Programming team structure
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The document discusses different structures for programming teams: - Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates. - Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others. - Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers. The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
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Computer Registers.pptxNancyBeaulah_R Registers are small amounts of fast memory built into the CPU that are used to store data and instructions temporarily during program execution. The basic computer has 8 registers - the accumulator (AC), data register (DR), temporary register (TR), instruction register (IR), address register (AR), program counter (PC), input register (INPR), and output register (OUTR). Each register stores a specific type of data and has a designated size and purpose during program processing.
Machine Learning.pptx
Machine Learning.pptxNancyBeaulah_R The document discusses machine learning and designing a machine learning system. It proposes designing a program to learn to play checkers by training through self-play games. Key aspects of the design include choosing the training experience of indirect feedback through game outcomes, learning a target function V that assigns values to board states to select the best move, and representing V to guide the learning mechanism. The goal is for the program to improve at checkers and perform well in tournaments.
Chapter 1 1 - intro ppt
Chapter 1 1 - intro pptNancyBeaulah_R 1. The document provides an introduction to software engineering, defining it as the technological and managerial discipline concerned with systematic production and maintenance of software products that are developed and modified on time and within cost estimates.
2. It discusses the need for software engineering due to increasing complex applications in the 1960s that resulted in cost overruns, late deliveries, and lack of reliability. Workshops defined "software engineering" to address technical and managerial processes.
3. Software engineering relies on computer science, management science, economics, communication skills, and engineering approaches. It aims to improve quality and productivity through a systematic approach.
Associative memory
Associative memoryNancyBeaulah_R An associative memory, or content-addressable memory (CAM), allows data to be stored and retrieved based on its content rather than its location. It consists of a memory array where each word is compared in parallel to search terms. Words that match set their corresponding bit in a match register. This allows the location of matching words to be identified very quickly. Associative memory is more expensive than random access memory but is useful when search time is critical. It is accessed simultaneously based on data content rather than a specific address.
Memory hierarchy
Memory hierarchyNancyBeaulah_R The document discusses the memory hierarchy which consists of main memory, auxiliary memory, and cache memory. Main memory communicates directly with the CPU, auxiliary memory provides backup storage, and cache memory is very fast memory that helps compensate for the speed difference between main memory and the CPU. The goal of the memory hierarchy is to obtain the highest possible average access speed while minimizing total cost.
Asynchronous data transfer
Asynchronous data transferNancyBeaulah_R This document discusses asynchronous data transfer methods between independent units without a common clock. It describes two main methods: strobe pulse and handshaking. Strobe pulse uses a single control line to time transfers but the transmitting unit has no confirmation the data was received. Handshaking adds a second control signal so units can confirm receipt. It then discusses asynchronous serial transfer which transmits bits sequentially using start, data, and stop bits to identify characters without a shared clock. First-in first-out (FIFO) buffers are also summarized as allowing input and output of data at different rates while preserving order.
Software maintenance
Software maintenanceNancyBeaulah_R This document discusses software maintenance and metrics used to measure software complexity. It notes that maintenance makes up 70% of a software's lifecycle costs. Common maintenance activities include enhancements, adaptations, and corrections. Two important source code metrics discussed are Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity, which measure properties of source code like tokens and control flow to evaluate complexity. Maintaining complexity metrics is important during software evolution and maintenance.
Walkthroughs
WalkthroughsNancyBeaulah_R Walkthroughs involve a reviewee and 3-5 reviewers meeting to discuss a project document. The goal is to discover problem areas in the early stages when they are easiest to fix. Members may include project leaders, quality assurance, technical writers, and users for analysis and design. The reviewee is responsible for addressing issues identified, with optional help from reviewers. Conducting regular walkthroughs improves communication and allows personnel to learn from each other.
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Programming team structure
- 1. R .N a Mrs. R.Nancy Beaulah MCA.,M.Phil, Assistant Professor, Department of ComputerApplications, V.V.Vanniaperumal College forWomen (Autonomous), Virudhunagar. Programming Team Structure
- 2. R .N a Programming Team Structure Each programming team should have an internal structure. The best structure depends on nature of the project, product and the characteristics of team members. Basic team structure includes DemocraticTeam Structure All members participate in decisions Chief ProgrammerTeams Chief programmer is assisted by other team members. HierarchicalTeam Structure. Combine the aspects of democratic and chief programmer structure 2 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 3. R .N a Democratic Team Structure Communication Path 3 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 4. R .N a Contd… The idea is derived from “EgolessTeam” In EgolessTeam group leadership rotates around the members. But in Democratic team one person is assigned as leader. Leadership does not usually rotate. Leader coordinates all the activities. 4 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 5. R .N a Contd… Advantages: Opportunity for the team members to contribute decisions. Opportunity to learn from one another. Increased job satisfaction. Non-threatened environment. Applicable to long term research and development projects. Disadvantages: Communication overhead required to reach decisions. All the team members must work together. Individual responsibility weakened. 5 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 6. R .N a Chief Programmer Team Chief Programmer Librarian Programmers Backup Program Consultant 6 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 7. R .N a Contd… Chief Programmer Designs the product. Implements critical parts of the product. Makes all major technical decisions. Allocate work to individual programmers. Programmers Number of programmers between two to five Write code, debug, document and unit test it. Librarian Maintain program listings Design documents Design test plans 7 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 8. R .N a Contd… Backup programmer Consultant to chief programmer on various technical problems. Provides liaison between customer, publication group and quality assurance group. May perform analysis, design and implementation under the supervision of chief programmer. Administrative Program Manager Assists the chief programmer. Handles the administrative details like time cards, sick leave and vacation schedule. The above structure provides all the support to chief programmer. But chief programmer is responsible to all the development activities. 8 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 9. R .N a Advantages: Centralized decision making. Reduced communication path. Effectiveness depends upon the chief programmer’s technical and managerial aspects. Applicable to Data Processing Packages, Financial software packages. Suitable for situations where we need one senior programmer and several programmers. Used to train junior programmers. 9 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 10. R .N a Hierarchical Team Structure Project Leader Senior Programmers Junior Programmers 10 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 11. R .N a Communication Path 11 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 12. R .N a References Software Engineering Concepts, Richard Fairley,Tata McGraw Hill Edition. 12 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor