Programming presentation

 A program written in a high-level language is called
source code.
 Source code is also called Source program.
 Source code of high-level language is save with a
specific extension.
 For example the program written in c++ save with .ccp
extension.

#include<iostream> //preprocessor directives
Using namespace std; //std stand for symbols
int main() //main function
{
Cout<<“MY First c++ Program”;
System(“pause”);
}

 Compiler is a program that converts the instructions of
a high level language into machine language as a
whole.
 High-level language[Source code]:
 Machine Language[ Object Code]:
 Use the compiler to:
 Check the program that obey rules.
 Translate the program into machine language.
Source code Compiler Object code

 Compiler can translate the programs of only those
language for which it is written.
 For example c++ compiler can translate only those
program that are written in c++ language.

 The process of linking the library files with object
program is known as linking. These files accomplish
different task such as input output.
 A program that combines the object program with
additional library files is known as linker.
 This additional library files is used to create the
executable file whose extension is .exe .

 After compiling and linking the program file the new
file is created that is known as executable file.
 The process of running an executable file is known as
executing.
 The program must be loaded into main memory for
execution.
 A program that load the executable file into main
memory is known as loader.

 A collection of rules for writing program in a
programming language is known as syntax.
 Basic structure of c++ program:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
Cout<<“Program body”;
System(“pause”);
}

 Define a set of values and a set of operation on those
values.
Category of c++ data types:
1. Simple data type
2. Structure data type
3. Pointer data type
Simple data type:
 A data type is called simple if variable of that type
can store only one value at a time. e.g. int a float b;
 Simple data type is building block of structure data
type.

 Integral:
integers (numbers without a decimal) e.g.
12,34 etc
 Floating-point:
decimal numbers e.g.12.34 ,45.5
 Enumeration type:
user-defined data type
Syntax of declare a variable and data type:
Datatype variable_name;

 int data type:
 Integers in C++, as in mathematics, are numbers such
as the following:
 -6728, -67, 0, 78, 36782, +763
Note the following two rules from these examples:
1. Positive integers do not need a + sign in front of them.
2. No commas are used within an integer. Recall that in
C++, commas are used to separate items in a list. So
36,782 would be interpreted as two integers: 36 and
782

Bool DATA TYPE:
 The data type bool has only two values : true and false.
 The central purpose of this data type is to manipulate
logical (Boolean) expressions.
Char DATA TYPE:
 The data type char is the smallest integral data type.
 It is mainly used to represent characters—that is,
letters, digits, and special symbols.
 e.g. 'A','a','0','*','+','$','&',''

 To deal with decimal numbers, C++ provides the
floating-point data type.
 It is also called real type data. It include positive and
negative values.
Types of Floating Point:
1. Float
2. Double
3. Long double

Data type Size in Bytes Description
Float 4 3.4 x10^-38 to 3.4 x10^+38
Double 8 1.7x10^-308 to1.7x10^+308
Long double 10 1.7x10^-4932 to1.7x10^+4932

Structure data type
 Each data item is a collection of other data items.
 E.g. array , structure , classes.
Pointer data type:
 The values belonging to pointer data types are the
memory addresses of your computer.
 pointer variables store memory addresses.
Syntax for pointer declaration:
dataType*variable;

 Operator are the symbols that are used to perform
certain operations on data.
C++ provides a variety of operators.
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relations Operations
3. Logical Operations
4. Assignments Operators
5. Increment and decrement Operators
6. Compound Assignment Operators

 Arithmetic operator is a symbol that performs
mathematical operation on data.
 C++ provides many arithmetic operators.
Operators Symbol Descriptions
Addition + Adds two values
Subtraction - Subtracts one from another
value
Multiplication * Multiplies two values
Division / Divides one by another
value
Modulus % Give the remainder of
division of tow integers

 Example if A=10 and B=5 then arithmetic operator and
results
Operation Result
A+B 15
A-B 5
A*B 50
A/b 2
A%B 0

 The relational operators are used to specify conditions
in program.
 A relational operators compare two values.
 Also called comparison operators.
C++ provides the following six relational operators with
their description:
 Greater than[>]:
Greater than operator returns true if the value on left
side of > greater than the value on the right side.
Otherwise returns false.

 Less than [<]:
Less than operator returns true if the value on left
side of < less than the value on the right side.
 Equal to ==:
Equal to operator returns true if the value on both
side of = equal. Otherwise returns false.
 Greater than or equal to [>=]:
Greater than or equal to operator returns true if the
value on left side of >= greater than or equal to the
value on the right side. Otherwise returns false.

 Less than or equal to [<=]:
Less than or equal to operator returns true if the
value on left side of <= less than or equal to the value
on the right side. Otherwise returns false.
 Not Equal to !=:
Not Equal to operator returns true if the value on left
side of != is not equal to the value on the right .

 Example if A=10 and B =5 the relational operator and
their result
Relational Expression Result
A>B True
A<B False
A<=B False
A>=B False
A==B False
A!=B True

 The Logical operators are used to evaluate compound
condition.
 Logical operators are as follows:
1. AND Operators(&&)
2. OR Operators(||)
3. NOT Operators(!)
1) AND Operators(&&)
The symbols used for AND operator is (&&).
 It is used to evaluate two condition.
 It produce result true if both condition is true.
 It produce result false if any of the condition is false.

Condition 1 Operator Condition 2 Result
False && False False
False && True False
True && False False
True && True True

Example:
 Suppose we have tow variables A=100 and B=50. the
compound condition (A>10) &&(B>10) is true .it
contain two conditions and both are true. So whole
compound condition is true.
 The compound condition (A>50) &&(B>50) is false. it
contain two conditions one is true and one is false. So
whole compound condition is false.

