Please read first because this Assignment is for correction.Plea.docx

Please read first because this Assignment is for correction.
Please, read through the corrections before sending me
messages. Because, if you don’t I will not response to your
messages. Also, I will attached two more articles for whoever I
choose to help me with this assignment. In addition, please,
remove the introduction, and also attach a sample of a “Needs
Assessment”
Topic Needs Assessment
Title: HIV among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men
Section 1: Background Information
All of this is opinion and needs to come out.
Sex is seemingly as old as the world is. However, sex among
men, and especially young men having sex with men has not
always been in the books of history. This is arguably one of the
latest practices, although some sources have claims of sex
among men after the antediluvian period. While sex has positive
effects such as procreation, there are some negative effects
which include contraction of deadly sexually transmitted
diseases.

One such disease is HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS is an acronym for
Human ImmunoDefiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
not capitalized
. Da
ta
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015) sho
ws
that
while
over one million people aged above 13 years of age were living
with the disease in the US by the year 2014
,
with
an average of 40,000 new infections are recorded each year
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015)
when you use the word while...it indicates as opposite
statement coming..and that is not what this sentence did
. The high number of people who are ignorant about their HIV
status
and
those who purposely choose to ignore it
has
continued to increase the risk levels for other uninfected people
in the world, among them being young men who have sex with
men
isn’t it possible that they are one of the above?
.
In this areas and/or introduction...you should be discussing
morbidity, mortality,....you need to highlight incidence is
higher in this group than in others
Introduction
The issue of young men having sex with other men has

continued to be a thorny issue for a number of years, dividing
the society between those who support this practice and those
who oppose it. Supporters of young men having sex with other
men argue that people have a right to decide their sexual
orientation and preferences without undue pressure from
external forces. However, those who oppose this practice argue
that it emanated from social decay and as such should not be
supported. One common point of agreement between these two
camps is that the practice of young men having sex with men is
risk and has the capability to cause grave danger to these men.
opinion
Although sex even among heterosexual could turn out to be risk
and a cause of contraction of dangerous sexually transmitted
diseases and infections, the risk of contraction of such health
complications is doubly higher among young men who have sex
with other men.
There are several reasons that contribute to this increased risk
level which includes
lack of health education, l
ack of safe and effective delivery of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
(PrEP), homeless
ness
, and poverty
.
Risk Factors:
Lack of health education
is where lower pay and fewer assets imply that individuals with
less instruction will probably live in low-wage neighborhoods
that do not have the assets for good education wellbeing
lack of health education has nothing to do with poverty? Lack

of education might?
Also you cannot say will probably...you need to state a fact and
support it with evidence from your reading.
I am not sure there is “evidence” that lack of health education
puts this group more at risk than other groups.
. For example, most young men of color who do have sex with
men are high school dropouts, from low wage homes
(Dawn
et al
, 2012).
[Just made this correction
citation?] Where did you get this fact?
, and see it as a means of survival with good knowledge or
education of the end result
.
HIV/AIDS is an acronym for Human ImmunoDefiency Virus/
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. This is one of the
deadliest sexually transmitted diseases which acts by weakening
a patient’s immune system to a point where it cannot fight even
the weakest virus or bacterial infection. As a result, the victim
falls prey to any infection that comes their way, often referred
to as opportunistic disease that in most of the HIV cases result
to the death of the victim. Young men who have sex with men
(YMSM) seem to worst hit by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, seeing
that in the year 2009, the vast majority of new infections, up to
64% of the infections, were recorded among the people in this
group (Dawn
et al
, 2012). While there are many ways of preventing contraction of
the disease or even boosting the immune response in order to
suppress the effects of the viral disease, the causes and risk
factors associated with this disease are overwhelmingly
numerous as will be discussed below.

