presentation of first program exist.pptx

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MAC Addressing, ARP & Packet
Forwarding
(Network Essentials Course - Day 4)

Introduction to MAC Addressing
• MAC Address stands for Media Access Control
Address
• A unique
identifier
assigned to network interfaces for
communication within a network
• Consists of 48 bits, typically represented in hexadecimal
format (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E)

Structure of a MAC Address
MAC addresses are divided into two parts:
• OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) First 24 bits
assigned by IEEE to a manufacturer
• NIC Specific (Device Identifier) Last 24 bits unique to the
device

Types of MAC Addresses
• Unicast MAC Address: Directs data to a specific device
• Multicast MAC Address: Directs data to multiple devices in a
group
• Broadcast MAC Address: Sends data to all devices in the network
(FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF)

What is ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)?
• ARP is used to map an IP address to a MAC address
• - You know their name (IP address), but you don't know their exact house
address (MAC address).- ARP comes into play and says, "Hey, I know the
name, let me find the house address for you."
• Essential for communication within LANs
• Works within Layer 2 (Data Link) and Layer 3 (Network) of the OSI model

How ARP Works?
• Device sends an ARP Request ("Who has this IP?")
• The device with the matching IP responds with an ARP
Reply ("I have this IP, here is my MAC")
• The sender updates its ARP table and starts
communication

ARP Spoofing (Security Concern)
• A technique where an attacker sends fake ARP replies to
mislead a device
• Can be used to intercept, modify, or stop network traffic
• Prevention methods: Static ARP entries, ARP Inspection,
Network Segmentation

Packet Forwarding Basics
• Packet forwarding is how data moves from one network to another
• Uses MAC addresses for communication inside a network (Layer 2)
• Uses IP addresses for communication between networks (Layer 3)

Practical Example – Viewing ARP Table
• On Windows: Open Command Prompt and type: arp –a
• On Linux/Mac: Open Terminal and type: arp -n
• Shows IP-to-MAC mappings in your local network

Packet Tracer Lab - ARP and Packet
Forwarding
• Setup a simple LAN with PCs and a switch
• Use Packet Tracer to send pings and analyze ARP
requests/replies
• Capture packets to observe MAC and IP address changes

Summary
• MAC addresses are unique hardware identifiers
• ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses
• Packet forwarding ensures data reaches the correct destination
• ARP spoofing is a security risk; preventive measures are
necessary

Q&A
• Open floor for questions and
clarifications

This document provides an overview of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). It defines ARP as a network layer protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses, allowing communication within a local area network. Key points include: - ARP resolves logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses to allow communication on the data link layer. - IP and MAC addresses are respectively logical and physical identifiers for devices on a network. - The ARP packet format and work procedure of ARP caching are described. - ARP requests are broadcast to find MAC addresses, and ARP responses provide the discovered addresses. - A drawback of ARP is that it is vulnerable to spoofing and denial of service attacks.

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This document provides a summary of key concepts about switches and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) at the link layer of computer networks: - Switches operate at the link layer, selectively forwarding frames to the correct outgoing link based on the frame's MAC address. Switches learn MAC addresses and their associated ports through a self-learning process. - ARP is used to dynamically map IP addresses to MAC addresses when two hosts are on the same local area network (LAN). When a host wants to send to an IP address, it first broadcasts an ARP request. The host with that IP responds with its MAC address. - For hosts on different LANs, the sending host uses ARP to get the MAC address

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presentation of first program exist.pptx

1. MAC Addressing, ARP & Packet Forwarding (Network Essentials Course - Day 4)

2. Introduction to MAC Addressing • MAC Address stands for Media Access Control Address • A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communication within a network • Consists of 48 bits, typically represented in hexadecimal format (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E)

3. Structure of a MAC Address MAC addresses are divided into two parts: • OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) First 24 bits assigned by IEEE to a manufacturer • NIC Specific (Device Identifier) Last 24 bits unique to the device

4. Types of MAC Addresses • Unicast MAC Address: Directs data to a specific device • Multicast MAC Address: Directs data to multiple devices in a group • Broadcast MAC Address: Sends data to all devices in the network (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF)

5. What is ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)? • ARP is used to map an IP address to a MAC address • - You know their name (IP address), but you don't know their exact house address (MAC address).- ARP comes into play and says, "Hey, I know the name, let me find the house address for you." • Essential for communication within LANs • Works within Layer 2 (Data Link) and Layer 3 (Network) of the OSI model

6. How ARP Works? • Device sends an ARP Request ("Who has this IP?") • The device with the matching IP responds with an ARP Reply ("I have this IP, here is my MAC") • The sender updates its ARP table and starts communication

7. ARP Spoofing (Security Concern) • A technique where an attacker sends fake ARP replies to mislead a device • Can be used to intercept, modify, or stop network traffic • Prevention methods: Static ARP entries, ARP Inspection, Network Segmentation

8. Packet Forwarding Basics • Packet forwarding is how data moves from one network to another • Uses MAC addresses for communication inside a network (Layer 2) • Uses IP addresses for communication between networks (Layer 3)

9. Practical Example – Viewing ARP Table • On Windows: Open Command Prompt and type: arp –a • On Linux/Mac: Open Terminal and type: arp -n • Shows IP-to-MAC mappings in your local network

10. Packet Tracer Lab - ARP and Packet Forwarding • Setup a simple LAN with PCs and a switch • Use Packet Tracer to send pings and analyze ARP requests/replies • Capture packets to observe MAC and IP address changes

11. Summary • MAC addresses are unique hardware identifiers • ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses • Packet forwarding ensures data reaches the correct destination • ARP spoofing is a security risk; preventive measures are necessary

12. Q&A • Open floor for questions and clarifications

presentation of first program exist.pptx

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