1) The document discusses probability and chance events that have two possible outcomes, such as whether a coin flip results in heads or tails. It defines probability empirically as the relative frequency of an outcome occurring from repeated experiments.
2) Probability is calculated by dividing the number of times an outcome occurred by the total number of trials. The sample space is all possible outcomes, and sample points are the individual elements within the sample space.
3) Theoretical probability is the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes. With more trials, the empirical probability approaches the theoretical probability.