Problem solving agents

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This document discusses problem solving agents in artificial intelligence. It explains that problem solving agents focus on satisfying goals by formulating the goal based on the current situation, then formulating the problem by determining the actions needed to achieve the goal. Key components of problem formulation include the initial state, possible actions, transition model describing how actions change the state, a goal test, and path cost function. Two examples of well-defined problems are given: the 8-puzzle problem and the 8-queens problem.

Problem Solving
 An import application of Artificial Intelligence is
Problem Solving.
 Define problem statement first.
 Generating the solution by keeping the different
condition in mind.
 Searching is the most commonly used
technique of problem solving in artificial
intelligence.

Problem Solving Agents:
A problem-solving agent is a goal-driven agent and focuses on
satisfying the goal.
Goal formulation,
based on the current
situation and the
agent’s performance
measure. It organizes
steps required to
achieve that goal.
Goal Formulation
Problem Formulation
Problem formulation
is the process of
deciding what actions
should be taken to
achieve the
formulated goal.
Components involved in Problem
Formulation
 Initial State
 Actions
 Transition model
 Goal test
 Path cost
Steps performed by Problem-solving agent

Well Defined Problems And Solutions
A problem can be defined formally by five components:
 The initial state that the agent starts in.
 A description of the possible actions available to the agent.
 A description of what each action does; the formal name for this is the transition
model.
 The goal test, which determines whether a given state is a goal state. Sometimes
there is an explicit set of possible goal states, and the test simply checks whether the
given state is one of them.
 A path cost function that assigns a numeric cost to each path. The problem-solving
agent chooses a cost function that reflects its own performance measure.
State
Space

8 Puzzle Problem
 States: A state description specifies the location
of each of the eight tiles and the blank in one of
the nine squares.
 Initial state: Any state can be designated as the
initial state.
 Actions: The simplest formulation defines the
actions as movements of the blank space Left,
Right, Up, or Down. Different subsets of these
are possible depending on where the blank is.
Goal State
Initial State

Example: 8 Puzzle Problem
 Transition model: Given a state and
action, this returns the resulting state.
 Goal test: This check whether the state
matches the goal configuration. (Other
goal configurations are possible.)
 Path cost: Each step costs 1, so the path
cost is the number of steps in the path.
Goal State
Initial State

8-Queens Problem
 The goal of the 8-queens problem is to place eight queens
on a chess-board such that no queen attacks any other.
 • States: Any arrangement of 0 to 8 queens on the board
is a state.
 • Initial state: No queens on the board.
 • Actions: Add a queen to any empty square.
 • Transition model: Returns the board with a queen
added to the specified square.
 • Goal test: 8 queens are on the board, none attacked.

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Graceful Degradation and Affordance in IOTMegha Sharma

Web thinking connected device, Small Pieces Loosely joined.Megha Sharma

Production & Mass Personalization, Changing Embedded Platform, Physical proto...Megha Sharma

Whose data is it anyways? Public vs Private data collection.Megha Sharma

Thinking about Prototyping: Sketching, Familiarity, Cost versus Ease of proto...Megha Sharma