Productive Performance of Philippine Silkworm (Bombyx Mori L.) Purelines Fed with Folic Acid-Enriched Mulberry Leaves

19 Manuel and Supsup
Int. J. Biosci. 2024
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESS
Productive Performance of Philippine Silkworm (Bombyx Mori
L.) Purelines Fed with Folic Acid-Enriched Mulberry Leaves
Janet D. Manuel*
, Roel D. Supsup
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, 2515 La Union, Philippines
Key words: Nutrient enrichment, Silkworm, Larval growth, Mulberry, Folic acid
http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/24.1.19-27 Article published on January 03, 2024
Abstract
Low silk production has been attributed to the low quality of mulberry leaves fed to silkworms during rearing.
Thus, quality of mulberry leaves should be enhanced. This study determined the efficacy of folic acid-enriched
mulberry leaves in the performance of silkworms and silkmoth egg production. Fifth instar larvae of the six (6)
silkworm purelines were used in the study. Mulberry leaves were supplemented with 0.001% Folic Acid (T1) and
0 .002% Folic Acid (T2) and compared to the Control (No Supplementation). Results showed that the larvae,
cocoons and eggs produced by the silkworm purelines fed with folic acid supplemented mulberry leaves were
significantly affected based on the weight of 10 matured larvae, single shell weight, single cocoon weight,
effective rearing rate (ERR), cocoon yield per box (CYPB), and fecundity. An interaction effect on the effective
rearing rate (ERR) and cocoon yield per box (CYPB) from silkworm fed with folic acid supplemented mulberry
leaves revealed significant differences among all treatments and breeds. It can be noted that folic acid-enriched
mulberry leaves fed to silkworms tend to have higher results as compared to the control treatment (CT) on all the
parameters of the study.
* Corresponding Author: Janet D. Manuel  jdmanuel@dmmmsu.edu.ph
International Journal of Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 19-27, 2024

Introduction
Silk, the finest and the most elegant natural fiber
produced by silkworms is a result of a long chain,
labor intensive, agro-based industry. Sericulture is an
old developed industry in Japan, Korea, China, India
and other countries in the world. In the Philippines,
this is a potentially viable industry to increase rural
employment and family income.
Success of sericulture as a cash crop depends on the
vitality and robustness of silkworm seed (egg)
supplied to the farmers (Narasimhanna, 1988; Singh,
2010; Pathan & Harale, 2016). Quality silkworm seed
or egg is the backbone of the sericulture industry. A
country’s silk production and its quality are measured
by the quality of the silkworm egg it produces. Eggs
or seeds of superior silkworm breeds ensure high silk
recovery. A well-organized healthy seed production
ensures high cocoon yield. The quality of leaves fed to
worms is considered to be the most important factor
for good cocoon crop production. Since the silkworms
attain short period of time to synthesize silk, the
nutrient content of the mulberry leaf meals greatly
affects and determine the growth and development of
the larvae and cocoon production (Seidavi et al.,
2005; Kanafi et al., 2007; Rahmathulla et al., 2007).
Leaves of superior quality enhance the chances of
good cocoon crop and quality (Ravikumar, 1988; Ravi
Kumara, 2016; Hosamani et al., 2019).
Different researches have been conducted on
supplementation to mulberry leaves and different
results have been reported. Etebari et al. (2004)
stated that the nutritional status of mulberry leaves
can be improved by enriching them with vitamins and
other nutrients and supplementations in order to
increase larval growth and post cocoon
characteristics. Vitamin B-complex groups and
certain essential sugars, proteins, amino acids,
minerals, and others are responsible for the proper
growth and development of silkworms Bombyx mori
L. (Faruki, 1998; Madrid et al., 2021).
The Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University-
Sericulture Research and Development (DMMMSU-
SRDI) hasstudied on the nutritional supplementation
on mulberry leaves to improve certain economic
characteristics of silkworms and eventually cocoons.
These efforts included the use of honey (Almojuela et
al., 2022); amino acid (Madrid et al., 2020); and
turmeric tea (Garcia et al., 2023), wherein these
additives have proven to help enhance the growth and
yield parameters of both silkworms and cocoons.
Thus, with the above findings, it is also necessary to
explore other supplements available to further
improve the productivity of silkworms.
This study determined the effects of enriching
mulberry leaves with vitamin supplement, Folic acid
on the performance of silkworm larvae and eggs; and
to evaluate the interaction effect of the different levels
of folic acid supplemented to mulberry when fed to
six (6) bivoltine silkworm purelines in terms of larvae,
cocoon, and egg production parameters of parental
hybrids.
Methodology
Materials and Procedures
Prior to the conduct of the study, the rearing house
and grainage building were disinfected. All the other
materials used in the study were sterilized to avoid
any contamination or infection of the
worms.Mulberry leaves were gathered and preserved
with wet clothes when not yet in use for feeding
within twenty-four hours.
Formulation of Treatments
The solutions for folic acid were prepared based on
the treatments. For Factor A, the Treatments included
FA1 (0.001% Folic acid), FA2 (0.002% Folic acid, and
the Contron (No Treatment). On the other hand,
Factor B included the different silkworm breeds,
DMMMSU 100, DMMMSU 101, DMMMSU 102,
DMMMSU 103, DMMMSU 107, and DMMMSU 115.
Five (5) mg Folic acid capsules were used in the
preparation of the Folic acid solution. FA1 (0.001%
FA) solution was prepared by dissolving one capsule
in 500 ml distilled water while for FA2 (0.002% FA)
solution consisted of one capsule dissolved in 250 ml
distilled water.

