Peritonitis
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Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum that can be caused by infection or non-infectious processes. It is typically caused by a perforation or leak in the gastrointestinal tract that allows bacteria to enter the abdominal cavity. The document outlines the types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic workup, and treatment including antibiotics, surgery, and postoperative care for managing peritonitis.
![[10]- Complications
Sequestration of fluid and electrolytes, as
revealed by decreased centeral venous pressure,
may cause electrolytes disturbances.
hypovolemia, leading to shock and acute renal
failure.
A peritoneal abscess.
sepsis may develop, so blood cultures should be
obtained.
The fluid may push on the diaphragm, causing
splinting and subsequent breathing difficulties.
Formation of fibrous tissue in the peritoneum
Adult respiratory distress syndrom.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/peritonitis-120402130357-phpapp02/85/Peritonitis-30-320.jpg)
Peritonitis
- 1. .
- 2. peritonitis h hد hجيهان دعبد لال حكيمسيونس مدرس التمريض الباطني والجراحي والحالت الحرجة
- 3. Peritonitis Definition: Peritonitis is an inflamation of the peritoneum, the serous memberan that lines part of the abdominal cavity. Peritonitis may be localized or generalized, and may result from infection and from a non-infectious process.
- 4. Types of peritonitis Or Classification 1-Infected peritonitis (localized or generalized infected peritonitis) or none infected peritonitis 2 Primary or secondary peritonitis
- 5. • Primary peritonitis is caused by the spread of an infection from the blood and lymph nodes to the peritoneum. • Secondary peritonitis is the more common type of peritonitis, happens when the infection comes into the peritoneum from the gastrointestinal or biliary tract
- 6. Risk Factors • Liver disease (cirrhosis) • Fluid in the abdomen • Weakened immune system • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Risk factors for secondary peritonitis include: • Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) • Stomach ulcers, Twisted intestine, Pancreatitis • Inflammatory bowel disease, Injury caused by an operation. • Peritoneal dialysis, Trauma.
- 7. Causative organisms • pyogenic bacteria - E-coli • Aerobic and anaerobic streptococci staphylococci
- 8. Causes I- Infected peritonitis: 1) Generalized Infected peritonitis: 1. Perforation of part of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common cause of peritonitis. This includes: Perforation of the distal esophagagus.
- 9. perforation of the stomach as peptic ulcer, gastric carcenoma perforation of the duodenum (peptic ulcer) perforation of the remaining inttestine (e.g., appendicitis, inflamatory bowel disease, intestinal infarction, intestinal strangulation, colorectal carcinoma.
- 10. Or perforation of the gall bladder (cholesystitis). Other possible reasons for perforation include abdominal trauma, ingestion of a sharp forgin body, perforation by an endoscope or catheter.
- 11. 2. Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection by letting micro-organism into the peritoneal cavity. Examples include trauma, surgical wound, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and intra-peritoneal chemotherapy.
- 12. 3. Direct entry through an operative or traumatic wound. 4. Intra-peritoneal dialysis predisposes to peritoneal infection 5. Though blood spread in cases of septicemia and pyaemia but is rare. 2) Systemic or localized infections (such as tuberculosis) may rarely have a peritoneal localisation.
- 13. II-Non-infected peritonitis 1- Leakage of steril body fluids into the peritoneum, such as blood, gastric juice (e.g., peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma), bile (e.g., liver), urine (pelvic trauma), pancreatic juice (pancreatitis).
- 14. Note: While these body fluids are sterile at first, they frequently become infected once they leak out of their organ, leading to infectious peritonitis within 24 to 48 hours. 2- Sterile abdominal surgery under normal circumstances, causes localized or minimal generalized peritonitis through a foreign body reaction and/or fibrotic adhesions.
- 15. Pathophysiology • In normal conditions, the peritoneum appears greyish and glistening. It becomes dull 2–4 hours after the onset of peritonitis, initially with serous or slightly turbid fluid. • Peritonitis is caused by leakage of contents from abdominal organs into the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of inflammation, infection, ischemia, trauma, or tumor perforation.
