The document discusses the incidence and risk factors of perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI), which can significantly affect patient outcomes, particularly in cardiac and vascular surgeries. It highlights the importance of identifying high-risk patients and implementing preventive strategies, including maintaining renal blood flow and avoiding nephrotoxins. Furthermore, the document notes that current pharmacological interventions lack proven efficacy, with a focus on non-pharmacological approaches to safeguard renal function during the perioperative period.