Program, Language, & Programming Language
Object Oriented Programming vs Procedure Oriented Programming
About C
Why still Learn C?
Basic Terms
C Stuff
C Syntax
C Program
The document provides information about a C programming module including:
- It is a 15 credit module comprising 50 hours of lectures and 50 hours of self-study.
- Assessment includes a CAT worth 60 marks and a final exam worth 40 marks.
- The module aims to teach students how to write and debug C programs, structured program design, and use C language constructs to solve problems in various areas.
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This document provides an overview of programming fundamentals with C++. It discusses basic concepts like computer programs, software, SDLC, programming languages, programmers, translators, source and object code, and the fetch-decode-execute cycle. It also covers basic concepts of C++ like what C++ is, the differences between C and C++, a brief history of C++, popular IDEs for C++, and the basic structure of a C++ program. The document concludes with references for further learning about C++ programming.
The document provides an overview of a compilers design and construction course. It discusses the various phases of compilation including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. The course aims to introduce the principles and techniques used in compiler construction and the issues that arise in developing a compiler. The course will cover topics like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, control flow, code optimization and code generation over its 12 weeks.
1. The document discusses object oriented programming and Java. It provides an introduction to OOP, comparing procedural and object oriented approaches.
2. It outlines the syllabus for the object oriented programming course, covering topics like classes and objects, inheritance, interfaces, exceptions, input/output, applets, and event handling.
3. Textbooks and reference books are listed, and the document provides brief biographies of the creators of various programming languages like C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Ruby, and describes how Java is widely used.
Embedded c c++ programming fundamentals masterHossam Hassan
This document provides an overview of embedded C/C++ programming fundamentals. It discusses what embedded systems and microcontrollers are. It also discusses typical development tools and processes like compilers, linkers, and debugging. Several programming languages are discussed at different levels like machine code, assembly language, and high-level languages like C/C++. C/C++ are recommended for embedded programming due to efficiency and ability to access I/O while assembly is used for speed-critical code. The document also outlines basic C/C++ programming concepts like program structure with directives, declarations, and statements.
This document discusses the history and evolution of computers and programming languages from the 1950s to present. It covers five generations of computers from room-sized first generation machines to today's laptops and tablets. It also summarizes the evolution of major programming languages such as procedural, event-driven, visual, and object-oriented languages. Finally, it provides an overview of programming language categories including web, desktop, and mobile development.
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Programming refers to creating a list of stored instructions that tell a computer what to do. A programming language provides a platform to describe computer jobs through instructions. There are two main categories of programming languages: high-level languages that are human-readable and easier for programmers, and low-level languages that are machine-oriented and provide better machine efficiency. C is a widely-used programming language that combines the virtues of high-level languages with low-level language efficiency. A basic C program structure includes standard libraries, a main function, and statements like printf to output text.
This document provides an introduction to .NET and Core C# programming. It discusses the .NET Framework, Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), Common Type System (CTS), Common Language Specification (CLS), and Common Intermediate Language (CIL). It also covers Mono, building and running C# applications on different platforms, and using various IDEs like Visual Studio.
This document provides an overview of C# programming fundamentals including: introducing the .NET platform, steps for C# program development, computer programming languages, what .NET is, writing simple C# programs, commenting code, identifiers and keywords, coding conventions and style, and getting started with C# and Visual Studio 2008. References for further information are also provided.
This document provides an introduction to computers and C++ programming, covering the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
It introduces computer systems including hardware components like processors, memory, and I/O devices. It then discusses computer architecture, programming languages, and how high-level languages are compiled and linked before execution. The document concludes with an overview of algorithm design, the software development lifecycle, the structure of a basic C++ program, and debugging techniques.
The document provides an introduction to coding and computer programming concepts. It discusses the agenda which includes understanding how computers work, learning programming concepts like variables and syntax, gaining an appreciation of different programming languages, and developing resources to learn programming basics. It then discusses what computer programming is, why learn to code, programming languages, basic programming components like variables, operators, flow control and functions. It also provides some examples and resources for learning to code.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the history of C and how it was created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It also outlines the typical steps involved in a program development process, including requirement specification, analysis, design, implementation, verification and testing, and maintenance. The document explains that C is commonly used for systems software, compilers, databases, operating systems, and device drivers due to its efficiency and performance. It provides examples of where C is used and the benefits it provides.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of computers and programming languages. It discusses the basic components of a computer system, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It also covers low-level machine languages that hardware understands versus high-level languages that are easier for humans, like Python. Programs must be compiled or interpreted to run. The document demonstrates using the Python interactive shell and basic functions like print.
The document provides an overview of computers and programming languages, describing the hardware and software components of a computer system, the evolution of programming languages from machine code to modern high-level languages like C++, and the typical process of analyzing a problem, designing an algorithm to solve it, implementing the algorithm in code, and executing the program. It also gives examples of algorithms for calculating the perimeter and area of a rectangle to illustrate the problem-solving approach.
This lecture introduces programming fundamentals and Python. It discusses what programming is, the process of translating source code into machine-readable instructions, and program design using pseudocode and flowcharts. Program design tools like pseudocode and flowcharts allow programmers to plan programs' logic and structure before writing the actual code. The lecture also provides an overview of Python syntax and variables.
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Embedded c c++ programming fundamentals masterHossam Hassan
This document provides an overview of embedded C/C++ programming fundamentals. It discusses what embedded systems and microcontrollers are. It also discusses typical development tools and processes like compilers, linkers, and debugging. Several programming languages are discussed at different levels like machine code, assembly language, and high-level languages like C/C++. C/C++ are recommended for embedded programming due to efficiency and ability to access I/O while assembly is used for speed-critical code. The document also outlines basic C/C++ programming concepts like program structure with directives, declarations, and statements.
This document discusses the history and evolution of computers and programming languages from the 1950s to present. It covers five generations of computers from room-sized first generation machines to today's laptops and tablets. It also summarizes the evolution of major programming languages such as procedural, event-driven, visual, and object-oriented languages. Finally, it provides an overview of programming language categories including web, desktop, and mobile development.
Do you wish to gain thorough knowledge on the topic of computer coding and its numerous benefits? Continue to our blog for a quick lesson on what is coding. (Source URL: https://www.goodcore.co.uk/blog/what-is-coding/)
Programming refers to creating a list of stored instructions that tell a computer what to do. A programming language provides a platform to describe computer jobs through instructions. There are two main categories of programming languages: high-level languages that are human-readable and easier for programmers, and low-level languages that are machine-oriented and provide better machine efficiency. C is a widely-used programming language that combines the virtues of high-level languages with low-level language efficiency. A basic C program structure includes standard libraries, a main function, and statements like printf to output text.
This document provides an introduction to .NET and Core C# programming. It discusses the .NET Framework, Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), Common Type System (CTS), Common Language Specification (CLS), and Common Intermediate Language (CIL). It also covers Mono, building and running C# applications on different platforms, and using various IDEs like Visual Studio.
This document provides an overview of C# programming fundamentals including: introducing the .NET platform, steps for C# program development, computer programming languages, what .NET is, writing simple C# programs, commenting code, identifiers and keywords, coding conventions and style, and getting started with C# and Visual Studio 2008. References for further information are also provided.
This document provides an introduction to computers and C++ programming, covering the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
It introduces computer systems including hardware components like processors, memory, and I/O devices. It then discusses computer architecture, programming languages, and how high-level languages are compiled and linked before execution. The document concludes with an overview of algorithm design, the software development lifecycle, the structure of a basic C++ program, and debugging techniques.
The document provides an introduction to coding and computer programming concepts. It discusses the agenda which includes understanding how computers work, learning programming concepts like variables and syntax, gaining an appreciation of different programming languages, and developing resources to learn programming basics. It then discusses what computer programming is, why learn to code, programming languages, basic programming components like variables, operators, flow control and functions. It also provides some examples and resources for learning to code.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the history of C and how it was created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It also outlines the typical steps involved in a program development process, including requirement specification, analysis, design, implementation, verification and testing, and maintenance. The document explains that C is commonly used for systems software, compilers, databases, operating systems, and device drivers due to its efficiency and performance. It provides examples of where C is used and the benefits it provides.