Also...eliminate terms like victim, prey...this needs to be
factual, not opinionated or editorialized.
Lack of safe and effective delivery of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
(PrEP) to the young men who have sex with men is one of the
problematic issues facing the young men who have sex with
other men. Being a high risk practice, these young men who
have sex with other men need to adhere to the effective and
proper use of preventive drugs in order to keep them safe from
contracting some sexually transmitted diseases.
In as much as the government realizes this,
there are no
proven?
effective strategies to ensure that these people access and use
their medications
I think there is?
.
One thing that should be appreciated is that
while the medications may not be accessible to all, they are
sometimes provided free of charge or at subsidized prices in
most of the facilities where they are available. Some of the
facilities, however, are located in places where they are
unreachable. Some regions have just a few medical facilities
reword
,
a factor that to a very large extent denies YMSM access to the
medications
.
It seemingly does not make sense to many people who are in
eminent danger of HIV infection the reason why they should
travel for long, distance, to access drugs they are not even sure
they might require, since some are ignorant about the danger
they are exposed to
. Therefore, the distance between the people and the facilities
where they can access the Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis makes the

delivery method ineffective.
There are some other issues that make access difficult...they
are very important.
In other places where the medical facilities that provide the
supplement and medications are often situated at inconvenient
locations. The inconvenience of these places could be in terms
of their openness that makes the people in danger feel
embarrassed to access them, or too hidden that they can hardly
be found.
this needs rewording...this is all true, but needs to be stated
more clearly and more directly related to access.
When such facilities are located at inconvenient places, access
to
antiretroviral medications
and other prophylaxis drugs is not effective, compounding the
already delicate situation among the young men who have sex
with other men. There are many other reasons why sometimes
the young men that have sex with other men may not be able to
access preventive medication, a factor
which puts them at greater risk of easily contracting sexually
transmitted diseases. It is quite alarming to notice that the
number of new infections among young men who have sex with
men increased to a whopping
48% in the 4-year period between 2006 and 2009, most of these
men being in their early and late teen years(Dawn
et al
, 2012).
Poverty is a high-risk factor for young men who have sex with
men. Poverty denies the young men an
d
opportunity to secure a health insurance
isn’t health insurance an accessibility issue? Poor people can

get medicaid????
cover in order to make them access proper medical assistance
to help prevent infection with HIV, or manage the disease once
infected. As reported by
Dawn K
. Smith and
his
colleagues
(year)
, increasing cost of medication has the potential to hinder
people from being willing to pay for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
drugs.
In the study, most participants felt that a price above $50 for
the drugs within one month would hinder them from having the
willingness to buy the drugs. Even then, some of the
participants felt that there is need for a further price reduction
in order to ensure the drugs are accessible to most people.
Poverty further makes
the
young men become subject to sexual manipulation by other
people in exchange for a few financial favors, exposing them to
great risk of infection (
Abara
et al
, 2017
).
Your risk factors include homelessness (which should be
discussed before poverty...and then there are no other factors
listed above...so there should not be any risk factors discussed
after poverty.
If it is a risk factor you are addressing...put it above...if
not....take the rest of this out.
High drop-out rate from high school
not listed above?
is one of the

most notorious
risk factors for young men who have sex with men.
Dropping out of schools could be caused by several factors such
as lack of money to pay for school services, peer pressure, lack
of motivation due to constant failure or even poverty
<
t
. Whatever the reason, dropping out of school exposes a
young man to
a life of joblessness, in that they have nothing to keep
their
minds occupied. As a result, the excessive free time and the
urge to make quick money act as catalysts for these men to
consider engaging in risky sexual behaviors
.
Irresponsible
value laden?
sexual activities such as these do not often have enough time to
consider evaluating the consequences of the actions taken, as a
result, the drop out continually engages in risky sexual behavior
such as bare backing
or failure to adhere to the use of antiretroviral drugs
, a move that puts them in grave danger of contracting not only
one strain of HIV but several strains as they progress with the
activities. In addition, most drops out are closely linked to local
gangs
not listed as a risk factor—I didn’t read this section.
who view irresponsible living as their emblem to gain the
feeling of social equality. As a result, members of such a gang
will be doubly exposed to the infection of HIV through
irresponsible sexual behaviors more than those who are still in
school and not members of such gangs. Missing out on school
also exposes the young men to the danger of contracting HIV

