Programming in C

2
• C programming language was developed in
1972 by Dennis Ritchie at bell laboratories of
AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph),
located in the U.S.A..
• It was initially designed for programming in
UNIX operating system.
• Now the software tool as well as the C
compiler is written in C. Major parts of popular
operating systems like Windows, UNIX, Linux
is still written in C.

3
• C is one of the most popular languages used today.
• C is a robust programming with an impressive set of built-in functions
and a variety of operators which you can use to write any complex
program.
• C programs are fast and efficient. This is because C uses a powerful
set of
data types and operators.
• C combines the power and capability of assembly language with the
user friendly features of a high-level language.
• C is the most widely used older programming language. It continues to
go strong while older programming languages such as BASIC and
COBOL have been virtually forgotten.
• C is very much portable, which means programs written on a machine
using C can be used on other machines as well without any
modification.
• A C program consists of a number of functions that are supported by C
library. In fact, you can create your own function, which can then be
added to the C library.

4
• C is a General Purpose Programming Language. This means C can be
used to write a variety of applications. It is often referred to as a “system
programming language.”
• C is a middle level language, which means it combines the features of
high
level language with the functionality of an assembly language.
• C is a structured programming language, which means as a programmer,
you are required to divide a problem into a several different modules or
functions.
• C is renowned for its simplicity and is easy to use because of its
structured approach. It has a vast collection of keywords, operators, built-
in functions and data types which make it efficient and powerful.
• C is portable, which means a C program runs in different environments. C
compilers are available for all operating systems and hardware platforms.
Additionally, you can easily write code on one system and port it to
another.
• C is popular not just because it can be used as a standalone
programming language, but also as it can be used as an interface to
other more visual languages.

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• C is a very flexible language; it is convenient and portable, like a high level
language and flexible like a low level language. It can be interfaced with other
programming languages.
• C is super fast. The compilation and execution of programs is much faster on
C than with most other languages.
• C is modular, which means C programs can be divided into small modules,
which
are much easier to understand.
• C is easily available. The C software is easy to access and can be easily
installed on your computer. The installation of C hardly takes a few minutes.
• C is easy to debug. The C compiler detects syntax errors quickly and easily
and displays the errors along with the line numbers of the code and the error
message.
• C makes available a number of in-built memory management functions that
save memory and improve the efficiency of the program such as malloc(),
calloc() and alloc().
• Recursion is one of the common techniques used in C, where in a function
calls itself again and again.
• Finally, C has a rich set of library functions and supports graphic programming
too.

Learning C is easier. Instead of straight-away learning how to
write programs, we must first know what alphabets, numbers
and special symbols are used in C, then how using them
constants, variables and keywords are constructed, and
finally how are these combined to form an instruction. A
group of instructions would be combined later on to form a
program. a computer program is just a collection of the
instructions necessary to solve a specific problem. The basic
operations of a computer system form what is known as the
computer’s instruction set. And the approach or method that
is used to solve the problem is known as an algorithm.
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7
• In machine level language computer only understand digital numbers
i.e. in the form of 0 and 1. So, instruction given to the computer is in
the form binary digit, which is difficult to implement instruction in
binary code
• The assembly language is on other hand modified version of
machine level language. Where instructions are given in English like
word as ADD, SUM, MOV etc. It is easy to write and understand but
not understand by the machine.
• High level languages are machine independent, means it is portable.
The language in this category is Pascal, Cobol, Fortran etc. High level
languages are understood by the machine. So it need to translate by
the translator into machine level. A translator is software which is
used to translate high level language as well as low level language in
to machine level language

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Compiler and interpreter are used to convert the high
level language into machine level language. The program
written in high level language is known as source program
and the corresponding machine level language program
is called as object program. Both compiler and interpreter
perform the same task but there working is different.
Compiler read the program at-a-time and searches the
error and lists them. If the program is error free then it is
converted into object program. When program size is
large then compiler is preferred. Whereas interpreter read
only one line of the source code and convert it to object
code. If it check error, statement by statement and hence
of take more time.

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C Comments
It indicates the purpose of the program. It is represented as
/
*
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
….
.
*
/ Comment line is used for increasing the
readability of the program. It is useful in explaining the program and
generally used for documentation. It is enclosed within the decimeters.
Comment line can be single or multiple line but should not be nested.
It can be anywhere in the program except inside string constant &
character constant.
Preprocessor Directive:
#include<stdio.h> tells the compiler to include information about the
standard input/output library. It is also used in symbolic constant such
as #define PI 3.14(value). The stdio.h (standard input output header
file) contains definition &declaration of system defined function such
as printf(
), scanf( ), pow( ) etc. Generally printf() function used to display and
scanf() function used to read value

Main function is the entry point of any C Program. It is the point from where the
execution of program is started
11

24
A switch statement tests the
value of a variable and
compares it with multiple
cases. Once the case match
is found, a block of
statements associated with
that particular case is
executed. The default case
is an optional one.
Whenever the value of test-
expression is not matched
with any of the cases inside
the switch, then the default
will be executed. Otherwise,
it is not necessary to write
default in the switch.

25
In computer programming, a loop is a sequence of instructions that is
repeated until a certain condition is reached.
There are mainly two types of loops:
Entry Controlled loops: In this type of loops the test condition is tested
before
entering the loop body. Loop and While Loops are entry controlled loops.
Exit Controlled Loops: In this type of loops the test condition is tested or
evaluated at the end of loop body. Therefore, the loop body will execute at
least once, irrespective of whether the test condition is true or false. do –
while loop is exit controlled loop.

Programming in C

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