Postgres vs Mongo / Олег Бартунов (Postgres Professional)

Postgres
vs
Mongo
Oleg Bartunov
Postgres Professional
Moscow University
RIT, Moscow, June 6, 2017

NoSQL (предпосылки)
• Relational DBMS - integrational
• All APPs communicaties through RDBMS
• SQL — universal language to work with data
• All changes in RDBMS are available to all
• Changes of the scheme are difficult, so → slow releases
• Mostly for interactive work
• Aggregates are mostly interested, not the data itself, SQL is needed
• SQL takes cares about transactions, consistency … instead of human

The problem
• The world of data and applications is changing
• BIG DATA (Volume of data,Velocity of data in-out, Variety of data)
• Web applications are service-oriented (SQL → HTTP)
• No need for the monolithic database
• Service itself can aggregate data and check consistency of data
• High concurrency, simple queries
• Simple database (key-value) is ok
• Eventual consistency is ok, no ACID overhead (ACID → BASE)
• Application needs faster releases, «on-fly» schema change
• NoSQL databases match all of these — scalable, efficient, fault-tolerant,
no rigid schema, ready to accept any data.

NoSQL databases (wikipedia) …+++
Document store
* Lotus Notes
* CouchDB
* MongoDB
* Apache Jackrabbit
* Colayer
* XML databases
o MarkLogic Server
o eXist
Graph
* Neo4j
* AllegroGraph
Tabular
* BigTable
* Mnesia
* Hbase
* Hypertable
Key/value store on disk
* Tuple space
* Memcachedb
* Redis
* SimpleDB
* flare
* Tokyo Cabinet
* BigTable
Key/value cache in RAM
* memcached
* Velocity
* Redis
Eventually-consistent key-value store
* Dynamo
* Cassandra
* Project Voldemort
Ordered key-value store
* NMDB
* Luxio
* Memcachedb
* Berkeley DB
Object database
* Db4o
* InterSystems Caché
* Objectivity/DB
* ZODB

The problem
• What if application needs ACID and flexibility of NoSQL ?
• Relational databases work with data with schema known in advance
• One of the major compaints to relational databases is rigid schema.
It's not easy to change schema online (ALTER TABLE … ADD COLUMN...)
• Application should wait for schema changing, infrequent releases
• NoSQL uses json format, why not have it in relational database ?
JSON in PostgreSQL
This is the challenge !

Challenge to PostgreSQL !
• Full support of semi-stuctured data in PostgreSQL
• Storage
• Operators and functions
• Efficiency (fast access to storage, indexes)
• Integration with CORE (planner, optimiser)
• Actually, PostgreSQL is schema-less database since 2003 — hstore, one
of the most popular extension !

Introduction to Hstore
id col1 col2 col3 col4 col5 A lot of columns
key1, …. keyN
●
The problem: aggregation of slightly different objects
●
Total number of columns may be very large (mostly NULLs)
●
Only several fields are searchable ( used in WHERE)
●
Other columns are used only to output
●
These columns may not known in advance
●
Solution
●
New data type (hstore), which consists of (key,value) pairs (a'la perl hash)

Introduction to Hstore
id col1 col2 col3 col4 col5 Hstore
key1=>val1, key2=>val2,.....
●
Easy to add key=>value pair
●
No need change schema, just change hstore.
●
Schema-less PostgreSQL in 2003 !

Introduction to hstore
• Hstore — key/value binary storage (inspired by perl hash)
'a=>1, b=>2'::hstore
• Key, value — strings
• Get value for a key: hstore -> text
• Operators with indexing support (GiST, GIN)
Check for key: hstore ? text
Contains: hstore @> hstore
• check documentations for more
• Functions for hstore manipulations (akeys, avals, skeys, svals, each,......)
• Hstore provides PostgreSQL schema-less feature !
• Faster releases, no problem with schema upgrade
• Better indexing support - https://github.com/postgrespro/hstore_ops

