Permaculture in Mediterranean Climate Regions Presented by Byron Joel
- 12. Oak tree designs
- 14. locations Coastal California, central Chile, parts of South and Western Australia, the Western Cape of South Africa and of course the Mediterranean Basin itself. found predominantly on the west coasts of continents approximately between 31 and 40 degrees latitude north and south of the equator Image 6
- 15. qualities Sometimes referred to as dry-summer subtropical or ‘CSA’ in the Köppen system long, hot, dry summers; mild, wet winters Cover a mere approximate 5% of the world’s land mass Image 6
- 16. The mediterranean basin The cradle of western civilization Named after... Image 8
- 17. The mediterranean basin Home of countless, influential peoples: the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Assyrians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Moors, Ottomans etc These powerful, far traveling peoples opened trade routes across the ‘old world’, discovering what were to them previously unknown plant species, spreading them as they travelled on and of course returning with them home to the Mediterranean Basin and from there to the ‘new world’.
- 18. ‘’...the agriculture of the Mediterranean has played a major role in the agriculture of the western world, and on this ground alone deserves discussion.’’ - D. B. Grigg, The Agricultural Systems of the World: An Evolutionary Approach.
- 19. Common traits of mcrs Image 6
- 20. Oceanic influence Moderated temperature extremes Little to no frost Fresh, moving winds Image 9
- 21. Fire, drought, flood Highly seasonal and often fluctuating rains can cause... Image 17
- 22. fire Fire plays a major role in all Mcr ecology (except chile, due to high altitudes and moist winds) Seasonal(summer) Aids succession Used by indigenous peoples for millennia Disruption to traditional fire-stick ag. Has created conditions for catastrophic fires Bare soil from fire is a major cause of erosion
- 23. drought seasonal summer dry plus extended periodoc drought Summer dry creeks and streams(bores and wells) River mouths can be Seasonally disconnected from the sea Dry summers/drought creates water stress on plants
- 24. Schlerophyllic flora Vegetation description Also a biomic description Greek: ''sklēros (hard) and phyllon (leaf) Hard, waxy, leathery leaves suited to long, hot summers of mcrs Short internodes Germination often triggered by sufficient moisture and/or fire Adaptation to drought
- 26. Sclerophyllic flora Olive, mediterranean basin Image 20
- 27. Sclerophyllic flora Protea, south africa Image 21
- 28. Schlerophyllic flora Leather oak, california Image 22
- 30. Main differences Young/active geology » Med. Basin » California » Chile Old/stable » South africa » Southern australia
- 31. Specialized flora Protaceous roots Massive surface area Exude compounds to make rock soluble Sensitive to phosphorous Image 24
- 32. macro-edge All mcrs neighbor semi-arid and/or cool temperate and/or subtropical climate regions and can happily house many diverse species from each. Image 25
- 33. Centre of the brittleness scale Image 26
- 34. Traditional med. Basin systems Transhumant pastoralism Image 27
- 35. Traditional med. Basin systems ‘’In Britain and Denmark four-fifths of total agricultural income is derived from animals: in Mediterranean countries the figure rarely exceeds 40 per cent and is generally only between a fifth and a third, cattle are not numerous and beef and dairy are unimportant. Sheep and goats are the dominant animals...’’ - D. B. Grigg -1974 - Nature Relatively less animal production
- 36. Traditional med. Basin systems olives Image 28
- 37. Traditional med. Basin systems Carobs on the ridges Olives on the southern slopes Chestnut/oak on the northern slopes Vines at the toe of the hill... ...with vegetable production between vine rows and/or under trellising . Cereal/fallow cycles where moist enough wheat, barley Seafood a major resource Salting/curing: main traditional food preservation techniques
- 38. dehesa Semi-domesticated Pasture over stood by oak spp. Approx. 4 million hectares Pigs eat up to 7kg of pannage/day putting on ~60kg in a few weeks Image 29
- 39. dehesa Extra yields include... various premium animal products wild game tree fruit/nut crops honey timber fire wood craft wood cork wild herbs eco-tourism etc… Image 30
- 40. M.c.r design points MCRs have SO MUCH potential... 'Bread baskets' Long growing seasons comfortable, moderate temperatures Just need to be water savvy and honour the soil.
