Program & language generation

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*OBJECTIVES:
TO UNDERSTAND WHAT A PROGRAM IS
TO UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE GENERATIONS
TO BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH AMONG THE SEVERAL
LANGUAGE GENERATIONS

What is a programming language?
What are the two types programming languages?
Distinguish among machine language, assembly language
and high level language.
What is the difference between an assembler, an
interpreter and a compiler?
What is the difference between source code and object
code?
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Program is an organized list of instructions that, when executed, it
perform any operation, and do the job it is also known a code.
Without programs, computers are useless.
A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of variables and a list of
directions (Statements) that tell the computer what to do with the
variables.
The variables can represent numeric data, text or graphical images.

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The term instruction is often used to describe the programming
commands.
Computer’s instructions set is the list of all the basic commands in
the computer's machine language.

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Computer languages has the same history as the computers
itself history.
There are five generations of languages when programming
method and techniques could be developed as far as development
in hardware occurred.

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First-generation language was machine language or the level of
instructions and data that the processor is actually given to
work on binary numbers 0s and 1s.
First-generation language is the lowest level computer
language. Information is conveyed to the computer by the
programmer as binary instructions.
In the 1940s and 1950s, computers were programmed by
scientists sitting before control panels equipped with toggle
switches so that they could input instructions as strings of
zeros and ones.

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Second-generation language used assembly language,
An assembler converts the assembler language
statements into machine language.
By the late 1950s, this language had become popular.
Assembly language consists of letters of the alphabet.
This makes programming much easier than trying to
program a series of zeros and ones.
Second-generation language use increased when
Grace Hopper developed FLOW-MATIC, a language
that made programming easier.

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Third-generation language is a high-level programming
language, such as PL/I, COBOL, FORTRAN and C.
Compiler based FORTRAN and COBOL created because it
improved the record keeping and data management ability in
many business applications.
In the early 1960s, BASIC language designed and used by
nonprofessional programmers. BASIC remained popular during
the 1970s and 1980s.
Programs written in third-generation languages require more
memory and run more slowly than those written in lower level
languages.

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Fourth-generation language is designed to be closer to
natural language than a 3GL language.
Fourth-generation languages attempt to make
communicating with computers as much like the
processes of thinking and talking to other people as
possible.
Fourth-generation languages typically consist of
English-like words and phrases, some of these
languages include graphic devices such as icons and
onscreen push buttons for use during programming
and when running the application.
Many fourth-generation languages use C, C++, Java
and SQL that support stand-alone as well as web
applications.

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Fifth-generation language is programming that uses
a visual or graphical development interface to create
source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or
4GL language compiler.
Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies make
5GL visual programming products for developing
applications in Java, J++, Visual Java, Visual Basic,
ASP, ASP.NET, VB.NET and C#.
Visual programming allows you to see object oriented
structures and drag icons to assemble program blocks.

 A program is a series of instructions given to the
computer to perform a task.
 There are five generations of computer languages.
 First generation : machine code
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• What is a program?
• Explain briefly the differences between each
categories.
• State the different types of translators and
there functions.
• State 2 programming languages in high level.
• Is low level languages still used?
• State one application where low level language
is still used.
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Program & language generation

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