NoSQL Postgres briefly
• 2003 — hstore (sparse columns, schema-less)
• 2006 — hstore as demo of GIN indexing, 8.2 release
• 2012 (sep) — JSON in 9.2 (verify and store)
• 2012 (dec) — nested hstore proposal
• 2013 — PGCon, Ottawa: nested hstore
• 2013 — PGCon.eu: binary storage for nested data
• 2013 (nov) — nested hstore & jsonb (better/binary)
• 2014 (feb-mar) — forget nested hstore for jsonb
• Mar 23, 2014 — jsonb committed for 9.4
• Autumn, 2018 — SQL/JSON for 10.X or 11 ?
jsonb vs hstore

JSONB - 2014
●
Binary storage
●
Nesting objects & arrays
●
Indexing
HSTORE - 2003
●
Perl-like hash storage
●
No nesting
●
Indexing
JSON - 2012
●
Textual storage
●
JSON verification

Jsonb vs Json
SELECT j::json AS json, j::jsonb AS jsonb FROM
(SELECT '{"cc":0, "aa": 2, "aa":1,"b":1}' AS j) AS foo;
json | jsonb
----------------------------------+----------------------------
{"cc":0, "aa": 2, "aa":1,"b":1} | {"b": 1, "aa": 1, "cc": 0}
(1 row)
• json: textual storage «as is»
• jsonb: no whitespaces
• jsonb: no duplicate keys, last key win
• jsonb: keys are sorted by (length, key)
• jsonb has a binary storage: no need to parse, has index support

Very detailed talk about JSON[B]
http://thebuild.com/presentations/json2015-pgconfus.pdf

JSONB is great, BUT
No good query language —
jsonb is a «black box» for SQL

Find something «red»
• Table "public.js_test"
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------+---------+-----------
id | integer | not null
value | jsonb |
select * from js_test;
id | value
----+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | [1, "a", true, {"b": "c", "f": false}]
2 | {"a": "blue", "t": [{"color": "red", "width": 100}]}
3 | [{"color": "red", "width": 100}]
4 | {"color": "red", "width": 100}
5 | {"a": "blue", "t": [{"color": "red", "width": 100}], "color": "red"}
6 | {"a": "blue", "t": [{"color": "blue", "width": 100}], "color": "red"}
7 | {"a": "blue", "t": [{"color": "blue", "width": 100}], "colr": "red"}
8 | {"a": "blue", "t": [{"color": "green", "width": 100}]}
9 | {"color": "green", "value": "red", "width": 100}
(9 rows)

• VERY COMPLEX SQL QUERY
WITH RECURSIVE t(id, value) AS ( SELECT * FROM
js_test
UNION ALL
(
SELECT
t.id,
COALESCE(kv.value, e.value) AS value
FROM
t
LEFT JOIN LATERAL
jsonb_each(
CASE WHEN jsonb_typeof(t.value) =
'object' THEN t.value
ELSE NULL END) kv ON true
LEFT JOIN LATERAL
jsonb_array_elements(
CASE WHEN
jsonb_typeof(t.value) = 'array' THEN t.value
ELSE NULL END) e ON true
WHERE
kv.value IS NOT NULL OR e.value IS
NOT NULL
)
)
SELECT
js_test.*
FROM
(SELECT id FROM t WHERE value @> '{"color":
"red"}' GROUP BY id) x
JOIN js_test ON js_test.id = x.id;
id | value
----+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
2 | {"a": "blue", "t": [{"color": "red", "width": 100}]}
3 | [{"color": "red", "width": 100}]
4 | {"color": "red", "width": 100}
5 | {"a": "blue", "t": [{"color": "red", "width": 100}], "color": "red"}
6 | {"a": "blue", "t": [{"color": "blue", "width": 100}], "color": "red"}
(5 rows)

• WITH RECURSIVE t(id, value) AS ( SELECT * FROM
js_test
UNION ALL
(
SELECT
t.id,
FROM
t
LEFT JOIN LATERAL
jsonb_each(
LEFT JOIN LATERAL
CASE WHEN
WHERE
NOT NULL
)
)
SELECT
js_test.*
FROM
• Jsquery
SELECT * FROM js_test
WHERE
value @@ '*.color = "red"';
https://github.com/postgrespro/jsquery
• A language to query jsonb data type
• Search in nested objects and arrays
• More comparison operators with indexes support