since they alienate themselves from accessing school-based HIV
prevention facilities which would have been of great help to
them had they remained in school.
Homeless
out of order
youth are more exposed to risky sexual behaviors
that expose them to infection with HIV
.
Being homeless, these people are hardly ever located at a
constant place, hence
they might have difficulty locating the nearest health center
where they can access medical assistance whenever they need
the assistance (
Abara
et al
, 2017
). In addition, being homeless exposes the young men who have
sex with men to sexual predators
who will stop at nothing short of harassing the vulnerable young
men for sexual desire
s.
When this happens, an act that would arguably be considered as
rape, these young men may be exposed to grave danger such as
infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases
.
In addition, the trauma associated with such a forceful action
may inhibit the young men from speaking up and thus accessing
medical assistance. Homeless youths are also exposed to
dangers of HIV because of the fact that they have no specific
place to sleep hence may be forced to go to any extent, even
having sex with people they do not know just so that they can
have a place to sleep. The high level of desperation exposes the
young men to manipulation by other irresponsible people.
Get rid of value laden speech and make more succinct and
pointed.
High unemployment did

not read..not listed above
rate is another risk factor that has continued to inhibit the
successful taming of the spread and management of HIV among
young men who have sex with other men. During the study of
the
attitudes and program preferences of African-American urban
young adults about Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), the
researchers found that among the teens boys who had sex with
other men mainly in regions with high risk levels, only a few
were covered by a private insurance cover, and while more were
covered by a public health insurance cover, some of them were
still not covered by any. The main reason why these young men
were unable to access medical help was because they simply
could not afford it
(
Dawn et al, 2012
)
. Being unemployed and thus with scarce monetary resources,
the little money that the young men is directed to better uses,
some of which are physically more pressing that a scare about a
disease whose manifestations the victims cannot see.
Unemployment and thus lack of money did not only hinder the
young men from securing a health insurance, but also from
accessing medical facilities to receive treatment. Traveling to
medical facilities far from one’s location was difficult since it
requires one to have enough money to cater for traveling and
even food during the travel. This monetary demand hit the
unemployed youths very hard that they opted to ignore the
amount of risk they were exposed to.
The HIV pandemic is continuing to
devour
WC is not objective
thousands by the day, and if it is not tamed any time soon,
there is a possibility that even more young men, especially
those who have sex with men will fall
prey

to the disease. There is need
for all concerned stakeholders
to
come up and
develop strategies
and programs that address this public health issues.
that will be of great help in helping the young men who have
sex with other men to come out of the danger zone.
Other successful programs at YMSM
The program that has managed
content analysis of the YMSM breakout and preventions
sessions involved the dictation and coding of verbal and written
manuscript verbatim into categorical thematic units. Once the
text
is write
down and categorically implied, the constant comparison
method is utilized to document similarities and dissimilarities in
the text and themes that emerged through content analyses of
the breakout and prevention discussion sessions
. The constant comparison method also captured patterns and
prominent themes that emerged from the merging of transcribed
YMSM text and dissection of transcribed YMSM text into
thematic units. Following the constant comparison of thematic
units, several memos are created to summarize the results of the
breakout session discussions’ categorical thematic units.
Finally, the triangulation was performed through the
simultaneous analysis of the categorized thematic units, DVD-
recorded summary of the breakout and prevention discussion,
and other sources of data (Isbell, MT., 2010)
This programs include information about partner reduction,
gauging one’s own predisposition, the relative risk of specific
behaviors (e.g., anal sex vs. oral sex), and other ways to reduce
HIV risk beyond abstinence and condom use. Recent studies

show the promise of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for
preventing HIV infection, but research efforts suffer from
disproportionately low representation of the youth who are most
at risk. Youth-focused research is critical and should include
behavioral, community, and biomedical interventions to create a
comprehensive HIV prevention package.
Not clear...either get this re-worded to describe the program
more clearly or eliminate it.
Section 2: Purpose of the Grant
The purpose of this program is to increase the percentage of
YMSM of color and YTG persons of color with diagnosed HIV
infection who are virally suppressed, reduce HIV incidence
among YMSM of color and YTG persons of color, reduce the
death rate among YMSM of color and YTG persons of color
with diagnosed HIV infection, and reduce HIV-related
disparities in incidence, morbidity
,
and viral suppression among YMSM of color and YTG persons
of color (CDC,2016).
Section 3: Resources
Most of the assets spent keeping up with the brilliant educators
required by the FOA PS17-1704.
This program is to strengthen the capacity of funded health
departments and their collaborative partners (e.g., community-
based organizations, clinics, behavioral health and social
services providers, patient navigators, and others that interface
with MSM of color) to plan, implement, and sustain (through
ongoing engagement, assessment, linkage, and retention)
comprehensive prevention, care, behavioral health, and social
services models for MSM of color at risk for and living with
HIV infection as supported
. Grantees are likewise constrained in the utilization of system
dollars (topped at 48%) to cover a large number of managerial
expenses (
CDC, 2016
). These costs, which are generally on the ascent, include:

