Prevention of cancer in women
Download as PPT, PDF3 likes488 views
This document discusses prevention of breast and cervical cancer in women. It covers leading causes of death for women, risk factors, screening methods, symptoms, and preventive measures. The key points are: 1) Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the top three leading causes of death for women. Cancer screening and treatments have improved survival rates to 66% for people diagnosed between 1966-2002. 2) Risk factors for cancer include age, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, and genetic conditions. Screening methods include self-exams, clinical exams, mammography, and HPV testing to detect cancers early. 3) Preventive measures include vaccinations, safe sexual practices, smoking cessation, healthy
Prevention of cancer in women
- 1. 1 Prevention of Cancer in Women Breast & Cervical Dr. Vandana Bansal MS, D.Phil. (Gold Medalist), DGO, FCGP Senior Gynaecologist & Obstetrician Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgeon Infertility & IVF Specialist DirectorDirector Arpit Test Tube Baby Centre Jeevan Jyoti Hospital
- 2. Importance of Health • Getting motivated • Definition of Health – Health is not merely absence of disease, but it is a complete physical, mental and spiritual well being • Disease – Genetic, Life style, Toxin, Trauma, Infection, Cancer, Due to Aging
- 3. Leading Causes of Death for Women #1 Heart Disease #2 Cancer #3 Stroke CDC, National Vital Statistics Report, 2007
- 4. INTRODUCTION • Cancer is one of the most important cause of death in women. • Due to improve cancer screening and treatment we have a better chances beating cancer than ever before. • About 66 % people diagnosed with cancer between 1966-2002 survived for at 5 years. • As the science of cancer detection and treatment continues to advanced even more people will survive cancer in the future. 4
- 5. Introduction • Risk of cancer is known to increase with age. menopausal women are at higher risk especially those of female genital tract and breast. • Hormone therapy can also impact the development the malignacies • Screening malignancies of female genital tract and breast in post menopausal women is a necessity for there early detection hence better management good prognosis and better survival.
- 6. Why you should know about cancer • Even if you haven’t been diagnosed with cancer, its important to know that there are steps you can take to: • Reduce your chances of getting cancer • Detect cancer early • Make sure you get the treatment you need. 6
- 7. • Cancer may regarded as a group of diseases characterized by an – Abnormal growth of cells – Ability to invade tissue and even distant organs – The eventually death of the affected patient if the tumor has progressed beyond the stage when it can be successfully removed Cancer
- 9. 5 Most Common Cancer in Women in India • Brest • Cervix • Oral Cavity • Lung • Colorectal (Large Intestine) 9
- 10. 10 17 Million New Cancer Cases worldwide. 2018 8.8 million (52% male) 8.2 million (48% female) Male: Female Ratio 10:9.3 It is predicted that there will be 62% increase in the new cancer cases worldwide by 2040 World Cancer Epidemilogy
- 11. CANCER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INCREASING • Deaths from infectious diseases • Childhood mortality • Longevity • Adoption of Western Life style – Cigarette Smoking – Higher consumption of saturated fat – Consumption of Calorie dense foods – Physical activity Survival rates poorer in developing countries (lack of availability of early detection and treatment services)
- 12. What causes cancer • Genetical or inherited • Family history • Gender • Age • Smoking, radiation, viruses, cancer-causing chemicals( carcinogens), lack of exercise, obesity, and hormones etc. • Diet and food additives. • Sexual practices is also a risk factor causing cancer. 12
- 16. Risk Factors Uncontrollable Being a woman Getting older Family History Biopsy (Pre-Cancerous Condition) 1st period before age 12 Menopause after 55 Positive testing for breast cancer gene (BRCA1 & BRCA2) Controllable More than 1 alcoholic drink a day Obesity after menopause Weight gain as an adult Recent use of oral contraceptives Never having children 1st child after age 30 Current/recent use of HRT Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation
- 17. Hereditary Breast Cancer • About 15% of breast cancers are inheritedAbout 15% of breast cancers are inherited • Approximately 80% of hereditary breast cancer is caused byApproximately 80% of hereditary breast cancer is caused by mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genesmutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes • Women who inherit a BRCA mutation have a 50% to 85%Women who inherit a BRCA mutation have a 50% to 85% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetimechance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime • Women with especially strong family history may considerWomen with especially strong family history may consider preventive surgery to remove breast tissue and/orpreventive surgery to remove breast tissue and/or chemopreventionchemoprevention • Several other genetic syndromes can increase breast cancerSeveral other genetic syndromes can increase breast cancer riskrisk • Genetic counseling and testing is available for mostGenetic counseling and testing is available for most syndromessyndromes • For more information, www.plwc.org/geneticsFor more information, www.plwc.org/genetics