JSON in SQL-2016
• ISO/IEC 9075-2:2016(E) - https://www.iso.org/standard/63556.html
• BNF
https://github.com/elliotchance/sqltest/blob/master/standards/2016/bnf
.txt
• Discussed at Developers meeting Jan 28, 2017 in Brussels
• Post -hackers, Feb 28, 2017 (March commitfest)
«Attached patch is an implementation of SQL/JSON data model from
SQL-2016 standard (ISO/IEC 9075-2:2016(E)), which was published 2016-
12-15 ...»
• Patch was too big (now about 16,000 loc) and too late for Postgres 10 :(

SQL/JSON in PostgreSQL
• It‘s not a new data type, it‘s a JSON data model for SQL
• PostgreSQL implementation is a subset of standard:
• JSONB - ORDERED and UNIQUE KEYS
• jsonpath data type for SQL/JSON path language
• nine functions, implemented as SQL CLAUSEs

•Jsonpath provides an ability to operate (in standard specified way)
with json structure at SQL-language level
• Dot notation — $.a.b.c
• Array - [*]
• Filter ? - $.a.b.c ? (@.x > 10)
• Methods - $.a.b.c.x.type()
SELECT * FROM js WHERE JSON_EXISTS(js, 'strict $.tags[*] ? (@.term ==
"NYC")');
SELECT * FROM js WHERE js @> '{"tags": [{"term": "NYC"}]}';

SELECT JSON_EXISTS(jsonb '{"a": 1, "b": 2}', '$.* ? (@ > $x && @ < $y)'
PASSING 0 AS x, 2 AS y);
?column?
----------
t
(1 row)
SELECT JSON_EXISTS(jsonb '{"a": 1, "b": 2}', '$.* ? (@ > $x && @ < $y)'
PASSING 0 AS x, 1 AS y);
?column?
----------
f
(1 row)

• The SQL/JSON construction functions:
• JSON_OBJECT - serialization of an JSON object.
• json[b]_build_object()
• JSON_ARRAY - serialization of an JSON array.
• json[b]_build_array()
• JSON_ARRAYAGG - serialization of an JSON object from aggregation of SQL data
• json[b]_agg()
• JSON_OBJECTAGG - serialization of an JSON array from aggregation of SQL data
• json[b]_object_agg()

• The SQL/JSON retrieval functions:
• JSON_VALUE - Extract an SQL value of a predefined type from a JSON value.
• JSON_QUERY - Extract a JSON text from a JSON text using an SQL/JSON path
expression.
• JSON_TABLE - Query a JSON text and present it as a relational table.
• IS [NOT] JSON - test whether a string value is a JSON text.
• JSON_EXISTS - test whether a JSON path expression returns any SQL/JSON items

SQL/JSON examples: JSON_VALUE
SELECT x, JSON_VALUE(jsonb '{"a": 1, "b": 2}','$.* ? (@ > $x)' PASSING x AS x
RETURNING int
DEFAULT -1 ON EMPTY
DEFAULT -2 ON ERROR
) y
FROM
generate_series(0, 2) x;
x | y
---+----
0 | -2
1 | 2
2 | -1
(3 rows)