Administration of the different treatments
Freshly-gathered mulberry leaves were sprayed with
the Folic acid solutions based on treatments before
feeding the silkworms. To ensure uniform volume of
solutions used, 20 ml of each treatment was sprayed
to every 100 grams of mulberry leaves. This was done
before each feeding schedule, for 5 days.
Rearing of silkworms
Three hundred (300) 5th instar larvae from each of
the six (6) DMMMSU-SRDI silkworm purelines
(DMMMSU 100, DMMMSU 101, DMMMSU 102,
DMMMSU 103, DMMMSU 107, and DMMMSU 115)
were used as testing organisms.
The recommended rearing management practices of
the silkworm in terms of sanitation, feeding schedule
(4 AM, 10 AM, 3 PM, and 8 PM) and bed cleaning
were strictly observed and followed during the
conduct of the study.
When silkworms showed signs of maturity, 10
matured larvae were randomly picked from each
treatment and were weighed then placed in cocooning
frames for spinning. All mature worms were
mounted then covered with plastic nets and left
undisturbed for five days.
Data gathering and analysis
Five days after spinning, the cocoons were harvested
from each treatment. Cocoons were assessed based
on the economic parameters such as the weight of 10
matured larvae, single cocoon weight (SCW), single
shell weight (SSW), cocoon shell percentage (CSP),
cocoon yield box (CYB), and effective rearing rate
(ERR). After the egg production activities, counting
the fecundity (number of silkworm eggs laid) and
hatching percentage were done.
The study used the Factorial Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD) with three (3) replications per
treatment. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in
determining the significant difference among the
treatments. Significant treatment means were
compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test
(DMRT)to determine the best formulation of folic
acid that could be sprayed to mulberry leaves that
could affect and improve the performance of
silkworm purelines.
Results and discussion
Growth and Yield Performance of Silkworms
Table 1 presents the performance of silkworm larvae
fed with mulberry leaves enriched with folic acid.
Results show significant differences among treatment
means on the weight of 10 matured larvae, single shell
weight, single cocoon weight, effective rearing rate,
cocoon yield per box, and the fecundity of silkworm
eggs produced. On the other hand, no significant
difference was observed among the means on cocoon
shell percentage and hatching percentage.
These parameters revealed that silkworms fed with
mulberry leaves with 0.002% Folic Acid (FA2)
obtained the highest mean but werecomparable to
silkworms fed with .001% Folic Acid (FA1) mulberry
leaves. The lowest means were from the silkworms in
the Control Treatment (CT).
Table 1. Performance of silkworms fed with mulberry leaves enriched with Folic Acid.
Treatments Wt. of
10 matured larvae
(g)
Single shell
weight
(g)
Single cocoon weight
(g)
Cocoon shell
percentage
(%)
Effective rearing
rate (%)
Cocoon yield
per box (kg)
Fecundity Hatching
percentage
(%)
CT – control
(no spray)
30.09b .26b 1.37b 19.38 90.00b 24.73b 499.94b 97.69
FA1 . 30.80ab .28a 1.43a 19.79 93.19a 26.64a 523.56a 97.73
FA2 31.56a .28a 1.46a 19.06 94.58a 27.49a 508.06b 97.54
Significance ** ** ** ns ** ** ** ns
*- All means followed by the same letter are not significantly different in .05 level (DMRT).
Silkworm Egg Production
On the production of silkworm eggs, the fecundity or
the number of silkworm eggs laid by the moths was
significantly higher when fed with mulberry leaves
sprayed with0.001% Folic Acid (FA1), as compared to
the silkworms fed with FA2 formulation (0 .002%

