Production of Conventional Fuel from Plastic Waste and Biomass by Pyrolysis

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 784
Production of Conventional Fuel from Plastic Waste and Biomass by
Pyrolysis
Priyeshnath Rathod
1
, Bhavik Joshi
2
, Tejas Dhake
3
, Srushti Pansara
4
, Nishant Gupta
5
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Parul Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
2,3,4,5
Students, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Parul Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The conversion of waste plastic into liquid fuel is
an unintended outcome of the progress made toward more
sustainable waste management.The best and optimum way
to convert waste plastic is to do pyrolysis process by
creating oxygen free atmosphere. This is an effective
measure by converting waste plastic into combustible
hydrocarbon liquid as an alternative fuel. The plastics used
in this process include polypropylene, polyethylene and
high-density polyethylene. In some trials, plastics were co-
pyrolyzed with other materials such as biomass (rice
husk). The fuel obtained was of high yield and could be
brought in use for commercial purpose after creating a
setup for large scale production. In our process we got
nearly 65% yield of fuels. The quality of fuel after the
process of pyrolysis of plastic and co-pyrolysisof plastic +
biomass, is compared to conventional diesel fuel after
purification to check the similarity between two. The fuel
samples were analyzed through FTIR and the components
present were identified. This oil, after purification, can be
readily used in industries to heat the boilers. We believe
that modifications in our process and use of biomass
reduced the time required to carry out the process,
increased the fuel yield. Residue was converted into Nano-
silica by acid treatment which has a wide use as an
adsorbent in industries. Thus,two problems such as waste
plastic management and fuel shortage could be tackled
simultaneously and hence through this method we could
reducethedamage caused to the environmental.
Key Words: Waste Plastic, Biomass, Pyrolysis, Co-
pyrolysis, Characterization, Component Analysis, Fuel
Oil, Petrol, Diesel
1. INTRODUCTION
The paper involves in depth analysis and experimentation
of plastics and biomass. To properly carry out the
experimentsand come to a concrete conclusion, the types
and properties of the feed which is used need to be
known and studied in brief.
1.1 What are plastics?
Plastics are an extensive variety of artificial or semi-
artificial substances that use polymers as a chief
ingredient. Like timber, paper or wool, plastics also are
taken into consideration as natural substances. The
plasticityofplasticsmakes it viable for them to be extruded,
molded or pressed into solids of diverse shapes. An
extensive variety of residences together with being
lightweight, durable, bendyand less expensive to provide
and the adaptability mentioned in advance has brought
about its sizeable use.
1.2 Classification of Plastics
Plastics can be classified on the following basis:
• chemical structure of the polymer (as well as side
chains)
• the chemical processes which are used to
manufacture them
• their physical properties
• their reactions (and resistance) to various
substances and processes
• qualities which are relevant to manufacturing /
product design for a particular reason
1.2.1 Thermoplastics & Thermosetting Polymers One
important classification of plastics is the degree to
which the chemical processes can make them
reversible ornot (physically and chemically).
Thermoplastics, when heated, do not undergo any chemical
change in their composition. Thus, they can be molded
repeatedly. Examples include polystyrene (PS), polyethylene
(PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene (PP).
Thermosetting polymers (Thermosets) can melt and take
shape only once. After they've solidified, they live stable. If
reheated, thermosets decompose as opposed to soften. In
this process, an irreversible chemical reaction occurs.
1.1.1 1.2.2 Amorphous Plastics & Crystalline Plastics Many
plastics are absolutely amorphous (without a rather
ordered molecular shape), inclusive of thermosets,
polystyrene, and methyl methacrylate (PMMA). Ontheother
hand, crystalline plastics exhibit a pattern in which the
atoms are regularly spaced such as high-density
polyethylene (HDPE), polybutylene terephthalate(PBT)and
polyether ether ketone (PEEK).

