Programming languages

Basic Concepts Of Programming
Language
1. DEFINITION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
2. TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
3. PARADIGMS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Definition Of Programming Languages
 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES IS BASICALLY COMPUTER
LANGUAGE, WHICH IS SET OF RULES AND ALGORITHM AND GIVE
INFORMATION TO THE COMPUTER TO PERFORMING OPERATIONS.
 IT WILL GIVE ABILITY TO CREATE EFFECTIVE ALGORITHM.
 IT GIVES AN EXPRESSIVE FRAMEWORK TO EXPLAIN YOUR
COMPUTATION.
 IT IS BASICALLY, TOOLS WHICH IS EXECUTE PROGRAMS WRITTEN
BY HUMAN READABLE LANGUAGE TO MACHINE FORM AND
CREATE EXECUTABLE MODELS.

Types Of Programming Languages
 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ARE
DEVELOPED DAY-BY-DAY.
 FIRST COMPILERS WAS DEVELOPED IN 1950.
 AND AFTER THAT MANY LANGUAGES ARE
DEVELOPED SUCH AS COBOL, PASCAL, LIPS
ETC.

Types Of Programming Languages
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES IS DIVIDED WITH
RESPECT TO GENERATIONS
 FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGES (MACHINE LANGUAGES)
 SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGES(ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGES)
 THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGES
 FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
 FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES

First Generation Languages
 MACHINE LANGUAGE IS FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE.
 IT IS DEPENDENT ON MACHINE AND IT IS ONLY LANGUAGE WHICH CAN
BE EASILY WRITTEN AND UNDERSTAND BY COMPUTER.
 IN MACHINE LANGUAGE, OPERATION LIKE ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION WAS DONE. THESE ARE THE ONLY OPERATIONS BY DONE
BY OPERANDS
 DATA IS PROCESSED THROUGH OPERANDS.
 CODES ARE COMPLEX BUT EFFICIENT.

Second Generation Languages
 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES ARE SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGES.
 IT REPLACES OPERATION CODES TO BINARY CODES.
 BUT IT REQUIRES TO ASSEMBLED TO EXECUTE THE PROGRAM.
 IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO MACHINE LANGUAGES INSTRUCTIONS.
 IT IS SIMPLE AS COMPARE TO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ALSO
EFFICIENT

Third generation Languages
 In third generation languages, started mathematical
notations and program was written in source code,
and this source code is transformed into machine
language and it is called object code.
 This translation is done by compilers or may be
interpreters.
 COBOL, C++, VB are some example of third
generation languages.

C++ programming language
 IT IS OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAM.
 IT IS A CONSTRUCTIVE PROCEDURAL LANGUAGES,
MIDDLE-LEVEL LANGUAGES AND COMBINATION OF
LOW AND HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES.
 IT WAS DEVELOPED AT AT & T ON USING UNIX
OPERATING SYSTEM

Codes of C++
// PROGRAM IN C++
#INCLUDE<IOSTREAM.H>
INT MAIN()
{
COUT<<“ HELLO WORLD”;
RETURN 0;
}
OUTPUT: HELLO WORLD

Visual Basic
 IT IS THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGE, AND IT IS
DEVELOPED BY MICROSOFT CALLED INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT OR IDE.
 IT IS BASICALLY GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION AND
CALLED GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE OR GUI.
 VBA AND VBSCRIPT ARE SIMILAR TO VISUAL BASIC.

Fourth Generation Languages
 IT COMES TO REFINE THE THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGES .
 IT IS USED WITH DATABASE SUCH AS
 SUCH AS SQL IS QUERY LANGUAGES
 REPORT GENERATOR LANGUAGE LIKE ORACLE REPORTS.
 APPLICATIONS AND FORM CREATORS.

Fifth Generation Languages
 IN FIFTH GENERATION SOME LANGUAGES ARE
DEVELOPED SUCH AS
1. FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE LIKE META
LANGUAGE, STANDARD META LANGUAGE, LIPS ETC. ALL
CODES AND PROCESSES ARE FUNCTIONAL.
2. LOGIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES LIKE PROLOG IT IS
APPLICABLE ON MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS WITH
SOME RULES AND CONSTRAINTS.

Paradigms Of Programming Languages
 IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING FOR AN EXAMPLE C.
 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE C++.
 DECLARATIVE PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE PROLOG.
 APPLICATIVE PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE LIPS.