Folic Acid) and the Control Treatment (CT).
These results imply that the silkworm purelineshave
positively responded to folic acid supplemental
feeding at the rate of 0.001%.
Further, in terms of silkworm larvae growth and yield
parameters, supplementation of mulberry leaves with
folic acid in both concentrations, tends to increase the
weight of 10 matured larvae, single shell weight,
single cocoon weight, effective rearing rate, cocoon
yield per box, and fecundity of silkworm eggs
produced as compared to the control treatment (CT).
Rahmathulla et al. (2007) reported that
administration of folic acid significantly increased the
larval weight, shell weight, cocoon weight, and the
yield per weight of cocoon (ERR weight). Similar
results were obtained by Nirwani & Kaliwal (1996);
Rai et al.(2002) and Etebari (2002) on the
administration of folic acid.
Table 2. Performance of silkworm purelines fed with mulberry leaves enriched with Folic Acid.
Treatments
Wt. of 10
matured larvae
(g)
Single shell
weight
(g)
Single
cocoon
weight (g)
Cocoon shell
percentage (%)
Effective rearing
rate
(%)
Cocoon yield
per box
(kg)
Fecundity Hatching
Percentage
(%)
DMMMSU 100 31.97a 0.28bc 1.51a 18.94bc
19.60b
21.06a
19.75b
18.01c
19.11bc
96.67a 29.03a 514.78b 97.46
DMMMSU 101 32.08a 0.27c 1.42b 93.61b 27.89ab 537.7a 97.95
DMMMSU 102 31.45a 0.29ab 1.42b 92.78bc 26.85bc 511.6b 97.86
DMMMSU 103 31.08a 0.30a 1.55a 91.39bc 26.00c 504.4bc 97.42
DMMMSU 107 29.27b 0.25d 1.43b 90.83cd 25.77c 498.44c 97.53
DMMMSU 115 29.20b 0.22e 1.19c 90.28d 22.16d 496.0c 97.72
Significance * ** ** ** ** ** ** ns
*- All means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at .05 level (DMRT).
The present result showed that folic acid acts as a
growth promoter and can significantly increase the
economic characteristics of silkworms such as the
single cocoon weight, single shell weight (Devi &
Yellama, 2013), effective rearing rate, and cocoon
yield per box. On the other hand, results indicated no
significant differences in the cocoon shell percentage
and hatching percentage of the silkworm eggs
produced by feeding silkworms with unsprayed
mulberry leaves (CT) or mulberry leaves
supplemented with folic acid. This result implies that
supplementation of mulberry leaves with folic acid
solution at 0.001 or 0.002% can be done and still
yield similar effects on 5th instar silkworms.
Table 3. Egg production (hybrid silkworm eggs) performance of silkworms fed with mulberry leaves enriched
with Folic Acid.
Treatments Fecundity Hatching percentage (%)
CT – Control (no spray) 533.33 c 98.22
FA1– 0.001% folic acid (FA) 557.73 a 98.46
FA2 – .002% folic acid (FA) 548.27 b 98.25
Significance ** ns
- All means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at .05 level (DMRT).
Growth and Yield Performance of Silkworm
Purelines
Table 2 shows the performance of silkworm larvae,
cocoon production, and egg production of silkworm
purelines fed with mulberry leaves supplemented
with folic acid. The weight of 10 matured larvae of the
silkworm purelines was significantly affected by folic
acid supplementation. Similarly, the single shell
weight, single cocoon weight, cocoon shell
percentage, effective rearing rate, cocoon yield per
box, and fecundity have shown significant differences
among treatment means in all the silkworm purelines