SQL/JSON examples: JSON_QUERY
SELECT
JSON_QUERY(js FORMAT JSONB, '$'),
JSON_QUERY(js FORMAT JSONB, '$' WITHOUT WRAPPER),
JSON_QUERY(js FORMAT JSONB, '$' WITH CONDITIONAL WRAPPER),
JSON_QUERY(js FORMAT JSONB, '$' WITH UNCONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER),
JSON_QUERY(js FORMAT JSONB, '$' WITH ARRAY WRAPPER)
FROM
(VALUES
('null'),
('12.3'),
('true'),
('"aaa"'),
('[1, null, "2"]'),
('{"a": 1, "b": [2]}')
) foo(js);
?column? | ?column? | ?column? | ?column? | ?column?
--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------------
null | null | [null] | [null] | [null]
12.3 | 12.3 | [12.3] | [12.3] | [12.3]
true | true | [true] | [true] | [true]
"aaa" | "aaa" | ["aaa"] | ["aaa"] | ["aaa"]
[1, null, "2"] | [1, null, "2"] | [1, null, "2"] | [[1, null, "2"]] | [[1, null, "2"]]
{"a": 1, "b": [2]} | {"a": 1, "b": [2]} | {"a": 1, "b": [2]} | [{"a": 1, "b": [2]}] | [{"a": 1, "b": [2]}]
(6 rows)

SQL/JSON examples: Constraints
CREATE TABLE test_json_constraints (
js text,
i int,
x jsonb DEFAULT JSON_QUERY(jsonb '[1,2]', '$[*]' WITH WRAPPER)
CONSTRAINT test_json_constraint1
CHECK (js IS JSON)
CHECK (JSON_EXISTS(js FORMAT JSONB, '$.a' PASSING i + 5 AS int, i::text AS txt))
CHECK (JSON_VALUE(js::jsonb, '$.a' RETURNING int DEFAULT ('12' || i)::int
ON EMPTY ERROR ON ERROR) > i)
CHECK (JSON_QUERY(js FORMAT JSONB, '$.a'
WITH CONDITIONAL WRAPPER EMPTY OBJECT ON ERROR) < jsonb '[10]')
);

SQL/JSON examples: JSON_TABLE
• Creates a relational view of JSON data.
• Think about UNNEST — creates a row for each object inside JSON array
and represent JSON values from within that object as SQL columns
values.
• Example: Delicious bookmark
• Convert JSON data (1369 MB) to their relational data
Table "public.js"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+-------+-----------+----------+---------
js | jsonb | | |

Delicious bookmarks

Postgres vs Mongo / Олег Бартунов (Postgres Professional)

• WITH RECURSIVE t(id, value) AS ( SELECT * FROM
js_test
UNION ALL
(
SELECT
t.id,
FROM
t
LEFT JOIN LATERAL
jsonb_each(
LEFT JOIN LATERAL
CASE WHEN
WHERE
NOT NULL
)
)
SELECT
js_test.*
FROM
• Jsquery
SELECT * FROM js_test
WHERE
value @@ '*.color = "red"';
• SQL/JSON 2016
SELECT * FROM js_test WHERE
JSON_EXISTS( value,'$.**.color ?
(@ == "red")');

SQL/JSON availability
• Github Postgres Professional repository
https://github.com/postgrespro/sqljson
• SQL/JSON examples
• WEB-interface to play with SQL/JSON
• BNF of SQL/JSON
• We need your feedback, bug reports and suggestions
• Help us writing documentation !

JSONB - 2014
●
Binary storage
●
Nesting objects & arrays
●
Indexing
HSTORE - 2003
●
Perl-like hash storage
●
No nesting
●
Indexing
JSON - 2012
●
Textual storage
●
JSON verification
SQL/JSON - 2018
●
SQL-2016 standard
●
Postgres Pro - 2017

SQL/JSON TODO
'$.sort(@.a)'
'$.sortBy(@.a)'
'$.sortWith($1 > $2)'
'$.partition(@ > 5)'
'$.groupBy(@.a)'
'$.indexWhere(@ > 5)'
'$.a.zip($.b)' or '$.a zip $.b'
'$.a.zipWithIndex()'
JSON path
:: casts
Postgres operators
'$.tags @> [{"term": "NYC"}]'
-- what about == and &&
'$.a::text || "abc"'
Item methods
'$.sum()'
'$.avg()'
'$.indexOf(5)'
'$.indexWhere(@ > 5)'
'$.maxBy(@.a)'

SQL/JSON ToDO
Postgres functions (including aggregate) support
'$.a[*].map(lower(@))' -- lower(text) used as a function
'$.a[*].lower()' -- lower(text) used as an item method
'$.a[*].concat('foo')' -- concat(any, ...) used as an item method
'avg($.a[*])' -- avg(numeric) aggregate function
Postgres operators support ??? (remember &&, ||, ==)
Item aliases, named parameters in lambdas ???
Reusing PostgreSQL executor???