- 18. Breast Cancer and Early Detection • Early diagnosis means a better chance of successfulEarly diagnosis means a better chance of successful treatmenttreatment • Mammography is the best tool doctors have toMammography is the best tool doctors have to screen for breast cancerscreen for breast cancer • Many organizations recommend that women obtain aMany organizations recommend that women obtain a mammogram each year, starting atmammogram each year, starting at the age of 40age of 40 • Regular clinical breast examinations and breast self-Regular clinical breast examinations and breast self- examinations are also recommendedexaminations are also recommended • Women are encouraged to discuss the frequency ofWomen are encouraged to discuss the frequency of screening with their doctorsscreening with their doctors
- 19. Some New lump in the breast or underarm (armpit). Thickening or swelling of part of the breast. Irritation or dimpling of breast skin. Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast. Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area. Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood. Any change in the size or the shape of the breast. Pain in any area of the breast. Warning Signs of Breast Cancer Centers for Disease Control
- 21. Methods of Screening for Breast Cancer • Self Brest ExaminationSelf Brest Examination • Clinical Brest ExaminationClinical Brest Examination • mammographymammography • UltrasoundUltrasound • Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) scanMagnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) scan
- 29. CERVICAL CANCER
- 30. 30 80% of the new cases occur in the developing countries Most frequent cause of death from cancer in Women from developing Countries CERVICAL CANCER
- 31. 31
- 32. Cervical cancer • There is a significant rise in the pre- cancerous lesions like CIN in teenage and younger women. • 35% to 50% of invasive cancers are now diagnosed while they are still at the stage I level of the disease.. 32
- 33. Who is at risk for cervical cancer? • Multiparty • Low socioeconomic status • Age of the first coitus • Multiple sexual partners • Genital tract infection HSV infection Vulval Warts • Other infection like CMV Chlamydia Trachomatis Trichomonal Vaginalis • Smoking • Contraception
- 34. What causes cervicalWhat causes cervical cancer???cancer??? The main cause for cervical cancer is aThe main cause for cervical cancer is a virus called (HPV)humanvirus called (HPV)human papillomavirus….papillomavirus…. •HPV is sexually transmittedHPV is sexually transmitted •The HPV detected today could have been acquired yearsThe HPV detected today could have been acquired years agoago •There are many different types of HPVThere are many different types of HPV Low-risk types can cause wartsLow-risk types can cause warts High-risk types can cause pre cancer andHigh-risk types can cause pre cancer and cancer of the cervixcancer of the cervix 34
- 35. The symptoms of cervical cancer Unusual discharge from the vagina. Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, during sex or after menopause. Anemia because of abnormal vaginal bleeding. Ongoing pelvic, leg, or back pain. Urinary problems because of blockage of a kidney or ureter. Bleeding from the rectum or bladder. Weight loss. 35
- 37. 37 Screening methods available • VISUAL INSPECTION: VIA and VILLI (subjective visual inspection with acetic acid &lugol’s iodine • Cytology : Pap Smear, LBC (Liquid based cytology) • HPV DNA Test: High Risk HPV DNA Test / HPV Typing • Follow up with colposcopy or directed biopsy or treat with ablative methods or excisional methods
- 40. PREVENTIVE MEASURES • Delaying first sexual intercourse until the late teens or older • Avoidance of early marriage. • Get regular Pap tests and follow up, if necessary • Limiting the number of sex partners • Restriction of Number of Children • Maintain Genital Hygiene • Avoiding sexual intercourse with people who are obviously infected with genital warts or show other symptoms • Use condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity • Quitting smoking • Vaccination
- 41. HPV Vaccine ACOG Recommendations Three Shots Over Six MonthsThree Shots Over Six Months Male and FemalesMale and Females Ages 11-12Ages 11-12 Up to 9-26Up to 9-26
- 42. Cervical cancer cure rate by Stages 42 When detected at an early stage, the 5-year survival rate for women with invasive cervical cancer is 92%. About 45% of women with cervical cancer are diagnosed at an early stage. If cervical cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or the regional lymph nodes, the 5-year survival rate is 56%.