when fed with mulberry leaves enriched with folic
acid.
The highest mean on the weight of 10 matured larvae
was seen in DMMMSU 101 (32.08 g) which was
comparable to DMMMSU 100 (31.97 g), DMMMSU
102(31.45 g), and DMMMSU 103 (31.08 g).Lower
means were observed in DMMMSU 107 (29.27 g) and
DMMMSU 115 (29.20 g).
The highest single shell weight was obtained from
DMMMSU 103 (0.30 g) but comparable to DMMMSU
102 (0.29 g).The single cocoon weight of DMMMSU
103 (1.55 g) and DMMMSU 100 (1.51 g) were
significantly higher among the other breeds of
purelines using both treatments. For the cocoon shell
percentage, DMMMSU 102 (21.06%) gave a
significantly higher result than the other purelines
used. Significant differences among treatment means
on theERR of silkworm purelines were also noted
where DMMMSU 100 gave the highest ERR
(96.67%).Consequently, DMMMSU 100(29.03 kg)
obtained the highest cocoon yield per box but
comparable to DMMMSU 101 (27.89 kg).
Table 4. Parental hybrid silkworm eggs produced from silkworm purelines fed with mulberry leaves enriched
with Folic Acid.
Treatments Fecundity Hatching percentage (%)
DMMMSU 100x101 549.22 a 98.09
DMMMSU 100x102 550.89 a 98.18
DMMMSU 101x107 551.67 a 98.50
DMMMSU 102x107 553.33 a 98.59
DMMMSU 115x107 527.11 b 98.20
Significance ** ns
Egg Production Performance of the Silkworm
Purelines
The egg production parameters of the different
purelines were also influenced by folic acid
supplementation (Rahmatulla et a.l, 2011;
Rahmathulla et al., 2007). Among all the treatment
breeds for parental rearing used in the study, it could
be noted that DMMMSU 101 (537.78) produced a
significantly higher number of silkworm eggs, which
coincides with the findings of Radjabi et al.(2007)
and Nezhad et al. (2010). However, the hatchability
of silkworm eggs produced from all the purelines fed
with folicacid-supplemented mulberry leaves was
comparable.
The above results show that feeding silkworms with
folic acid-supplemented mulberry leaves affects the
larvae and cocoon characters, and egg production
performance. According to Chapman (1998) and the
National Research Council (1987), folic acid plays a
major role in cellular metabolism including the
synthesis of some components of DNA and pigment
precursor (Radjabi, 2010; Kanafi et al., 2007).
A significant increase in female and male cocoon and
shell weight were determined in folic acid
supplementation (Nirwani & Kaliwal, 1996; Jayabal &
Manjula, 2019). Para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) is a
growth regulator and represents one of the forms of
folic acid. PABA is one of the substances belonging to
the vitamin B-complex group and supports vital
function in insects and especially in silkworm (Pai et
al., 1988). The supplementation of Fe-PLUS
®
(ferrus
fumarate+folic acid) significantly increased larval,
pupal and adult weight in comparison with controls
with lowest and highest growths obtained at the
concentrations of 0.32 and 0.64 %, respectively (Khan
& Saha, 1996).
Fecundity Silkworm egg production and quality, as
influenced by folic acid supplementation on mulberry
leaves is shown in Table 3. Fecundity or the number