SQL/JSON ToDO
SQL/JSON functions
SRF (it seems hard to implement now)
JSON_QUERY(json, jsonpath RETURNING SETOF type)
JSON_ITEMS(json, jsonpath)
Insert
JSON_INSERT('{"a": 1}', '$.b = 2') -- {a:1, b:2}
JSON_INSERT('[1,2,3]', '$[0] = 0') -- [0,1,2,3]
JSON_INSERT('[1,2,3]', '$[last] = 4') -- [1,2,3,4]

SQL/JSON ToDO
SQL/JSON functions
Delete
JSON_DELETE('{"a": {"b": 1}, "c": 2}', '$.a.b, $.c') -- {"a":{}}
JSON_DELETE('[1,2,3,4,5]', '$[*] ? (@ > 3)') -- [1,2,3]
Update
JSON_UPDATE('{"counter": 1}', '$.counter = $.counter + 1')
JSON_UPDATE('{"counter": 1}', '$.counter = (@ + $increment)' PASSING 5 AS increment)
JSON_UPDATE('[1,2,3]', '$[*] = (@ + 1)')
JSON_UPDATE('{"a": 1, "b": 2}', '$.a = (@ + 1), $.b = (@ - 1)')
It might be very useful to combine somehow multiple modification operations into a
single expression

Transparent compression of jsonb
+ access to the child elements without full decompression
JSONB COMPRESSION

jsonb compression: motivation
●
Long object keys repeated in each document is a waste of a lot of space
●
Fixed-size object/array entries overhead is significant for short fields:
●
4 bytes per array element
●
8 bytes per object field
●
Numbers stored as postgres numerics — overhead for the short integers:
●
1-4-digit integers – 8 bytes
●
5-8-digit integers – 12 bytes

jsonb compression: ideas
●
Keys replaced by their ID in the external dictionary
●
Delta coding for sorted key ID arrays
●
Variable-length encoded entries instead of 4-byte fixed-size entries
●
Chunked encoding for entry arrays
●
Storing integer numerics falling into int32 range as variable-length
encoded 4-byte integers

jsonb compression: implementation
●
Custom column compression methods:
CREATE COMPRESSION METHOD name HANDLER handler_func
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column_name data_type
[ COMPRESSED cm_name [ WITH (option 'value' [, ... ]) ] ] ...
)
ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER column_name
SET COMPRESSED cm_name [ WITH (option 'value' [, ... ]) ]
ALTER TYPE data_type SET COMPRESSED cm_name
●
attcompression, attcmoptions in pg_catalog.pg_attributes

jsonb compression: jsonbc
●
Jsonbc - compression method for jsonb type:
●
dictionary compression for object keys
●
more compact variable-length encoding
●
All key dictionaries for all jsonbc compressed columns are stored in the
pg_catalog.pg_jsonbc_dict (dict oid, id integer, name text)
●
Dictionary used by jsonb column is identified by:
●
sequence oid – automatically updated
●
enum type oid – manually updated

json compression: jsonbc dictionaries
Examples:
-- automatical test_js_jsonbc_dict_seq creation for generating key IDs
CREATE TABLE test (js jsonb COMPRESSED jsonbc);
-- manual dictionary sequence creation
CREATE SEQUENCE test2_dict_seq;
CREATE TABLE test2 (js jsonb COMPRESSED jsonbc WITH (dict_id 'test2_dict_seq'));
-- enum type as a manually updatable dictionary
CREATE TYPE test3_dict_enum AS ENUM ('key1', 'key2', 'key3');
CREATE TABLE test3 (js jsonb COMPRESSED jsonbc WITH (dict_enum 'test3_dict_enum'));
-- manually updating enum dictionary (before key4 insertion into table)
ALTER TYPE test3_dict_enum ADD VALUE 'key4';

jsonb compression: results
Two datasets:
●
js – Delicious bookmarks, 1.2 mln rows (js.dump.gz)
●
Mostly string values
●
Relatively short keys
●
2 arrays (tags and links) of 3-field objects
●
jr – customer reviews data from Amazon, 3mln (jr.dump.gz)
●
Rather long keys
●
A lot of short integer numbers
Also, jsonbc compared with CFS (Compressed File System) – page level compression
and encryption in Postgres Pro Enterprise 9.6.

