Pelvic Organ Prolapse - POP- www.jinekolojivegebelik:com
- 1. PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE Neena Agarwala,M.D. Laparoscopic Surgery & Urogynecology
- 2. Elements comprising the Pelvis Bones Ilium, ischium and pubis fusion Ligaments Muscles Obturator internis muscle Arcus tendineus levator ani or white line Levator ani muscles Urethral and anal sphincter muscles
- 3. Endopelvic fascia Meshwork of collagen, elastin and smooth muscle Extends from the level of uterine artery to the fusion of the vagina and levator ani Attached to uterus is parametrium – cardinal-uterosacral ligament complex Attached to vagina is paracolpium – pubocervical and rectovaginal fasciae
- 4. Normal Vaginal Support Anatomy Bladder, upper two-third vagina and rectum lie in a horizontal axis Urethra, distal one-third vagina and anal canal are vertical in orientation Pelvic floor is horizontal and like a hammock – levator plate Levator ani muscles and perineal body support the vertical orientation
- 5. The axes of pelvic support Three support axes Upper vertical axis (cardinal-uterosacral ligament complex) Horizontal axis leads to lateral and paravaginal supports Two platforms pubocervical fascia and rectovaginal septum Lower vertical axis supports the lower third of the vagina, urethra and anal canal
- 6. DeLancey’s three levels of vaginal support Apical suspension Upper paracolpium suspends apex to pelvic walls and sacrum Damage results in prolapse of vaginal apex Midvaginal lateral attachment Vaginal attachment to arcus tendineus fascia and levator ani muscle fascia Pubocervical and rectovaginal fasciae support bladder and anterior rectum Avulsion results in cystocele or rectocele Distal perineal fusion Fusion of vagina to perineal membrane, body and levators Damage results in deficient perineal body or urethrocele
- 7. Fascial and Muscular layers of the Pelvic Floor
- 8. Attachments of cardinal/uterosacral ligaments
- 9. Perineum Anterior pubic arch, posterior coccyx tip, lateral ischiopubic rami, ischial tuberosities and sacrotuberous ligaments frame the perineum into a diamond shape Divided into two angulated triangles Posterior anal triangle contains the anal canal Anterior urogenital triangle contains the vagina and urethra
- 10. External genital muscles and the Urogenital diaphragm
- 11. Pelvic Relaxation Cystocele Stress urinary incontinence Rectocele Enterocele Uterine and vaginal prolapse Result of weakness or defect in supporting tissues - endopelvic fascia and neuromuscular damage
- 12. Boat in dock analogy Boat- pelvic organs Water- levator muscles Moorings- Endopelvic fascial ligaments Problem is with the water or moorings or both Result is sinking of the boat Really the boat itself is fine
- 13. PROLAPSE Mutifactorial involving both neuromuscular and endopelvic fascial damage Relaxation of the tissues supporting the pelvic organs may cause downward displacement of one or more of these organs into the vagina, which may result in their protrusion through the vaginal introitus.
- 14. Factors promoting prolapse Erect posture causes increased stress on muscles, nerves and connective tissue Acute and chronic trauma of vaginal delivery Aging Estrogen deprivation Intrinsic collagen abnormalities Chronic increase in intraabdominal pressure heavy lifting coughing constipation
- 15. Clinical Evaluation Hormonal and neurologic evaluation Level of estrogenization Sensory and sacral reflex activity Quantitative site-specific assessment of pelvic floor components in lithotomy position, patient sitting at rest and with valsalva ability to contract levator and anal sphincter muscles
- 16. Patient position for evaluating pelvic floor defects
- 18. Anterior compartment defects Urethral hypermobility Distal 4 cm of anterior vaginal wall Cotton swab test If describes an arc greater than 30 degrees from horizontal with valsalva Results in genuine stress incontinence Cystocele
- 19. Cystocele Main support of urethra and bladder is the pubo-vesical-cervical fascia Essentially a hernia in the anterior vaginal wall due to weakness or defect in this fascia Midline weakness allows bladder to descend causing central cystocele Tearing of endopelvic fascial connections from lateral sulci to arcus tendinii causes lateral or displacement cystocele Detachment of pubocervical fascia from pericervical ring causes a transverse or apical cystocele Symptoms include pelvic pressure and bulge or mass in the vagina
- 20. Cystocele Classified as Grade I, II, or III Grade III is prolapse outside the introitus Surgical repair is treatment of choice Anterior Colporrhaphy Paravaginal repair Colpocleisis Vaginal pessary
- 21. Evaluation of a cystourethrocele
- 23. Posterior compartment defects Rectocele Perineal deficiency Bulbocavernous and superficial transverse muscle heads retracted Perineal descent Sagging and funneling of the levator ani around the perineum such that anus becomes most dependent Difficulty with defecation
- 24. Rectocele Chiefly a hernia in the posterior vaginal wall secondary to weakness or defect in the rectovaginal septum or fascia of Denonvilliers Symptoms include difficulty evacuating stool, a vaginal mass, and fullness sensation Rectovaginal exam confirms diagnosis
- 25. Rectocele Damage generally due to excessive pushing in childbirth or chronic constipation Surgical treatment if symptomatic Posterior Colporrhaphy Laxatives and stool softeners Temporary relief Pessary not helpful
- 26. Evaluation of a rectocele
- 27. Apical defects Uterine prolapse Normal cervix located in upper third of vagina Degree of prolapse measured by position of cervix at maximum intraabdominal pressure, without traction Complete uterovaginal prolapse is called procidentia Vault prolapse Enterocele
- 28. Uterine prolapse Weakness of endopelvic fascia and detachment of cardinal and uterosacral ligaments Complains of severe pelvic or abdominal pressure, bulge or mass, and low back pain Surgical management includes hysterectomy and vaginal cuff or apex suspension Estrogen replacement important
- 32. Enterocele A true hernia of the rectouterine or cul-de-sac pouch (pouch of Douglas) into the rectovaginal septum Descent of bowel in a peritoneum-lined sac between posterior vaginal apex and anterior rectum Pulsion enterocele is filled with bowel and distended by abdominal pressure Can occur anteriorly as well Generally after a surgical change in vaginal axis Symptoms of fullness and vaginal pressure or palpable mass Bowel peristalsis confirms diagnosis
- 33. Enterocele Commonly found in association with other defects Surgical approach Vaginal Abdominal Laparoscopic Ligation of hernia sac and obliteration of the pouch of Douglas
- 34. Principles of reconstructive pelvic surgery Site-specific repair Rebuild weakened endopelvic fascia, repair fascial tears, and reattach prolapsed tissues to stronger sites Goal is a vagina of normal depth, width and axis Denervation or muscle trauma cannot be corrected surgically
- 35. Conservative treatments Obstetric care to protect pelvic floor Decreased pushing times Avoid forceps, major lacerations Permit passive descent General lifestyle changes Smoking cessation and cough cessation Routine use of Kegel pelvic floor exercises Regular physical activity Proper nutrition Weight loss Avoid constipation and repetitive heavy lifting Hormone replacement therapy