interest to get it right!
Keep track of news on common or current vulnerabilities in
applications and identify and implement appropriate protective
or defensive measures. Implementation guidance can be
obtained from several references, for example OWASP.
See 11.1
12.2
Correct processing in
applications
Use standard libraries and functions wherever possible for
common requirements such as data entry validation, range and
type constraints, referential integrity etc.
Build and incorporate additional validation and cross-checking
functions for greater confidence with vital data (e.g. control
totals).
Build and use automated and manual testing facilities and
competencies to check for common issues such as buffer
overflows, SQL injection etc.
Percentage of systems for which data validation controls
have been adequately (a) defined; and (b) implemented
and proven effective by thorough testing.
12.3 Cryptographic controls
Use current formal standards such as AES rather than home-
grown algorithms.
Implementation is crucial!
Percentage of systems containing valuable/sensitive data
for which suitable cryptographic controls have been fully
implemented (3- to 12-monthly reporting period).
12.4
Security of system
files
Apply baseline security standards consistently, ensuring that
best practice advice from CIS, NIST, system vendors etc. is
followed.
Percentage of systems independently assessed as fully
compliant with approved baseline security standards vs.
those that have not been assessed, are not compliant, or
for which no approved baseline exists.
12.5
Security in
development and
support processes
Embed information security into the system development
lifecycle at all stages from conception to death of a system, by
including security "hooks" in development and
operations/change management procedures and methods.
“Developing systems security status” i.e. informed
commentary on the current security status of the software
development processes, with notes on recent/current
incidents, current known security vulnerabilities and

Treat software development and implementation as a change
process. Integrate security improvements into change
management activities (e.g. procedural documentation and
training for users and administrators).
projections of any increasing risks etc.
12.6
Technical vulnerability
management
Track security patches constantly using vulnerability
management and/or automated update tools where available
(e.g. Microsoft Update or Secunia Software Inspector). Assess
the relevance and criticality/urgency of patches in YOUR
technical environment. Test and apply critical patches, or take
othe remedial actions, as quickly and as widely as possible for
security vulnerabilities that affect your systems and are being
actively exploited in the wild. Avoid falling so far behind on the
version update treadmill that your systems fall out of support.
Patch latency i.e. deployment half-life (time taken to patch
half the vulnerable population of systems - avoids
seemingly random changes due to a few very late systems
such as portables out in the field or in store).
13. Information security incident management
13.1
Reporting information
security events and
weaknesses
Set up and publicise a hotline (generally the standard IT
Help/Service Desk) for people to report security-related
incidents, near misses and concerns.
IT Help/Service Desk statistics with some analysis of the
number and types of calls relating to information security
(e.g. password changes; queries about information
security risks and controls as a Percentage of all queries).
From the stats, create and publish a league table of
departments (adjusted for number of employees per dept),
showing those that are clearly security-conscious vs. those
that are evidently asleep at the wheel.
13.2
Management of
information security
incidents and
improvements
Post-incident reviews and case studies on serious incidents
such as frauds illustrate control weaknesses, identify
improvement opportunities and also form an effective security
awareness-raising mechanism in themselves.
Number and gravity of breaches, if not some assessment
of their costs to analyze, stop and repair the breaches and
any tangible and intangible losses incurred.
Percentage of security incidents that caused costs above
acceptable thresholds defined by management.

14. Business continuity management
14.1
Information security
aspects of business
continuity
management
Treat business continuity management as a "management"
process with inputs coming from various functions (top
management, IT, operations, HR etc.) and activities (risk
assessment etc.).
Ensure consistency and awareness by relevant people and
organizational units in the business continuity plans.
Relevant exercises (such as desktop testing, simulation, full
failover testing etc.) should be conducted (a) to keep the plans
updated, (b) to improve management confidence in the plans,
and (c) to make relevant employees familiar with their roles
and responsibilities under disaster conditions.
Get implementation guidance from BS 25999 - Business
Continuity Management.
Percentage of business continuity plans at each stage of
the lifecycle (needed / specified / documented / proven).
Percentage of organizational units with business continuity
plans that have been adequately (a) documented and
(b) proven by suitable testing within the past 12 months.
15. Compliance
15.1
Compliance with legal
requirements
Get qualified legal advice, especially if the organization
operates or has customers in multiple jurisdictions.
Number of legal compliance issues or recommendations
grouped and analyzed by status (closed, open, new,
overdue) and significance or risk level (high, medium or
low).
Percentage of key external requirements with which the
organization has been deemed by objective audit or other
acceptable means to be in compliance.
15.2
Compliance with
security policies and
standards and
technical compliance
Align security controls self assessment processes with self
assessments for corporate governance, legal/regulatory
compliance etc., supplemented by management reviews and
independent sanity checks.
Number of internal policy and other compliance issues or
recommendations grouped and analyzed by status
(closed, open, new, overdue) and significance or risk level
(high, medium or low).
Percentage of information security compliance reviews
with no substantial violations noted.

15.3
Information systems
audit considerations
Invest in a qualified IT audit function that uses the ISO27k,
COBIT, ITIL, CMM and similar best practice standards/methods
as benchmarks for comparison.
Look into ISO 19011 Guidelines for quality and/or
environmental management systems auditing as a valuable
source for the conduct of internal ISMS audits. ISO 19011
provides an excellent framework for creating an internal audit
programme and also contains qualifications of the internal audit
team.
Number of audit issues or recommendations grouped and
analyzed by status (closed, open, new, overdue) and
significance or risk level (high, medium or low).
Percentage of information security-related audit findings
that have been resolved and closed vs. those opened in
the same period.
Mean actual resolution/closure time for recommendations
relative to the dates agreed by management on completion
of audits
*** End of table ***

Copyright © 2007, ISO27k implementers’ forum www.ISO27001security.com Page 14 of 14
References to additional sources of information
Berinato, S. (2005). "A Few Good Metrics". CIO-Asia, September. Focuses on selecting and measuring a few useful metrics rather than a large number of
useless ones. Creative presentation ideas for management reports.
Berinato, S., Campbell, G., Mena, C., and Lefler, D. (2005). "Influencing Senior Management - Security Metrics". Presentation to CSO Executive Council.
Advice on the selection of S.M.A.R.T. security metrics that are few in number, up-to-date and accurate, validated and approved by stakeholders, and (above all)
useful.
Hinson, G. (2006). "7 Myths About Security Metrics". ISSA Journal, July. Discusses design considerations for a security metrics system, with a few examples.
Hauser, J.R. and Katz, G.M. (1998). "Metrics: You Are What You Measure". MIT. A thought -provoking paper that warns about the dangers of driving a process
in an unintended direction through the use of inappropriate metrics.
ISO/IEC 27001:2005. "International standard - Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements."
ISO/IEC 27002:2007. "International standard - Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management." [formerly
known as ISO/IEC 17799:2005]
NIST (National Institute of Science and Technology) (2003). “Security Metrics Guide for Information Technology Systems”. Special Publication 800-55. Includes
an extraordinarily comprehensive list of possible metrics (but unfortunately not much help on how to select useful metrics!). The first public draft of Special
Publication 800-80 "Guide for Developing Performance Metrics for Information Security" is open for comment.
Change record
Version 1 June 28th
2007
Published by the ISO27k implementers' forum. Contributions from Gary Hinson, H Deura, K, Marappan Ramiah, Rainier Vergara and Richard O.
Regalado.
Feedback
Comments, queries and improvement suggestions (especially improvement suggestions!) are welcome either via the ISO27k implementers' forum or direct to the
forum administrator Gary@isect.com

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