2) OR Operators(||)
The symbols used for OR operator is (||).
 It is used to evaluate two condition.
 It produce result true if any of the condition is true.
 It produce result false if both condition are false
Condition 1 Operator Condition 2 Result
False || False False
False || True True
True || False True
True || True True

 Example:
Suppose we have tow variables A=100 and B=50. the
compound condition (A>50) ||(B>50) is true .it contain
two conditions and one condition is true. So whole
compound condition is true.
 The compound condition (A>500) ||(B>500) is false. it
contain two conditions and both are false. So whole
compound condition is false.

3) NOT Operators(!)
 The symbol used for NOT is (!).
 It is used to reverse the result of a condition
 It produces true if the condition is false.
 It produces false if the condition is true.
Example:
 Suppose we have tow variables A=100 and B=50. the
condition !(A==B) is true .The result of (A==B) is false but
NOT operator converts it into true.
 The condition !(A>B) is false .The result of (A>B) is true
but NOT operator converts it into false.

 The assignment operator = is used in assignment
statement to assign a value or computational result to a
variable.
Syntax:
Variable_name= expression;
Variable_name it is the name of variable
= it the assignment operator
Expression it is any valid expression
; statement terminator

 The increment operator is used to increase the value of
variable by one.
 It is denoted by the symbol ++.
 The increment operator cannot increment the value of
constants and expressions.
 For example:
Valid statements Invalid statements
A++,x++ 10++
(a+b)++,or ++(a+b)

Forms of increment operator:
 Prefix
In prefix form ,the increment operator is written before
the variable as follows:
++y;
 Postfix
In postfix form ,the increment operator is written after
y++;

 Let A=++B and A=B++ are different:
In prefix: A=++B
 It increment the value of B by one.
 It assign the value of B to A.
++B;
A=B;
In postfix: A=B++
A=B;
++B;

 The decrement operator is used to decrease the value
of variable by one.
 It is denoted by the symbol --.
 The decrement operator cannot decrement the value
of constants and expressions.
 For example:
Valid statements Invalid statements
A--,x-- 10--
(a+b)--,or --(a+b)

Forms of decrement operator:
 Prefix
In prefix form ,the decrement operator is written before
--y;
 Postfix
In postfix form ,the decrement operator is written after
y--;

 Let A=--B and A=B--are different:
In prefix: A=--B
 It decrement the value of B by one.
--B;
A=B;
In postfix: A=B--
A=B;
--B;

 That combine assignment operator with arithmetic
operators.
 We are used to perform mathematical operator more
easily.
Syntax:
 Variable op=expression
 E.g. N+=10; is equalvent to N=N+10;

 The syntax of cout and << is:
 Called an output statement
 The stream insertion operator is <<
 Expression evaluated and its value is printed at the
current cursor position on the screen

 cin is used with >> to gather input
 The stream extraction operator is >>
 For example,
cin >>a;
 Causes computer to get a value of type int
 Places it in the variable a

 If statement
 If else statement
 If- else –if statement
 Nested if statement
 Switch case statement

 If is a decision-making statement.
 It is the simplest form of decision statement.
Syntax:
If(condition)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
.
.
StatementN;
}

 Condition is given as relational expression.
 If the condition is true the statement or set of
statement is executed.
 If the condition is false the statement or set of
statement is not executed.

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int a;
cin>>a;
if(a>40)
cout<<"you are pass";
system("pause");
}

 It execute one block of statement when the condition it
true and the other if the condition is false.
 In any situation, one block is executed and the other
 Is skipped.
Syntax:
If(condition)
{
Statement(s);
}else
{
Statement(s);
}

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int a;
cin>>a;
if(a>40)
cout<<"you are pass";
else
cout<<"you are fail";
system("pause");
}

 Use to choose one block of statements from many
block of statements.
 It is used when there are many option and only one
block of statement should be executed on the basis of
a condition.

Syntax:
If(condition)
{
Block 1;
}
else if(condition)
{
Block2;
}
Else
{
Block N;
}

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int a;
cout<<"enter a number";
cin>>a;
if(a>0)
cout<<"the number is positive";
else if(a<0)
cout<<"the number is negative";
else
cout<<"the number is zero";
system("pause");
}

 An if statement within an if statement is called nested
if statement.
 In structure, the enter into the inner if only when the
outer condition is true.
 If the condition is false the control moves to the outer
part of the outer if and skipped the inner if statement.

 It is an alternative of nested if statement.
 It can be used easily when there are many choices available and only one should be executed.
Syntax:
Switch(expression)
{
case val 1:
Statements1;
break;
.
.
case val n:
Statements1;
break;
Default:
Statements1;
}

LOOP:
 For Loop
 While Loop
 Do while Loop

 For loop execute one or more statement for a specified
number of times.
 Syntax:
For( intialization ; condition ; increment/decrement )
{
Statement(s);
}

 #include<iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int main()
 {
 int n;
 for(n=1;n<=5;n++)
 cout<<n<<endl;
 system("pause");
 }

 While loop executes one or more statement while the
given condition remain true.
 It is useful where the number of iterations is not know
in advance.
 Condition become before the body of loop.
 Syntax:
While(condition)
{
Statement(s);
}

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int n=1;
while(n<=5)
{
cout<<"Pakistan"<<endl;
n++;
}
system("pause");
}

 Do while loop executes one or more statement while the
given condition remain true.
 Important where a statement must be executed at least
once.
 Condition become after the body of loop.
Syntax
Do
{
Statement(s)
}
While(condition);

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int c=1;
do
{
cout<<c<<endl;
c++;
}
while(c<=10);
system("pause");
}

Programming presentation

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Programming presentation