Resources needed to make this program effective include
Ø
Education -
Lack of health education
Ø
Engagement –
Poverty
Ø
Health Insurance- L
ack of safe and effective delivery of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
(PrEP),
Ø
Organization-
Includes
homeless
This doesn’t make sense to me---what resources do you need?
Are you planning to buy health insurance for people / is that
allowed in this grant? You need to tell me what you need
(people, things).....this is too vague for me to comment.
Section 4: Summary
This should be a summary of your paper...explain the problem,
morbidity, mortality, incidence, prevalence-in 2-3 sentences.
ID the risk factors, make a statement about programming.
There is different in accomplishment between young men of
color who do have sex with men with HIV positive and of those
who are negative but still engage in act.
Morbidity
in

the
metropolitan
statistical
areas with 48% Black and/or Hispanic YMSM living with
diagnosed HIV (
CDC, 2016
)
NS not a sentence
. Will be focused on MSAs is likely to targeted areas where
most YMSM are accessible. Threshold of 48% Black and/or
Hispanic YMSM ensures that the participant pool is large
enough to have a robust demonstration of the comprehensive
prevention and care service models.
The
mortality rates as reported in the State Progress Report and that
have 24% Black and/or Hispanic YMSM living with diagnosed
HIV in a specified MSA (
CDC, 2016
).
The study shows that
relatively small change will have a major positive impact on
the epidemic. Several areas with heavy HIV burdens will see
needed increases in prevention funding, including many states
and several major cities. While other areas will see decreases,
CDC is taking steps to minimize disruptions due to shifts in
funding. The new method for allocating resources incorporates a
minimum funding level, to ensure that all jurisdictions,
regardless of HIV burden, can continue to provide basic HIV
prevention services. Funding shifts for all jurisdictions both
increases and decreases will be phased in over five years, to
allow health departments time to adjust strategies and
infrastructure as necessary
what you have here doesn’t summarize your paper.
.

References
Abara, W., Hess, K., Neblett Fanfair, R., Bernstein, K., & Paz-
Bailey, G. (2017).
Syphilis
Trends among Men Who Have Sex with Men in t
he United States and
Western Europe:
A Systematic Review of Trend Studies Published between 2004
and 2015
.
This is a journal? ???? if this were a book it would have a
publisher, if it were a journal...it would have a title?
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/metrics?id=10.1371/jour
nal.pone.0159309
#cited Header
Dawn, K. Smith., Toledo, L., Jo Smith, D., Anne Adams, M., &
Rothenberg, R. (2012). Attitudes and program preferences of
African-American urban young adults about
pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep) (1st ed.).
Atlanta: The Guilford Press
.
Experiences of community and parental violence among HIV-
positive young racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with
men: AIDS Care: Vol 26, No 7
. (2017).
There is something wrong withthis...you have it listed as a 1
st

edition book and as an article in AIDS Care????
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09540121.2013.86
1571
Kuhns, L. M., Birkett, M., Mustanski, B., Muth, S. Q., Latkin,
C., Ortiz-Estes, I., & Garofalo, R. (2015). Methods for
collection of participant-aided sociograms for the study of
social, sexual and substance-using networks among young men
who have sex with men.
Connections
what is the #?
(02261766
), 35
(1), 37-50.
http://insna.org/connections/v35/v35_1.html
Isbell, MT., HIV Prevention for gay men and men who have sex
with men.
Development of a Comprehensive Policy Agenda. AmfAR and
Trust for America’s Health, 2010.
http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-
z/547-hivstd-prevention-and-young-men-who-have-sex-with-
men

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