1.2.3 Bio-degradable Plastics & Bio-plastics
Biodegradable plastics break down (degrade) upon
exposure to sunlight, UV radiation, water, dampness,
bacteria, enzymes or wind abrasion. Attack by insects,
together with wax-worms and mealworms, also can be
taken into consideration as kinds of biodegradation.
While most plastics are produced from petrochemicals,
bio- plastics are made substantially from renewable
plant materials like cellulose and starch. In order to finite
limits offossil gasoline reserves and to growing rangesof
greenhouse gases caused in most cases through the
burning of these fuels, the improvement of bio-plastics is
a developing field.
1.3 Types of Plastics
• Polyamides (PA) or (nylons): fishing line, low-
strength machine parts such as engine parts
or gun frames, fibers, tubing & toothbrush
bristles.
• Polycarbonate (PC): compact discs (CDs),
eyeglasses, shields used in riots, security
windows,traffic lights and lenses.
• Polyester (PES): fibers and textiles.
• Polyethylene (PE): a wide range of
supermarket bags and plastic bottles.
• High Density Polyethylene (HDPE): detergent
storage bottles, milk jugs and molded cases
of plastic.
• Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE): floor tiles,
shower curtains, outdoor furniture as well as
clamshell packaging.
• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): peanut
butter jars, carbonated drink bottles,
microwavable packaging and plastic film.
• Polypropylene (PP): bottle caps, drinking
straws,yogurt containers, car fenders as well
as bumpers and pressure pipe systems.
• Polystyrene (PS): foam peanuts, plastic food
containers, plastic tableware, disposable
plastic cups, food plates, cutlery, compact
discs (CD) and boxes to store cassettes.
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): plumbing pipes and
gutters, insulation for electrical wires/cables,
curtains, window frames and flooring.
1.4 Environmental Hazards due to Mismanagementof
plastics
Plastics are non-biodegradable material. Time taken to
biodegrade plastic is 300-500 years and therefore
environmental hazards due to improper management
includes following aspects:
1. Littered plastics spoils beauty of the city and choke drains
and can cause serious problem to cattle if they consume it.
2. When garbage containing plastics is burnt, itmaycauseair
pollution as it emits toxic gases.
3. Garbage mixed with plastics gives problem in landfill
operation and pollutes the land.
1.5 Side effects of plastics in Nature
Durability and chemical structure of some organic
compounds greatly influences their biodegradability.
Therefore, an increased number of functional groups
(groups of atoms) which are attached to the benzene
molecule (in an organic molecule) usually hinder the attack
of microorganisms. Instead of biodegradation,plasticswaste
is going via photo-degradation and becomes plastic dusts
that can enter the living organisms and could cause serious
health issues. Plasticsare usually processedfromderivatives
of petroleum and are composed primarily of hydrocarbons
but also contain antioxidants, colorants, andotherstabilizers
which are usually additives. However, these additives are
undesirable from an environmental point of view when
these plastic productsare discarded. Burning of plasticsgive
NOX, COX, SOX, particulate, dioxinsand fumes to increaseair
pollution which results in acid rain and increase in global
warming. Plastics in land fill area results in leachingoftoxins
into ground water.
1.6 What is Biomass?
Biomass is obtained from natural substances, a renewable
and sustainable supply of energy used to create electricityor
different kinds of power. Green power manufacturing can
hold indefinitely with a regular supply of waste – from
creation and demolition activities, to timber now no longer
utilized in papermaking, to municipal stable waste. Here is
why Biomass is a renewable source of fuel to produce
energy:
• Waste residues – in terms of scrap wood, mill
residuals and forest resources - will always
exist.
• Properly managed forests will always have more
trees and crops and also the residual biological
matter from those crops.
Biomass is considered a renewable energy source since
organic matter can be replacedin a relatively short periodof
time. Burntwood in a fireplace or a charcoal grill for cooking
are examples of using biomass energy.
Before the mid-19th century, biomass used to be largest
source of U.S. energy consumption. Biomass is still an
important fuel for cooking and heating in other countries.
Biomass is onceagain becoming an important energysource
as countries see renewable energy as a way to avoid the

carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that come from burning
fossil fuels.
1.7 Types of Biomass
1.7.1 Tree & Plant Waste
Any plant or wood waste can be burned to harness
biomass energy whether it’s produced by industrial
manufacturing or by the average home. Some common
waste from plants andtrees includes:
 Firewood, timber pellets and timber chips
 Sawdust
 Black liquor from pulp and paper mills
 Dead leaves and backyard clippings
1.7.2 Crops
Farm waste materials and agricultural crops can either
be burned or allowed to decompose which will result in
releaseof biomass energy. The most common crop waste
comes from Corn, Soybeans, Sugarcane, Switch grass,
Woodyplants,Algae, Crop and foodprocessing residues.
1.7.3 Solid Waste
Any organic waste from human activity can be
decomposed or burned to convert biomass energy into
electricity. Solid waste can include Paper and
paperboard, Textiles such as cotton and wool, Food
waste, Rubber and leather.
1.7.4 Landfill Gas and Biogas
Organic waste is generated day by day from each land-
fills and livestock farms which decomposes and in
addition releases methane (CH4) this is ignited to
release biomass energy. The biggest sources of methane
are:
 Animal waste, accrued in massive tankspacked
with micro-organism that consume the waste
and convert it to methane.
 Landfill gas, largely methane, is collected by
closingoff a landfill and running pipes from the
waste thatcollect the gas. If left to decompose on
its own, these landfills and animal waste will
release the methane gas into the open
atmosphere. Methane is the second-biggest
contributor to climate change when it’s left to
escape into the atmosphere as it is a potent
greenhouse gas with 25 times the heat- trapping
ability of carbon dioxide. So methanecould be
captured to be used as a biomass energy supply
and thus it will help reduce the effects of climate
change in many ways.
2. MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY
2.1 Materials:
Waste Plastic (LDPE, HDPE & PP), rice husk, round bottom
flask, electrical heater, nitrogen gas, condenser,
thermometer, pipes, thermometer pocket, beaker,
submersible pump, muffle furnace.
2.2 Methodology:
We chose thermal pyrolysis method for our experiment. Itis
an advanced conversion technology that has the ability to
produce a clean, highcalorific value hydrocarbonfromwaste
(polyethylene). The detailed procedure is given below:
• Feed sample (waste plastic) was cleaned and
shredded into small pieces and fed into the 1-
liter round bottom flask.
• Nitrogen gas was purged into the round bottom
flask through one of the inlets using a glass pipe
connected via rubber pipe. From the other inlet,
a thermometer pocket was inserted to measure
the high temperatures inside.
• The third outlet of the round bottom flask was
attached to a condenser, which had continuous
water flow, collecting and condensing the vapors
of melted plastic into a beaker put at the other
end of the condenser.
• The heating was supplied through an electrical
heater. The temperature when first drop of
liquid came out was noted.
• The weight of the waxy residue was calculatedat
the end. The total time required for the
experiment was also noted.
• Different properties of obtained liquid were
tested.
Fig. 1: Experimental Setup
Few trials were done by blending waste plastic and biomass

(rice husk) which is called Co-pyrolysis method. The
feed was taken in a ratio of 2:1 for plastic to biomass.
The procedure is same as done for only plastic, as
mentioned above. In some samples, especially the ones
with biomass, little amounts of water was obtained along
with the fuel oil.Hence to separate them re-distillation of
the obtained fuel was also done.
The residue obtained from the co-pyrolysis method was
used to synthesize Nano-Silica. The procedure is as
follows:
• 10g Residue (rice husk) was
treatedwith 30 ml, 1N HCl and kept in
oven at 80oC for 2 hours and left
overnight.
• It is then filtered the next day with
distilled water.
• At this step, Silica is obtained which is
dried at110oC and then kept in muffle
furnace at 700oCfor 2 hours.
Finally, Nano-Silica, a white powdered substance is
obtained.
Fig. 2: Nano Silica (2 g)
Fig. 3: 10 ml samples of fuels obtained.
(From L to R: LDPE, LDPE+biomass,
LDPE+Biomass+Saw Dust, PP, PP+Biomass, HDPE,
HDPE+Biomass)
Fig. 4: Re-Distillation of Fuel Samples
3. OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS
After successful completion of all the batches of plastics and
biomass, the following observations were made and results
were obtained.