of parental hybrid silkworm eggs produced by
silkworms fed with folic acid-supplemented mulberry
leaves showed significant differences among the
treatment means. Silkworms fed with 0.001% Folic
Acid (FA1) supplemented mulberry leaves produced
the highest number of silkworm eggs laid followed by
those fed with mulberry leaves supplemented
with0.002% Folic Acid (FA2) concentration. The
silkworms in the Control treatment have the lowest
number of hybrid (F1) silkworm eggs produced. This
implies that supplementation of folic acid to the
mulberry leaves can increase fecundity. Khan and
Saha (1996) reported that fertility increased
significantly in all treatments of Fe-PLUS (ferrus
fumarate+folic acid) supplementation when
compared to control except for0.64 % concentration.
However, there are no significant differences among
the treatment means in terms of hatching percentage.
Table 5. Interaction Effect of Silkworm Purelines and Folic Acid Supplemented Mulberry Leaves on the
Effective Rearing Rate (ERR) and Cocoon Yield Per Box.
Breed x Treatment Effective Rearing Rate (ERR) Cocoon Yield/Box
DMMMSU 100 CT 95.83 ab 28.98 a
DMMMSU 100 FA1 97.50 a 29.31 a
DMMMSU 100 FA2 96.67 a 28.06 a
DMMMSU 101 CT 90.83 cde 25.17 bc
DMMMSU 101 FA1 95.83 ab 27.33 ab
DMMMSU 101 FA2 94.17 abcd 28.06 a
DMMMSU 102 CT 90.00 de 24.58 cd
DMMMSU 102 FA1 90.00 de 25.50 bc
DMMMSU 102 FA2 94.17 abcd 27.25 ab
DMMMSU 103 CT 88.33 e 24.36 cd
DMMMSU 103 FA1 95.00 abc 29.71 a
DMMMSU 103 FA2 95.00 abc 29.60 a
DMMMSU 107 CT 87.50 e 24.46 cd
DMMMSU 107 FA1 89.17 e 25.34 bc
DMMMSU 107 FA2 95.83 ab 28.20 a
DMMMSU 115 CT 87.50 e 20.84 e
DMMMSU 115 FA1 91.67 bcde 22.65 de
DMMMSU 115 FA2 91.67 bcde 23.00 cde
Significance * *
Egg Production Performance of Hybrid EggsTable 4
shows the egg production of hybrid silkworm eggs
from the silkworm fed with mulberry leaves
supplemented with folic acid. Results indicated that
silkworm egg production of the breeds used in
parental rearing obtained a highly significant
difference among treatment means.
This implies that the supplementation of folic acid to
mulberry leaves led to a significant increase in the
eggs laid by the moths (Khan & Saha, 1996; Bentea et
al., 2011; Marghitas & Sara, 2011;). It could be noted
that four hybrids (DMMMSU 102x107, 101x107,
100x102, 100x101) were significantly higher from
DMMMSU 115x107. The F1 (hybrid) parents silkworm
eggs were used to produced the 3-way and 4-way
cross hybrids for the farmer clients of sericulture.
These were also used by the seri-cooperator seed
cocoon producers. However, the hatching of the eggs
produced had a comparable result.

Interaction Effect of Folic Acid and the Silkworm
Purelines
Table 5 shows the interaction effect on the ERR and
cocoon yield per box of silkworm purelines as affected
by the treatments. The results showed significant
differences among treatment means on the two
parameters. Silkworm pureline DMMMSU 100 fed
with folic acid-supplemented mulberry leaves with
both concentrations obtained the highest ERR and
CYB (Jha et al., 2015; Ferdous, 2016; Hasan, 2020).
This was comparable to silkworm purelines,
DMMMSU 101 FA1, DMMMSU 101 FA2, DMMMSU
107 FA2, DMMMSU 103 FA1 and FA2, and
DMMMSU 102 FA2. It can be noted that most of the
silkworm purelines responded positively to folic acid
supplementation but in varying concentrations
(Nirwani & Kaliwal, 1996; Etebari, 2002; Rai et al.,
2002; Ratmathulla et al., 2007). This result showed
that folic acid acts as a growth promoter that can
significantly increase the yield of cocoons (Bhojne et
al., 2014; Meeramaideen et al., 2017).
Conclusions
Based on theresults, folic acid supplementation on
mulberry leaves in both concentrations (FA1 and
FA2) significantly affected the larval growth and
cocoon characteristics of silkworm purelines as
indicated by an increase in weight of 10 matured
larvae, single shell and cocoon weights, cocoon shell
percentage, effective rearing rate and cocoon yield per
box. Egg production increased using FA1 formulation.
There is an interaction effect of using folic acid as
supplement for mulberry leaves and silkworm breed
on effective rearing rate and fecundity of the
silkworm eggs produced.
Recommendations
Supplementation in mulberry leaves with 0.01
and 0.02% folic acid potentially improves
silkworm larval growth, cocoon and egg
production.Study trials using higher
concentrations of folic acid as a mulberry leaf
supplement can be conducted.
References
Bentea M, Marghitas LA, Sara A. 2011. The
Effect of Some Additives on the Bioproductive
Performances of Silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Romania. Scientific Papers:Animal Science and
Biotechnologies 44(1), 9-11 p.
Bhojne I, Naik RL, Kharbade SB. 2014. Effect of
Dietary VitaminsSupplementations on Reeling
Parameters of Bombyx mori L. Journal of Agriculture
Research and Technology 39(1), 65.
Chapman RF. 1998. The Insect Structure and
Function, Cambridge University Press, Cambrige.
Devi KL, Yellamma K. 2013. Cocoon parameters
in the silkworm, Bombyx mori on exposure to trace
element and nutrients. Journal of Bio
Innovation 2(5), 260-284.
Etebari K. 2002. Effect of Enrichment of Mulberry
Leaves (Morus alba) with Some Vitamins and
Nitrogenous Compounds on Some Economic Traits
and Physiological Characters of Silkworm
Bombyx mori L. Isfahan University of Technology,
Iran.
Etebari K, Ebadi R, Matindoost L. 2004.
Application of Multivitamins as Nutrients in
Biological and Economical Characteristics of
Silkworm Bombyx mori L. Journal of Asia-Pacific
Entomology 8(1), 1-6.
Faruki I. 1998. Nutritive Effects of Thianomin
Enriched Mulberry Leaves on the Silkworm, Bombyx
mori L. University Journal of Zoology Pajshahi
University 17, 39-44.
Ferdous T. 2016. Effect of vitamins on the growth
and development of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx
mori L (Doctoral dissertation, University of
Rajshahi).