- 43. Dietary and Lifestyle Changes to Help Prevent Cancer
- 47. Exercise Helps in Every Way
- 49. Benefits of Vitamins and Phytonutrients
- 50. Infertility Treatments in Cancer Patients • IVF • Ovarian Tissue Freezing • Egg Freezing 50
Editor's Notes
- #4: Hint: #1 weighs less than a can of soda, it’s about the size of a fist, and operates about 100,000 times a day.
- #13: The Risk of developing cancer may be depend upon who you are, where you have been exposed and how do you live (lifestyle). Cancer is not contagious. So you need not worry about spreading or catching from someone else.
- #17: Discuss prevention: BSE and getting CBE’s Hand out BSE card **Further information on the risk factors can be found on the Susan G Komen website
- #34: A risk factor is something that can increase your chance of getting a disease, such as cancer. Some factors are more likely to cause cervical cancer than others. The most important risk factor is not getting regular Pap tests and treated, when needed. Also, as mentioned earlier, having persistent HPV infection increases your risk of cervical cancer. Women smokers are more likely to get cervical precancer and cancer.
- #38: Over the last five decades, large scale organized cytology based screening programs have shown substantial reduction in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in developed countries. However, implementing such screening programs in low resource settings has its own challenges. Poor health care infrastructure, sub-optimal performance of cytology, absence of quality assurance measures and inadequate resources to support multiple visits for screen test evaluation, Colposcopy and treatment are the key barriers in replicating cytology based screening models of developed countries. To overcome these limitations, alternative screening technologies like visual screening has been extensively evaluated in low resource set-ups.
- #41: You can usually prevent cervical cancer with routine Pap tests. Make sure you follow up with more testing if your doctor tells you to. You can lower your risk for cervical cancer by having fewer sex partners over the course of your lifetime. The longer you wait to have sex, the more likely you are to have fewer sex partners. Having a partner who has had no or few prior sex partners can also lower your risk. If you already smoke, talk to your doctor about programs to help you stop. Good nutrition can help make your immune system stronger. Some research suggests that folic acid can reduce your risk of cervical cancer. Folic acid can be found in foods such as uncooked spinach; romaine lettuce; rice; lentils; and, certain cereals. The effect of condoms in preventing HPV infection is not known. However, the use of condoms has been associated with a lower rate of cervical cancer. People who are sexually active should use condoms. When condoms are used consistently and correctly, they help prevent HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) and lower the risk of other STDs.
- #42: Important points: Vaccination recommended for all females 9-26 years old. Vaccine is most effective if administered before sexual activity ACOG supports vaccination at 13-15 years of age during first visit to GYN The vaccine can be given to women with previous CIN, abnormal cytology or genital warts, but it is not intended to treat these patients. Patients with these conditions should undergo the appropriate evaluation and treatment. Women with suppressed immune systems can be vaccinated, although protection may be less than that of women with normal immune function. Pap screening recommendations remain the same. The vaccine is a preventive tool and is not a substitute for cancer screening. Reference: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.
- #50: Benefits of Vitamins and Phytonutrients