Table 1: Observations of all the 8 batches
BATCH No. Plastic type Feed (g) Output (weight %) Temperature (o C) Percentage
Yield (%)
Liquid Gas Residue
BATCH 1 LDPE(Plastic Bag) 250 59 18.4 22.4 276 59
BATCH 2 LDPE(Plastic Bag) 300 69.6 13.3 17 298 69.6
BATCH 3 HDPE 150 16.6 14.6 68.7 250.6 16.6
BATCH 4 PP 150 55 21.3 23.3 237.8 55
BATCH 5
LDPE + Milk Bag +
Sawdust + Rice Husk
250 64 28 8 97 64
BATCH 6 LDPE + Rice Husk 150 34.5 15.4 50 203.4 34.5
BATCH 7 HDPE + Rice Husk 150 43 14 42.6 168.6 43
BATCH 8 PP + Rice Husk 150 52.6 19.2 28.1 186.6 52.67
Table 2: Properties compared with Gasoline/Diesel
Physical
Properties
Type of Plastics Commercial
Standard Value
(ASTM 1979)
LDPE
(Plastic
Bag)
LDPE
(Plastic
Bag)
HDPE PP LDPE +
Milk Bag +
Saw dust +
Rice Husk
LDPE +
Rice
Husk
HDPE +
Rice
Husk
PP +
Rice
Husk
Gasoline Diesel
Density
(g/c3)
0.819 0.819 0.691 0.691 0.707 0.761 0.845 0.759 0.780 0.807
Viscosity
(cP)
2.3 2.3 0.537 0.724 0.921 0.720 0.702 0.675 0.91 1.5-3
Calorific
value
(MJ/kg)
39.1 39.1 45.4 40 37 38.4 40.1 40 42.5 43.0
Flash
point(⁰C)
80.4 80.4 44 33 113.1 100 63.6 54.2 42 52
Fire
Point(oC)
85.5 85.5 50 39 119 105 68.7 59.4 49 93.3

Pour point
(⁰C)
<-10 <-10 <-10 <-10 <-10 <-10 <-10 <-10 - -30
Cloud
Point (oC)
-8 -8 <-5 <-5 <-5 <-5 <-5 <-5 -18 -6
4. ANALYSIS
The fuel samples were then analyzed through FTIR foridentification of further components in the fuel. Here aretheresults
of the analysis done.
Fig. 5: Analysis of Fuel oil from LDPE
Fig. 6: Analysis of Fuel oil from HDPE
Fig. 8: Analysis of Fuel oil from LDPE + Biomass
Fig. 9: Analysis of Fuel oil from HDPE + Biomass
Fig. 7: Analysis of Fuel oil from PP Fig. 10: Analysis of Fuel oil from PP + Biomass

5. CONCLUSIONS
From the analysis and observations shown above, wecan
see that the percentage yield of fuel oil obtained from
pyrolysisof LDPE has increased from 59% to 64% after
addition of saw dust and rice husk to the feed. And the
amount of fuel oil obtained from pyrolysis of HDPE
infused with Rice Husk increased by almost 260%
compared to pyrolysis of HDPE alone - which means
pyrolysis of only HDPE produced about16.6% liquid fuel
whereas pyrolysis of HDPE and Rice Huskproduced 43%
liquid fuel. Both these inferences show us that addition
of biomass increases the yield of liquid oil obtained. This
in turn reduces the amount of residue obtained too. The
amount of gases obtained remains the same for HDPE.
On the other hand, flash point and fire point of fuel oil
obtained from pyrolysis of plastics infused with biomass
is more than that of fuel oil obtained from pyrolysis of
plastics alone. These high temperatures make it easier to
store the fuels in surroundings with lower temperatures
which in turn reduce the possibility of fire hazards
taking place. The possible reasons for improvement can
be the synergistic effects of biomass and plastic. Here
biomass performs as an auto-catalyst in the reactions.
Moreover, the fuel oil obtained from pyrolysis of LDPE
turns out to be similar to diesel with most of its
parameters aligningclosetothose of diesel.
As discussed beforehand, we face issues regarding
shortage of fossil fuels and improper management of
solid waste generated globally. Co-pyrolysis has been
proved to give better quality fuels with increased
quantity too. And in addition to this, the analysis of the
co-pyrolysis technology above does not involve the use
of catalysts, hydrogen pressure or any kinds of solvents.
The synergistic effects between various types of biomass
and plastics have provedto be an area of interest where
very less research is done. Using biomass into this
process proves economical and effective in terms of
biomass waste management. Moreover, generation of
plastic waste at an enormous rateannually and globally
plays a major role in substituting the issue of depletion
of fossil fuels, as plastics are additive materials for co-
pyrolysis. Considering the rapid growth of countries
worldwide, economically and population-wise, more and
more waste will be generated which will increasetheneed
ofwaste management. In further addition to the benefits
of using co-pyrolysis technology, it helps in stabilizing
the economy as the costs to treat solid waste separately
reducesand a useful product Nano-Silica is obtained and
environmental issues which follow is also reduced. From
the discussion above, we come to a conclusion that Co-
pyrolysis proves to be a trust-worthy technology for
tackling two major issues – solid waste management and
over dependency on fossil fuels.
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