principle of oop’s in cpp
- 1. PRINCIPLE OF OOP’S Chap 13/10/2016 1By:-Gourav Kottawar By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 2. Contents 3/10/2016 2 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Procedural Vs Object Oriented Programming 1.3 Classes, Object, Data Abstraction, 1.4 Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism 1.5 Dynamic Binding, Message Passing 1.6 Object Oriented Languages 1.7 Object Based languages % - 5 By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 3. 1.1 Introduction 3/10/2016 3 C is a programming language developed in the 1970's alongside the UNIX operating system. C provides a comprehensive set of features for handling a wide variety of applications, such as systems development and scientific computation. C++ is an “extension” of the C language, in that most C programs are also C++ programs. C++, as opposed to C, supports “object- oriented programming.” By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 4. Principles of Object oriented programming 3/10/2016 4 Software Crisis 1. Real life problems 2. designing system with open interface 3. Reusability and extensibility 4. quality 5. Time schedule 6. Industrialize SDP. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 5. Layers of computer software 3/10/2016 5 Object Oriented Programming Procedure Oriented Assembly Language Machine Languag e 1.0 By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 6. Typical structure of Procedure oriented programming 3/10/2016 6 By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 7. 1.2 Procedural Vs Object Oriented Programming 3/10/2016 7 Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming Divided Into In POP, program is divided into small parts called functions. In OOP, program is divided into parts called objects. Importance In POP,Importance is not given to data but to functions as well as sequence of actions to be done. In OOP, Importance is given to the data rather than procedures or functions because it works as areal world. Approach POP follows Top Down approach. OOP follows Bottom Up approach. Access Specifiers POP does not have any access specifier. OOP has access specifiers named Public, Private, Protected, etc. Data Moving In POP, Data can move freely from function to function in the system. In OOP, objects can move and communicate with each other through member functions.By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 8. 1.2 Procedural Vs Object Oriented Programming 3/10/2016 8 Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming Expansion To add new data and function in POP is not so easy. OOP provides an easy way to add new data and function. Data Access In POP, Most function uses Global data for sharing that can be accessed freely from function to function in the system. In OOP, data can not move easily from function to function,it can be kept public or private so we can control the access of data. Data Hiding POP does not have any proper way for hiding data so it is less secure. OOP provides Data Hiding so provides more security. Overloading In POP, Overloading is not possible. In OOP, overloading is possible in the form of Function Overloading and Operator Overloading. Examples Example of POP are : C, VB, FORTRAN, Pascal. Example of OOP are : C++, JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET.By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 9. Object Oriented paradigm 3/10/2016 9 Emphasis is data rather than procedure. Programs are divided into what are known as objects. Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects. Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure. Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions. Objects may communicate with each other through functions. New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary. Follows bottom up approach By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 10. Organization of data and functions in oop 3/10/2016 10 By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 11. Basic concepts of object oriented programming 3/10/2016 11 Object objects are runtime entities in an object oriented system. An object is anything that can be represented by data in a computer’s memory and manipulated by a computer program. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 17. 3/10/2016 Object-Oriented Programming An object can be something in the physical world or even just an abstract idea. An airplane, for example, is a physical object that can be manipulated by a computer. 17
- 18. 3/10/2016 Object-Oriented Programming An object can be something in the physical world or even just an abstract idea. A bank transaction is an example of an object that is not physical. 18
- 19. Object-Oriented Programming To a computer, an object is simply something that can be represented by data in the computer’s memory and manipulated by computer programs. 3/10/2016 19
- 20. Object-Oriented Programming The data that represent the object are organized into a set of properties. The values stored in an object’s properties at any one time form the state of an object. Name: PA 3794 Owner: US Airlines Location: 39 52′ 06″ N 75 13′ 52″ W Heading: 271° Altitude: 19 m AirSpeed: 0 Make: Boeing Model: 737 Weight: 32,820 kg 3/10/2016 20
- 21. 3/10/2016 21 Two ways of representing an object By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 22. Classes 3/10/2016 22 The entire set of data and code of an object can be made a user defined data type with the help of a class. Objects are variables of the type class. Once a class has been defined, we can create any number of objects belonging to that class. A class in collection of similar type objects. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 23. Object-Oriented Programming Each copy of an object from a particular class is called an instance of the object. 3/10/2016 23