Hassan EM. 2020. Comparative Study on Effects of
some High Protein ContenNutritional Additives on
some Hybrids of Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ‬ ‫ﺄﺛﻳﺭ‬‫ﻟﺗ‬ ‫ﺽ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻹﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺋﻳ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺽ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﻫﺟﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺗﻳﺔ‬Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
11(8), 403-410.
Hosamani V, Mishra RK, Hegde CR, Nair KS,
Harlapur VK, Naik VS, Manjunath GR. 2019.
Influence of various mulberry genotypes on growth
and yield components of seed crop pure Mysore race
Multivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori
L.). IJCS, 7(1), 1312-1314.
Jayabal TD, Manjula TR. 2019. Effect of Folic
Acid and Zinc Chloride on Growth and Economic
Traits of Mulberry Silkworm Bombyx mori
L. Innovative Farming 4(4), 201-203.
JhaS, Mandal P, Bhattacharyya P, Ghosh A.
(2015). Influence of Antioxidant rich Mulberry
Peptides on the Growth Rate Pattern and Economic
Attributes of Silkworm. International Journal of Pure
and Applied Biosciences 3(2), 63-71.
Kanafi RR, Ebadi R, Mirhosseini SZ, Seidavi
AR, Zolfaghari M, Etebari K. 2007. A review on
nutritive Effect of Mulberry Leaves Enrichment with
Vitamins on Economic Traits and Biological
Parameters of Silkworm Bombyx mori L. Invertebrate
Survival Journal 4(2), 86-91.
Khan AR, Saha B. 1996. Nutritive Effects of Fe-
PLUS (ferrous fumarate + acid folic) on the Silkworm,
Bombyx mori L. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 24,
199-203.
Marghitaş LA, Şara A. 2011. The Effect of Some
Additives on the Bioproductive Performances of Silk
Worm Bombyx mori L. Scientific Papers: Animal
Science Biotechnologies/Lucrari Stiintifice:
Zootehnie si Biotehnologii, 44(1).
Madrid EH, Marzan HB, Nillo DS, Badua AM.
2021. Nutrient Supplementation Using Amino Acid
for Growth and Yield of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences,
18(2), 73-78.
Meeramaideen M, Rajasekar P, Balamurugan
M, Prabu PG. 2017. Studies on the Feed Efficacy,
Growth Rate and Economic Traits of
Silkworm,Bombyx mori L.(Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Fed with Riboflavin treated Kanva-2 Mulberry
Leaves. International Journal of Modern Research
and Reviews 5(1), 1460-1467.
National Research Council (US). 1987. Vitamin
Tolerance of Animals. Subcommittee on Vitamin
Tolerance; Vet Library Inc. National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C. 96 p.
Nezhad MS, MirhosseiniSZ, Gharahveysi S,
Mavvajpour M Seidavi AR. 2010. Investigation
on Intera-specific Biodiversity of 51 Peanut Cocoon
Strains of Iran Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Germplasm
Based on Reproductive Traits. Biotechnology 9(2),
149-156.
Nirwani RB, Kaliwal BB. 1996. Effect of Folic Acid
on Economic Traits and the Change of Some
Metabolic Substances of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori
L. Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
38(2), 118-123.
Nirwani RB, Kaliwal BB. 1996. Effect of
Thiamine on Commercial Traits and Biochemical
Contents of the Fat Body and Haemolymph in the
Silkworm Bombyx mori L. Sericologia 38, 639-646.
Narasimhanna MN. 1988. Manual on Silkworm
Egg Production. Central Silk Board, Bangalore, India.
14 p.
Pai IK, Hedge SM, Krishnamurthy NB. 1998.
PABA Induced Genotoxic Effects in Silkworm,
Bombyx mori L. Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Nature of Genetic Variation in Mar
Hyderabad. 54 p.