Programming Languages
 IT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS
1. ONE IS TRADITIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES FOR
EXAMPLE COBOL, C ETC. IT IS BASICALLY SEQUENTIAL
INSTRUCTION.
2. ANOTHER ONE IS OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGE SUCH
AS JAVA, C++ ETC. IN THIS TYPE OF PROGRAMMING
OBJECT IS CREATED.

JAVA Programming Language
 IT IS AS SIMILAR TO C++ AND OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGE,
WHICH IS HELPFUL IN MINIMIZING PROBLEM WHICH OCCURS
DURING C++ PROGRAMMING.
 IT GIVES PERMISSION TO A WEB PAGE DEVELOPER TO DEVELOPED
A PROGRAMS AND APPLICATION, KNOWN AS “APPLETS”.
 IT IS INDEPENDENT OF ANY PLATFORM., OPERATING SYSTEM ETC.
 IT IS MULTITHREADING, AND PERMIT TWO OR MORE PART OF SAME
PROGRAM EXECUTE TOGETHER.
 IT IS WRITE ONCE AND RUN ANYWHERE PROGRAMMING.

Example of code
 MAKE SIMPLE PROGRAMMING SAY HELLO TO
PROGRAMMING WORLD.
/*HELLOWORLD.JAVA
*/
PUBLIC CLASS HELLOWORLD
{
PUBLIC STATIC VOID MAIN(STRING[] ARGS) {
SYSTEM.OUT.PRINTLN( “HELLO WORLD!” );
}
}

Differences between java and C
 Java is object oriented language and it define class and objects
where as C is structured language.
 C have preprocessors for support but java don’t have that
means in java we can’t use #include, #define etc.
 C have explicit pointer type but java is not.
 Structure, union, and enum datatype and keyword like goto,
typedef etc. are not found in java.
 Labeled break and continue statement are specification of java
but not found in C.

Differences between java and C++
 It overcome some problems of C++ such as it avoid unauthorized
access of memory location due to absence of pointers.
 In C++ operator overloading occur, but java dose not support
operator overloading.
 C++ have also preprocessor but not much work, Then it is
completely removed in java.
 Java is less precise due to absence of automatic conversion.

Differences between java and C++
 In java each variable are define by class because it dose not
supports global variables.
 C++ object can be passed through value and reference but in java
it can only by reference.
 Java is multithreading it means it can support one or more than one
part of same program can run together.
 Automatic garbage collection are new features in java.

Limitations Of Java
 It is unable to access local data but it can download data only
applet sites.
 It is unable to make system calls.
 In security status you will see lack of certainty due to frequently
found security hole.
 It is unable to developed effective data structures due to absence
of templates.

Limitations Of Java
 Due to absence of pointers, It is unable to minimize abstraction and
flexibility in data structures.
 It works only some platforms such as windows95/NT, Macintosh, Sun
Solaris and others are with help of 3rd party.
 Due to several bugs in browser and example it is stability concern

Differences between C and C++
 C++ support polymorphism and it is special features, where as in C
dose not have.
 C++ have most important feature is operator overloading, and it is
absent in C.
 C++ have bottom-up approach and in C top-down approach.
 C++ name collision is absent due to namespace feature and it
dose not found in C.

Differences between C and C++
 C can allow multiple global declaration but C++ don’t.
 C++ have built-in and user defined data but in C have primitive type
of data.
 In C++ you can declare variable anywhere within scope but in C
variable is defined at starting of scope.
 C++ supports exception handling and C dose not.

Some other Programming Languages
 SCRIPTING LANGUAGES SUCH AS JAVASCRIPT,
VBSCRIPT, PHP, ASP ETC.
 COMMAND LANGUAGES SUCH AS SH, BASH ETC.
 TEXT LANGUAGE LIKE POSTSCRIPT.
 HTML
 XML

HTML
 HYPER TEXT MARK-UP LANGUAGE
 CODES ARE WRITTEN IN TAGS “<>”.
 IT IS USED WWW AND INTERNET .

JAVAScript
 IT IS ONE TIME WRITTEN CODE, IT MEANS WHEN YOU WRITE
YOU CANT GO BACK AND CHANGE THE CODE.
 IT USED TO MAKE EFFECTIVE HTML PAGES WITH
EMBEDDING THEM.
 IT WILL WORKS BY PUTTING DATA DYNAMIC TO HTML.
 IT IS FIRST WEB SCRIPTING LANGUAGES.

Lisp Programming Language
 IT IS FIRST FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE DEVELOPED IN
APPROX. 1958.
 LISTS ARE STORED AND ONE LINKED LIST.
 FUNCTIONS ARE DEFINED BY LAMBDA SYMBOL.
 ANSI IS THE EXAMPLE.

Programming languages

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