- 41. M.c.r design points ponds/dams High evaporation:Low surface area:depth Design catchment/storage to accommodate drought years Ponds/Dams as wetlands, Extended shallows etc ImageImage 31
- 42. M.c.r design points roads as water catchment Image 32
- 43. M.c.r design points roads as water catchment
- 44. M.c.r design points direct seeding trees
- 45. M.c.r design points Direct seeding trees keyline plough in autumn Spot cultivate on tree placement ie rock dust, compost, mulch etc Ideally repeat for 2 seasons Place 3x acorns, carob seed etc on spot at first rains Mulch, guard etc Return to cull weaker saplings
- 46. M.c.r design points fire sector!!! “ Using trees on the farm in South-Western Western Australia'' - andrew Thamo “the flywire house” - david holmgren Image 33
- 48. Mcr projects “La fleur de vie” on the shores of lake Wahda
- 49. “La fleur de vie” on the shores of lake Wahda 34º N Riff mountain foothills 30 inches rain
- 50. “La fleur de vie” on the shores of lake Wahda
- 51. “La fleur de vie” on the shores of lake Wahda
- 52. “La fleur de vie” on the shores of lake Wahda
- 54. Ouled hammoud
- 55. Erosion
- 56. erosion
- 58. Seed bank made using super-adobe
- 59. Local children are exposed to permaculture Principles and techniques daily
- 61. aquaponics
- 63. A great many trees planted onsite. 1000+
- 65. Old, traditional dwellings onsite are Retrofitted using various techniques, strawbale etc
- 68. Wildflowers return after soil de-compaction
- 71. location
- 72. location
- 73. location
- 74. location 300 acres Ex-organic Vineyard Adjacent to Townsite Good water Good soil 10km from coast
- 75. Image 35
- 76. Overview of Objectives A world leading sustainable, affordable development in Witchcliffe 100% self sufficient in water through on site rainwater harvesting Recycled water return feed for horticultural and household use 80% seasonal fresh produce grown on site 100% net power generation on site with Solar PV and Wind Turbines Smart grid enabled All houses front expansive public open space and community gardens High efficiency, solar passive housing – 7 kWh/day consumption goal Affordable housing for local residents; From $385,000 for family homes From $350,000 for terraces Electric vehicle clean energy charging on site
- 77. Image 36
- 78. Density and affordability Total number of homes required to achieve overall affordability 300 Size to achieve community scale but also provide privacy & impersonal scale Lot sizes (not too big to encourage community participation) 148 Family Lots 600 - 800m2 on east west axis for best solar access 127 Terrace Lots 200m2 on north south axis for best solar access Existing Farm House on 4200m2 25 Large Lots ranging from 1600m2 – 4500m2 Every Lot fronting POS with easy access to clustered community gardens Total area of residential Lots and roads = 20% of total farm (usually 80%) Residential living zone on high well drained gravel loam Clustered String layout of residential zone for east-west Lots and affordable efficient servicing Rural Strata title to enable management of common land & infrastructure Plan Design & Affordability
- 79. A biologically based regional community All water from onsite rainwater harvesting − Each home has a rainwater tank − Waste water treatment plant − Dams for recreation and irrigation Energy – 100% net energy provided from onsite renewable − Wind and solar/Smart grid − Energy efficient homes - 7kW hrs/day − Base load power? Tip site?? − Solar pumps for irrigation Communities fresh food produce grown onsite − Community vegetable gardens, fruit orchards, chooks & aquaculture − Carbon farming
- 80. Commitment to Delivering on Goals All infrastructure constructed by developer: − Community centre − Public square − Sports oval − Roads & services − Cycle paths − Wastewater and potable water facilities − Landscaping and revegetation − Community gardens − 7 ha fully netted orchard & olive border − Machinery shed & workshop − 300 kW + wind turbine energy generation
- 81. Biological Enterprises, Jobs & Income Dairy A2 Jersey cows - milk, butter, cheese, yoghurt, cream, ice cream Goats - milk, cheese, yoghurt Chickens – eggs, meat Vineyard & Winery (20,000 bottles P.A.) + vine leaves, verjuice, grape juice, grape marc for compost Avocado Orchard Nursery – natives, herbs & veges, fruit trees, farm trees Vegetable gardens Oak & Truffle Orchard Nut Orchard – chestnuts, pecans, hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds Bee Hives Berry Orchards – blueberries, raspberries, loganberries, strawberries, boysenberries, blackberries Mushrooms – field, shitake
- 82. Biological Enterprises, Jobs & Income Restaurant - uses produce grown and produced onsite Wood Lot - for mulch and compost production Compost production - for onsite use Commercial kitchen to value add food produce Technology hub Music recording studio concerts plus all the many and varied enterprises that evolve within an establishing system....
- 83. Education and community precinct Community Education Centre – children to adult education, continually running a whole range of short courses on everything todo with healthy, sustainable living. School – Montessori based high school, with a strong emphasis on earth sciences, sustainable living and livelihoods, health an wellbeing. Childcare Centre Commercial Kitchen – for value adding raw food produce • Tourist Accommodation – from backpackers to upmarket. Ecovillages worldwide have become very popular tourist destinations! Tennis Courts, Bowls, Boule, 5.5k exercise path
- 84. Statutory Planning Process Feb 2011 Community Presentations (Feb 19 & 21) Apr 2011 Council ‘in principle’ endorsement of Plan & Approval to advertise WVS and LPS amendments concurrently July 2011 Detailed planning work completed Aug 2011 Council approval to advertise Nov 2011 Council Endorsement Mar 2013 DPI/WAPC Endorsement of LPS & WVS July 2014 Council Advertise TPS Amendment, Structure Plan 6mths later July 2015 Ministerial Approval/Gazettal Aug 2015 Lodge Subdivision & Development Applications Dec 2015 Start Subdivision & Community Infrastructure Construction May 2016 Start On-Site Sales with first Strata Lot Titles Available
- 85. Witchcliffe Village Strategy & Local Planning Strategy Now Amended to include w.e.v as 300 home Ecovillage Image 37
- 87. Dehesa australis
- 89. Thank you