jsonb compression (js): performance

jsonb compression (jr): performance

jsonb compression: jsonbc problems
●
Transactional dictionary updates
Currently, automatic dictionary updates uses background
workers, but autonomous transactions would be better
●
Cascading deletion of dictionaries not yet implementing.
Need to track dependency between columns and dictionaries
●
User compression methods for jsonb are not fully supported
(should we ?)

jsonb compression: summary
●
jsonbc can reduce jsonb column size to its relational
equivalent size
●
jsonbc has a very low CPU overhead over jsonb and
sometimes can be even faster than jsonb
●
jsonbc compression ratio is significantly lower than in page
level compression methods
●
Availability:
https://github.com/postgrespro/postgrespro/tree/jsonbc

JSON[B] Text Search
• tsvector(configuration, json[b]) in Postgres 10
select to_tsvector(jb) from (values ('
{
"abstract": "It is a very long story about true and false",
"title": "Peace and War",
"publisher": "Moscow International house"
}
'::json)) foo(jb);
to_tsvector
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'fals':10 'hous':18 'intern':17 'long':5 'moscow':16 'peac':12 'stori':6 'true':8 'war':14
select to_tsvector(jb) from (values ('
{
}
'::jsonb)) foo(jb);
to_tsvector
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'fals':14 'hous':18 'intern':17 'long':9 'moscow':16 'peac':1 'stori':10 'true':12 'war':3

JSON[B] Text Search
• Phrase search is [properly] supported !
• Kudos to Dmitry Dolgov & Andrew Dunstan !
select phraseto_tsquery('english','war moscow') @@ to_tsvector(jb) from (values ('
{
}
'::jsonb)) foo(jb);
?column?
----------
f
select phraseto_tsquery('english','moscow international') @@ to_tsvector(jb) from
(values ('
{
}
'::jsonb)) foo(jb);
?column?
----------
t

BENCHMARKS:
How NoSQL Postgres is fast

Summary: PostgreSQL 9.4 vs Mongo 2.6.0
• Search key=value (contains @>)
• json : 10 s seqscan
• jsonb : 8.5 ms GIN jsonb_ops
• jsonb : 0.7 ms GIN jsonb_path_ops
• mongo : 1.0 ms btree index
• Index size
• jsonb_ops - 636 Mb (no compression, 815Mb)
jsonb_path_ops - 295 Mb
• jsonb_path_ops (tags) - 44 Mb USING gin((jb->'tags') jsonb_path_ops
• mongo (tags) - 387 Mb
mongo (tags.term) - 100 Mb
•Table size
•postgres : 1.3Gb
•mongo : 1.8Gb
•Input performance:
• Text : 34 s
• Json : 37 s
• Jsonb : 43 s
• mongo : 13 m
First (non-scientific) benchmark !

EDB NoSQL Benchmark
https://github.com/EnterpriseDB/pg_nosql_benchmark

Benchmarking NoSQL Postgres
• Both benchmarks were homemade by postgres people
• People tend to believe independent and «scientific» benchmarks
• Reproducible
• More databases
• Many workloads
• Open source

YCSB Benchmark
• Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark -
https://github.com/brianfrankcooper/YCSB/wiki
• De-facto standard benchmark for NoSQL databases
• Scientific paper «Benchmarking Cloud Serving Systems with YCSB»
https://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/fall13/cps296.4/838-CloudPapers/ycsb
.pdf
• We run YCBS for Postgres master, Postgres Pro Enterprise 2.0,
MongoDB 3.4.2, Mysql 5.7.17
• 1 server with 24 cores, 48 GB RAM for clients
• 1 server with 24 cores, 48 GB RAM for database
• 10Gbps switch