- 24. Object-Oriented Programming The act of creating a new instance of an object is called instantiation. 3/10/2016 24
- 25. Object-Oriented Programming A class can be thought of as a blueprint for instances of an object. 3/10/2016 25
- 26. Object-Oriented Programming Two different instances of the same class will have the same properties, but different values stored in those properties. 3/10/2016 26
- 27. psulation 27 The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit (called class) is known as encapsulation. Data and encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class. The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can access it. These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program. This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding. 3/10/2016By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 28. Abstraction 3/10/2016 28 Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or explanation. Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract attributes such as size, wait, and cost, and function operate on these attributes. They encapsulate all the essential properties of the object that are to be created. The attributes are some time called data members because they hold information. The functions that operate on these data are sometimes called methods or member function By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 30. Inheritance 3/10/2016 30 Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquired the properties of objects of another classes. It supports the concept of hierarchical classification. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 31. Polymorphism 3/10/2016 31 Polymorphism is another important OOP concept. Polymorphism, a Greek term, means the ability to take more than on form. An operation may exhibit different behavior is different instances. The behavior depends upon the types of data used in the operation. For example, consider the operation of addition. For two numbers, the operation will generate a sum. If the operands are strings, then the operation would produce a third string by concatenation. The process of making an operator to exhibit different behaviors in different instances is known as operator overloading. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 32. 3/10/2016 32 Polymorphism plays an important role in allowing objects having different internal structures to share the same external interface. Polymorphism is extensively used in implementing inheritance. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 33. Dynamic binding 3/10/2016 33 Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at run time. It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance. A function call associated with a polymorphic reference depends on the dynamic type of that reference. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 34. Message binding 3/10/2016 34 An object oriented program consists a set of objects that communicate with each other. The process involves - creating classes that define objects and their behavior. - creating objects from class definitions, - establishing communications among objects. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 35. Benefits of oops 3/10/2016 35 Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code extend the use of existing Classes. We can build programs from the standard working modules that communicate with one another, rather than having to start writing the code from scratch. This leads to saving of development time and higher productivity. • The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure program that can not be invaded by code in other parts of a programs. • It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-exist without any interference. By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 36. Benefits of oops 3/10/2016 36 • It is possible to map object in the problem domain to those in the program. • It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects. • The data-centered design approach enables us to capture more detail of a model can implemental form. • Object-oriented system can be easily upgraded from small to large system. • Message passing techniques for communication between objects makes to interface descriptions with external systems much simpler. • Software complexity can be easily managedBy:-Gourav Kottawar
- 37. Objects Oriented languages 3/10/2016 37 ABAP Ada 95 Amiga E BETA Blue Boo C++ C# Chapel Clarion CLU COBO L Falcon Fancy Fortran 2003 FPr FreeBAS IC F-Script F# Gambas Graphtal k IDLscript J J# JADE Java Groo vy Join Java X10 Lasso Lava Lexico Lingo LISP Logtalk MATLAB Modula-2 Modu la-3 Nemerle NetRexx Noop Oberon (Oberon- 1) Obero n-2 Object Pascal Delphi Free Pasca l Turbo Pasca l Object REXX Cobra ColdFusion Common Lisp COOL CorbaScript Curl D Dylan E Eiffel Sather Omnis Studio Oz Mozart Progra mming System Perl since Power Builder Prototype- based languages Actor- Based Concur rent Langua ges: ABCL/1 , ABCL/ R, ABCL/ R2, ABCL/c + By:-Gourav Kottawar
- 38. Object based languages 3/10/2016 38 Examples of a language that is object-based but not object-oriented are early versions of Ada, Javascript, and Visual Basic (VB). These languages all support the definition of an object as a data structure but lack polymorphism and inheritance. By:-Gourav Kottawar