- 16. • Bacterial proliferation occurs. • Edema of the tissues results and exudation of fluid develops in a short time. • Fluid in the peritoneal cavity becomes turbid with increasing amounts of protein, white blood cells, cellular debris, and blood. The immediate response of the intestinal tract is hypermotility, followed by paralytic ileuse with an accumulation of air and fluid in the bowel. • Later on, the exudate becomes creamy and suppurative. It may be spread to the whole peritoneum
- 17. Nursing process: A-Assessment through: • Signs and symptoms - Diagnostic parameters Signs and symptoms of peritonitis: • Symptoms depend on the location and extent of the inflammation. • Abdominal pain and tenderness. At first, a diffuse type of pain is felt. The pain tends to become constant, localized, and more intense near the site of the inflammation.
- 18. • Diffuse abdominal rigidity, Swelling and tenderness in the abdomen with pain ranging from dull aches to severe, sharp pain is often present, especially in generalized peritonitis • Fever and chills, loss of appetite, thirst, nausea and vomiting.
- 19. • Reduced urine output • Not being able to pass gas or stool • Sinus tachycardia • Development of paralytic ileus (i.e., intestinal paralysis), which also causes nausea, vomiting and. • Abdominal distension • Auscultation reveals absent of bowel sound due to paralytic ileus • In neglected cases the patient will present by sunken eyes
- 20. • Diagnostic parameters: • A diagnosis of peritonitis is based on the clinical manifestations. • Blood picture for leukocytosis. • hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and acidosis may be present, but they are not specific findings. • Abdominal X-rays may reveal dilated, edematous intestines,
- 21. • Computed tomography (CT or CAT scanning) may be useful in differentiating causes of abdominal pain. • In patients with ascites, a diagnosis of peritonitis is made via paracentesis. • Culture of the peritoneal fluid can determine the microorganism responsible and determine their sensibility to antimicrobial agents.
- 22. B-Nursing diagnosis: • Abdominal pain. 2- Fluid volume deficit. • Alteration in tissue perfusion
- 23. C- Nursing intervention: 1-Monitor and document the severity, consistency, location and other characteristics of pain. 3- The patient is placed on the side with knees flexed; this position decreases tension on the abdominal organs and maximize comfort.
- 24. 4- Accurate recording of all intake and output and central venous pressure assists in calculating fluid replacement. 5- Monitor the quantity and quality of output from nasogastric tube 6- Maintain intravenous therapy. 7- Monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of shock.
- 25. 8-Monitor the patient's bowel sounds by assessing for flatus or bowel movement. 9-Monitor the patient's mental, cardiac, and pulmonary status. 10-Monitor Signs that indicate that peritonitis is subsiding include a decrease in temperature and pulse rate, softening of the abdomen, return of peristaltic sounds, passing of flatus, and bowel movements. 11-Increases fluid and food intake gradually and reduces parenteral fluids as prescribed.
- 26. Medical Treatment of peritonitis: General supportive measures such as intravenous rehydration and correction of electrolyte disturbances. 2. Antibiotics are usually administered intravenously, but they may also be infused directly into the peritoneum.
- 27. Surgical treatment: -laparotomy is needed to perform a full exploration and lavage of the peritoneum.
- 28. Preoperative preparation: • A nasogastric tube is inserted to deflate the stomach and bowels and to prevent vomiting during induction of anesthesia. • Intravenous fluids as saline or ringer solution are administered to correct the hypovolemia. • Antibiotics: a combination of ampicillin, an aminoglycoside and metroniazol can cover all aerobic and anaerobic organisms. • Analgesics are given for pain relieve. • Foley catheter is inserted to check the urine output and the adequacy of fluid replacement.
- 29. Post operative care: • Continuous antibiotic treatment. • Drains are inserted during the surgical procedure, and the nurse must observe and record the character of the drainage postoperatively. • Care must be taken when moving and turning the patient to prevent the drains from being dislodged. • Prepare the patient and family for discharge by teaching him to care for the incision and drains if he will be sent home with the drains.
- 30. [10]- Complications Sequestration of fluid and electrolytes, as revealed by decreased centeral venous pressure, may cause electrolytes disturbances. hypovolemia, leading to shock and acute renal failure. A peritoneal abscess. sepsis may develop, so blood cultures should be obtained. The fluid may push on the diaphragm, causing splinting and subsequent breathing difficulties. Formation of fibrous tissue in the peritoneum Adult respiratory distress syndrom.