Pathan SS, Harale AD. 2016. Silkworm Egg
Counting System Using Image Processing Algorithm-
A Review. International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 3(6).
Rai MM, Rathod MK, Khurad AM. 2002.
Improvement on the Economic Characters of
Silkworm Bombyx mori L. by Folic acid
Administration. Entomology 27, 99-107 p.
Radjabi RK,Ebadi R, Mirhosseini SH, Seidavi
AR, Zolfaghari M, Etebari K. 2007. A Review on
Nutritive Effect of Mulberry Leaves with Vitamins on
Economic Traits and Biological Enrichment
Parameters of Silkworm Bombyx mori L. IS, 4, 86-
91
Radjabi R. 2010. Effect of Mulberry Leaves
Enrichment with Amino Acid Supplementary
Nutrients on Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. at north of
Iran. Academic Journal of Entomology 3(1), 45-51.
Rahmathulla VK, Das P, Ramesh M, Rajan RK.
2007. Growth Rate Pattern and Economic Traits of
Silkworm, Bombyx Mori L. Under the Influence of
Folic Acid Administration. CSRTI, Mysore, India.
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental
Management 11(4), 81-84.
http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?ja07100
Rahmathulla VK, Das P, Ramesh M. 2011. Effect
of Folic Acid Supplementation on Nutritional and
Feed Conversion Efficiency of Mulberry Silkworm
(Bombyx mori L.). Tropical Zoology 24(2).
Ravikumar C. 1988. Western Ghat as a Bivoltine
Region Prospects, Challenges and Strategies for its
Development. Indian Silk 26(9), 39-54.
Ravi Kumara R, Anil Kumar MN. 2016. Folic
Acid as a Nutrient Supplement with Mulberry Leaf
and its Impact on the Economic Traits of Silkworm
Bombyx Mori L. Silkworm Physiology and
Biochemistry Laboratory, DOS in Sericulture Science,
University of Mysore, Karnataka, India. International
Journal of Advance Research. 4(12), 1159-1165 p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/2506.
Seidavi AR, Bizhannia AR, Sourati R,
Mavvajpour M. 2005. The Nutritional Effects of
Different Mulberry Varieties on Biological Characters
in Silkworm. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 14 (Supplemental Proceedings of the
Nutrition Society of Australia): S122.
https://www.proquest.com/openview/660802d0f327
333e8d7627a0c0f99d8a/1?pq-
origsite=gscholarcbl=45812
Singh T. 2010. Principles and techniques of
silkworm seed production. Discovery Publishing
House.

Productive Performance of Philippine Silkworm (Bombyx Mori L.) Purelines Fed with Folic Acid-Enriched Mulberry Leaves

More Related Content

Similar to Productive Performance of Philippine Silkworm (Bombyx Mori L.) Purelines Fed with Folic Acid-Enriched Mulberry Leaves (20)

More from Open Access Research Paper (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Productive Performance of Philippine Silkworm (Bombyx Mori L.) Purelines Fed with Folic Acid-Enriched Mulberry Leaves