YCSB Benchmark: Core workloads
• Workload A: Update heavy - a mix of 50/50 reads and writes
• Workload B: Read mostly - a 95/5 reads/write mix
• Workload C: Read only — 100% read
• Workload D: Read latest - new records are inserted, and the most
recently inserted records are the most popular
• Workload E: Short ranges - short ranges of records are queried
• Workload F: Read-modify-write - the client will read a record, modify it,
and write back the changes
• All (except D) workloads uses Zipfian distribution for record selections

YCSB Benchmark: details (1)
• Postgres (9.6, master), asynchronous commit=on
Mongodb 3.4.2 (w1, j0) — 1 and 5 mln. rows
• Postgres (9.6, master), asynchronous commit=off
Mongodb 3.4.2 (w1, j1) — 100K rows
• MySQL 5.7.17 + all optimization
• We tested:
• Functional btree index for jsonb, jsonbc, sqljson, cfs (compressed) storage
• Gin index (fastupdate=off) for jsonb, jsonb_build_object
• Mongodb (wiredtiger with snappy compression)
• Return a whole json, just one field, small range
• 10 fields, 200 fields (TOASTed)

YCSB Benchmark: details (2)
• Client machine load:
• Postgres <= 30%
Mongodb <= 55%
• Server machine load:
• Postgres — 100%
• MySQL — 100%
• MongoDB — 70%

YCSB Benchmark: PostgreSQL
• Table:
CREATE TABLE usertable(data jsonb);
CREATE TABLE usertable(data jsonb COMPRESSED jsonbc);
• Btree index:
CREATE INDEX usertable_bt_idx ON usertable ((data→>'YCSB_KEY'));
• SELECT data FROM usertable WHERE data->>'YCSB_KEY' = ?;
• SELECT data→>'field5' FROM usertable WHERE data->>'YCSB_KEY' = ?;
• SELECT data→>'field5' FROM usertable WHERE data->>'YCSB_KEY' > ? LIMIT ?
• UPDATE usertable SET data = data || ?WHERE data->>'YCSB_KEY' = ?;

• Btree SQL/JSON index:
CREATE INDEX usertable_sqljson_idx ON usertable ((JSON_VALUE(data,
'$.YCSB_KEY' RETURNINIG text));
• SELECT data FROM usertable WHERE JSON_VALUE(data, '$.YCSB_KEY'
RETURNINIG text) = ?;
• SELECT JSON_VALUE(data, '$.field5' RETURNINIG text) FROM usertable
WHERE JSON_VALUE(data, '$.YCSB_KEY' RETURNINIG text) = ?;
• SELECT JSON_VALUE(data, '$.field5' RETURNINIG text) FROM usertable
WHERE JSON_VALUE(data, '$.YCSB_KEY' RETURNINIG text) > ? LIMIT ?
• UPDATE usertable SET data = data || ?
WHERE JSON_VALUE(data, '$.YCSB_KEY' RETURNINIG text) = ?;

• GIN index:
CREATE INDEX usertable_gin_idx ON usertable USING gin (data
jsonb_path_ops);
gin-jbo ( JSONB_BUILD_OBJECT )
• SELECT data FROM usertable WHERE data @> jsonb_build_object('YCSB_KEY', ?);
• SELECT data→>'field5' FROM usertable WHERE data @>
jsonb_build_object('YCSB_KEY', ?);
• UPDATE usertable SET data = data || ? WHERE data @>
jsonb_build_object('YCSB_KEY', ?);

• GIN index:
CREATE INDEX usertable_gin_idx ON usertable USING gin (data
jsonb_path_ops);
gin-jsonb
• SELECT data FROM usertable WHERE data @> ?::jsonb;
• SELECT data→>'field5' FROM usertable WHERE data @> ?::jsonb;
• UPDATE usertable SET data = data || ? WHERE data @> ?::jsonb;

