Prevention of breast cancer (3)
- 1. Early Detection: Save lives Mrs. munirathnamma k PhD Scholar Reg No: 22418039 JJT University Rajasthan
- 2. Background Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, affecting 2.1 million women every year, and also causes the greatest number of cancer-related deaths among women. In 2018, it is estimated that 627,000 women died from breast cancer – that is approximately 15% of all cancer deaths among women. Breast cancer is sometimes found after symptoms appear, but many women with breast cancer have no symptoms. Detection at advanced stages of the disease makes treatment is more difficult and uncertain. Early detection is critical in order to improve breast cancer outcomes and survival. Although there is no current treatment to prevent breast cancer, early detection of the disease can lead to an excellent outcome. In the nations where there are limited resources settings where the majority of women are diagnosed in late stages should prioritize early diagnosis programmes.
- 3. Objectives: 1. To create an awareness regarding early detection of breast cancer. 2. To reduce breast cancer related morbidity and mortality rate.
- 4. WHAT IS BREAST CANCER? • Breast cancer is a type of cancer that develops from breast tissues and may start in the duct or lobe of the breast tissue. • It is important to understand that most breast lumps are benign and not cancer (malignant). Non-cancerous breast tumors are abnormal growths, but they do not spread outside of the breast. They are not life threatening, but some types of benign breast lumps can increase a woman's risk of getting breast cancer.
- 5. WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER? Non modifiable risk factors Modifiable risk factors Gender Exposure to radiation Age Breast feeding Personal history of breast cancer Hormonal replacement therapy Family history of breast cancer Oral contraception Proliferative breast condition Body weight Breast density Physical activity Early menstruation Alcohol use Late menopause Tobacco smoke
- 6. SIGNS OF BREAST CANCER Signs of breast cancer may include: Lump in the breast or underarm (armpit) Swelling or thickening of all or part of the breast Dimpling or skin irritation of breast skin Localized, persistent breast pain Redness, scaliness or thickening of the nipple or breast skin Nipple discharge (other than breast milk) Any change in the size or shape of the breast
- 7. Prevention Of breast cancer Primary prevention of breast cancer in not possible but we can prevent the complications which may result due to advanced stages of breast cancer by early detection by simple screening methods. Regular breast cancer screening is so important to prevent breast cancer related morbidity and mortality.
- 8. NEED FOR EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER • Global burden of breast cancer is increasing and the early detection of breast cancer in women is important for the effective management of the disease. Early detection methods for breast cancer include screening mammogram, clinical breast examination (carried out by a trained health professional) and breast awareness. Breast self-examination, a technique taught to women in the past, is no longer recommended as it has not been shown to improve outcomes.
- 9. Breast self-examination It is recommended to perform Breast Self Examination after 20 years every month. If a women is menstruating 10 days after menstruation. In case menstrual cycle is irregular or if a women has attained menopause choose a specific day each month.
- 10. Inspection Stand in front of a mirror and look closely at your breasts in three positions: 1. ) Arms at your side 2. ) Arms raised above your head bending forward 3. ) Place hands on your hips and hunch over All three of these steps need to be viewed from the right and left as well as facing forward. • Check for changes in the following: Shape: Compare one to the other. One breast may normally be larger than the other, but sudden changes in size should not occur. Skin: Check for rash, redness, puckering, dimpling, or orange-peel- textured appearance. Nipples: Check for any physical changes such as a sudden inversion, scaliness, redness, itching, swelling, or discharge. Vein patterns: Look for a noticeable increase in size or number of veins compared to the other breast.
- 11. Palpation 1. Check the OUTER HALF of right breast. Lie down and roll on to your left side to examine your right breast. Place your right hand, palm up on your fore- head. Your breast should lie as flat on your chest as possible. It may be easier and more comfortable if you put a pillow behind your shoulder or back. 2. Using the flat pads of your three middle fingers( not the tips) move the pads of your fingers in little circles. Change the amount of pressure so that all levels of breast tissues can be felt. Make each circle three times – Once light, Once medium and once deep before moving to the next circle. Start the circles in your armpit and move down to just below the bra line.
- 12. Palpation 3. Then slide your fingers over—just the width of one finger and move up again. Don’t lift your fingers from your breast as you move them to make sure you feel the entire area. Continue this up-and- down vertical strip pattern—from your collarbone to just below your bra line— until you reach the nipple. 4 . Check the INNER HALF of our right breast. When you reach the nipple , remove pillow, roll on to your back , remove your hand from your forehead and place this arm at a right angle . Carefully check the nipple area using the same circular pressures as before, with our squeezing. Then examine the remaining breast tissue using the up and down vertical strip pattern, Until you reach the middle of your chest Roll on to your right side and repeat the procedure on the left breast
- 13. What to do if you find a lump? • Don’t panic if you think you feel a lump in your breast. • breast change that is new and worrisome. • Consult a doctor • Make Don’t hesitate to call your doctor if you’ve noticed a lump or other sure you get answers. Note: Make it a routine to examine you breast once a month
- 14. Clinical breast exam (CBE) A clinical breast exam (CBE) is a physical exam of the breasts and the underarm area by a trained healthcare professional. Why a CBE is done? • If you tell your doctor about a lump or change in your breasts, you may have a CBE. Your doctor or another trained healthcare professional may also do it as part of your regular physical exam. • Men who find a lump or a change in their breasts should also have a CBE.
- 15. How a CBE is done? • No special to preparation is needed for a CBE. You will remove your clothing from the waist up. A sheet or gown covers you while you’re on the examination table. • First the healthcare professional looks at the breasts. This should be done with you sitting, and then when you are lying down. The healthcare professional looks for: • changes or differences in the shape of the breasts • areas of fullness or thickness in only one breast • differences in skin colour, temperature and texture in the breasts, such as redness, increased warmth or dimpling of the skin
- 16. Cont’d • rashes • visible lumps or swelling • fluid, or discharge, leaking from the nipple • nipple changes, such as a nipple starting to point inward (called inverted) or scaling • Next the healthcare professional feels, or palpates, the breasts and the nipples. This is done with you lying down, which flattens the breast tissue over the chest wall. Breast tissue covers a large area. It goes from the middle of the chest into the armpit and up toward the collarbone and deep inside to the muscles of the chest wall. The healthcare professional will examine the entire area and will need to use some pressure to get at the deeper tissue.
- 17. • The healthcare professional uses firm pressure with their fingers to feel for: • lumps, including their size, shape and whether or not they move within the tissue • hardening or thickening in the breast tissue • tenderness or pain • The healthcare professional will also feel lymph nodes in the underarm area (called the axilla) and in the area above and below the collarbone for any lumps or hardening.
- 18. Mammogram If you're 40 or older and have an average risk of breast cancer, yearly screening mammograms should be part of your healthcare. During a mammogram, each of your breasts is pressed between two plastic plates and an X- ray is taken. Later, a doctor will look at the X- ray and give you the results.