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Presentation on data communication
- 1. PRESENTATION ON DATA COMMUNICATIONS SUBMITTED TO:- MR. JAGDEEP SINGH SUBMITTED BY:- HARPREET KAUR ROLL NO.-115316
- 2. CONTENTS Introduction to data communication. Components of data communication Data flow:- Simplex, Half duplex, Full deplex Signals:- Analog and Digital signals. Transmission media:- Guided and Unguided media Networking devices
- 3. What is Data Communications? Exchange of data between two devices via some forms of transmission medium(such as wire cable) is Data Communications. For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of a communication system made of a combination of hardware and software. The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on four fundamental characteristics:- delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
- 4. Components of Data Communication: 1.Sender 2.Receiver 3.Message 4.Tramsmission Medium 5. Protocol
- 5. The five components of data communication are: 1. Message - It is the information to be communicated. Popular forms of information include text, pictures, audio, video etc. 2. Sender - It is the device which sends the data messages. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset etc. 3. Receiver - It is the device which receives the data messages. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset etc. 4. Transmission Medium - It is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some examples include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, radio waves etc. 5. Protocol - It is a set of rules that governs the data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating.
- 6. Data Flow
- 7. Data flow can occur in three ways: 1.Simplex:In simplex mode,the communication is unidirectional.only one of the devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive. e.g. keyboards,monitors,etc. 2.Half-duplex:In this mode,each station can both transmit and receive,but not at the same time.When one device is sending,the other can only receive,and vice-versa. e.g. walkie-talkies,CB(citizens band) etc.
- 8. 3.Full Duplex : In full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously. One common example of full duplex is the Telephone network. When two people are communicating by a telephone line, both can talk and listen at the same time. The full-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is required all the time.
- 9. Signals There are two types of signals to transfer data. Signals Analog signal Digital signal
- 10. Analog Signals An analog signal are continuous and passes through or includes an infinite number of continuous values along its path. The curve representing the analog signal passes through an infinite number of points.
- 11. Digital Signals: A digital signal can have only a limited number of defined values. Although each value can be any number,it is as simple as 1 and 0.
- 12. Transmission Media The means through which data is transformed from one place to another is called transmission or communication media. There are two categories of transmission media used in computer communications. Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted through an optical media, such as optical fiber, or through twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, or dielectric-slab waveguides. It may also pass through any physical material that is transparent to the specificwavelength, such as water, air, glass, or concrete. Sound is, by definition, the vibration of matter, so it requires a physical medium for transmission, as does other kinds of mechanical waves and heat energy.
- 13. Types of Transmission Media Transmission Media Guided Media Unguided Media
- 14. Guided Media Guided media are the physical links through which signals are confined to narrow path. These are also called guide media. Bounded media are made up o a external conductor (Usually Copper) bounded by jacket material. Bounded media are great for LABS because they offer high speed, good security and low cast. However, some time they cannot be used due distance communication. Three common types of bounded media are used of the data transmission. These are Coaxial Cable Twisted Pairs Cable Fiber Optics Cable
- 15. Coaxial cable Coaxial cable is very common & widely used commutation media. For example TV wire is usually coaxial. Coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to each other. The center conductor in the cable is usually copper. The copper can be either a solid wire or stranded martial. Outside this central Conductor is a non-conductive material. It is usually white, plastic material used to separate the inner Conductor form the outer Conductor. The other Conductor is a fine mesh made from Copper.
- 16. Fiber optic cable Fiber optic cable uses electrical signals to transmit data. It uses light. In fiber optic cable light only moves in one direction for two way communication to take place a second connection must be made between the two devices. It is actually two stands of cable. Each stand is responsible for one direction of communication. A laser at one device sends pulse of light through this cable to other device. These pulses translated into “1’s” and “0’s” at the other end. In the center of fiber cable is a glass stand or core. The light from the laser moves through this glass to the other device around the internal core is a reflective material known asCLADDING. No light escapes the glass core because of this reflectivecladding.
- 17. Twisted Pair Cable The most popular network cabling is Twisted pair. It is light weight, easy to install, inexpensive and support many different types of network. It also supports the speed of 100 mps.Twisted pair cabling is made of pairs of solid or stranded copper twisted along each other. The twists are done to reduce vulnerably to EMI and cross talk. The number of pairs in the cable depends on the type. The copper core is usually 22- AWG or 24-AWG, asmeasured on the American wire gauge standard. There are two types of twisted pairs cabling 1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) 2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
- 18. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) UTP is more common. It can be either voice grade or data grade depending on the condition. UTP cable normally has an impedance of 100 ohm. UTP cost less than STP and easily available due to its many use. There are five levels of data cabling .
- 19. Shielded twisted pair (STP) It is similar to UTP but has a mesh shielding that’s protects it from EMI which allows for higher transmission rate.
- 20. Unguided Media Unguided media or wireless media doesn't use any physical connectors between the two devices communicating. Usually the transmission is send through the atmosphere but sometime it can be just across the rule. Wireless media is used when a physical obstruction or distance blocks are used with normal cable media. The three types of wireless media are: Radio waves Micro waves Infrared waves
- 21. Devices used in networking Mainly four devices are used in networking:- Modem Hub Switch Router
- 23. Modem A modem is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio. There are two types of modem:- 1. internal modem 2. external modem
- 24. HUB A common connection point for devices in a network. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
- 25. Switch A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally contains more intelligence than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately. By delivering messages only to the connected device intended, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.
- 26. Router A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in on one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing table it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it gets to its destination node.
- 27. Router