YCSB Benchmark: MySQL
• Table
CREATE TABLE usertable(
data json,
ycsb_key CHAR(255) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (data->>'$.YCSB_KEY'),
INDEX ycsb_key_idx(ycsb_key)
);
• SELECT data FROM usertable WHERE ycsb_key = ?;
• SELECT data→>'$.field5' FROM usertable WHERE ycsb_key = ?;
• SELECT data FROM usertable WHERE ycsb_key >= ? LIMIT ?
• UPDATE usertable SET data = json_set(data, '$.field5', ?) WHERE ycsb_key = ?;

YCSB Benchmark: MongoDB
• Table
• db.usertable.findOne({ _id: key })
• db.usertable.findOne({ _id: key }).projection({ field5: 1 })
• db.usertable.find({ _id: { $gte: startkey } }).sort({ _id: 1 }).limit(recordcount)
• db.usertable.updateOne({ _id: key }, { $set: { field5: fieldval } })

HOT update for json[b]
• HOT (Heap Only Tuple) — useful optimization for UPDATE performance
• Dead tuple space can be automatically reclaimed at INSERT/UPDATE if no
changes are made to indexed columns
• New and old row versions «live» on the same page
• HOT doesn“t works well with functional indexes
• Functional index on keyA and update keyB - (raspbeberry line)
• We fixed the problem in HeapSatisfiesHOTandKeyUpdate() and use it on
all runs - (blue line)

1 mln rows, 10 fields, select all fields
●
Postgres is
better in all
workloads !
●
All jsonb
variants are
the same for
most read
workloads
●
Gin, jsonbc and
jsonb(cfs) are
not good for
updates

1 mln rows, 10 fields, select one fields
●
Postgres is
better in all
workloads !
●
Jsonb ~
jsonb(cfs) ~
Jsonbc ~
sqljson for most
read workloads
●
Jsonbc and
jsonb(cfs) not
good for
updates

5 mln rows, 10 fields
●
Postgres is
better in all
workloads !
●
Gin is not
good for
updates

100K rows, 10 fields, journal on disk
●
Mongo — j1
Postgres -
async.commit
is on
●
Postgres is
better in all
workloads !

1mln rows, 200 fields, workloads a,b
●
Postgres is
better !

1mln rows, 200 fields, workloads c,d
•MongoDB is better
in workload D
•Postgres is better in
workload C

1mln rows, 200 fields, workloads e,f
•MongoDB is better in
workload E
•Postgres is better in
workload F

Use partitioning
• Upcoming version of pg_pathman supports partitioning by expression
• Delicious bookmarks dataset — 5 partitions
• Vanilla 9.6 - 818, 274 (parallel) +pg_pathman - 173, 84 (parallel)
• Delicious bookmarks dataset — 1000 partitions
• Vanilla 9.6 — 505 ms (27 ms) + pg_pathman — 1 ms (0.47 ms) !
SELECT pathman.create_hash_partitions('jb', 'jb->>''id''', 5);
create_hash_partitions
------------------------
5
(1 row)
SELECT * FROM jb
WHERE (jb->>'id') = 'http://delicious.com/url/c91427110a17ad74de35eabaa296fa7a#kikodesign';

Sharding with postgres_cluster
• Master: fork postgres_cluster
https://github.com/postgrespro/postgres_cluster
• Shards: pg_tsdtm
https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_tsdtm

Summary
• Postgres is already a good NoSQL database + clear roadmap
• Move from NoSQL to Postgres to avoid nightmare !
• SQL/JSON will provide better flexibility and interoperability
• Expect it in Postgres 11 (Postgres Pro 10)
• Need community help (testing, documentation)
• JSONB dictionary compression (jsonbc) is really useful
• Expect it in Postgres 11 (Postgres Pro 10)
• Postgres beats Mongodb and MySQL in one node configuration
• Next: YCSB benchmarks in distributed mode

PEOPLE BEHIND JSON[B]
Nikita Glukhov

Postgres vs Mongo / Олег Бартунов (Postgres Professional)

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