Introduction to computers and programming languages binoysatheesh
This document provides an introduction and overview of computers and programming languages. It discusses the basic components of a computer system, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It also covers low-level machine languages that hardware understands versus high-level languages that are easier for humans, like Python. Programs must be compiled or interpreted to run. The document demonstrates using the Python interactive shell and basic functions like print.
The document provides an overview of computers and programming languages, describing the hardware and software components of a computer system, the evolution of programming languages from machine code to modern high-level languages like C++, and the typical process of analyzing a problem, designing an algorithm to solve it, implementing the algorithm in code, and executing the program. It also gives examples of algorithms for calculating the perimeter and area of a rectangle to illustrate the problem-solving approach.
This lecture introduces programming fundamentals and Python. It discusses what programming is, the process of translating source code into machine-readable instructions, and program design using pseudocode and flowcharts. Program design tools like pseudocode and flowcharts allow programmers to plan programs' logic and structure before writing the actual code. The lecture also provides an overview of Python syntax and variables.
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Exceptions allow developers to handle error cases expected to occur infrequently. Ideally, good test suites should test both normal and exceptional behaviors to catch more bugs and avoid regressions. While current research analyzes exceptions that propagate to tests, it does not explore other exceptions that do not reach the tests. In this paper, we provide an empirical study to explore how frequently exceptional behaviors are tested in real-world systems. We consider both exceptions that propagate to tests and the ones that do not reach the tests. For this purpose, we run an instrumented version of test suites, monitor their execution, and collect information about the exceptions raised at runtime. We analyze the test suites of 25 Python systems, covering 5,372 executed methods, 17.9M calls, and 1.4M raised exceptions. We find that 21.4% of the executed methods do raise exceptions at runtime. In methods that raise exceptions, on the median, 1 in 10 calls exercise exceptional behaviors. Close to 80% of the methods that raise exceptions do so infrequently, but about 20% raise exceptions more frequently. Finally, we provide implications for researchers and practitioners. We suggest developing novel tools to support exercising exceptional behaviors and refactoring expensive try/except blocks. We also call attention to the fact that exception-raising behaviors are not necessarily “abnormal” or rare.
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Software testing plays a crucial role in the contribution process of open-source projects. For example, contributions introducing new features are expected to include tests, and contributions with tests are more likely to be accepted. Although most real-world projects require contributors to write tests, the specific testing practices communicated to contributors remain unclear. In this paper, we present an empirical study to understand better how software testing is approached in contribution guidelines. We analyze the guidelines of 200 Python and JavaScript open-source software projects. We find that 78% of the projects include some form of test documentation for contributors. Test documentation is located in multiple sources, including CONTRIBUTING files (58%), external documentation (24%), and README files (8%). Furthermore, test documentation commonly explains how to run tests (83.5%), but less often provides guidance on how to write tests (37%). It frequently covers unit tests (71%), but rarely addresses integration (20.5%) and end-to-end tests (15.5%). Other key testing aspects are also less frequently discussed: test coverage (25.5%) and mocking (9.5%). We conclude by discussing implications and future research.
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TestMigrationsInPy: A Dataset of Test Migrations from Unittest to Pytest (MSR...Andre Hora
Unittest and pytest are the most popular testing frameworks in Python. Overall, pytest provides some advantages, including simpler assertion, reuse of fixtures, and interoperability. Due to such benefits, multiple projects in the Python ecosystem have migrated from unittest to pytest. To facilitate the migration, pytest can also run unittest tests, thus, the migration can happen gradually over time. However, the migration can be timeconsuming and take a long time to conclude. In this context, projects would benefit from automated solutions to support the migration process. In this paper, we propose TestMigrationsInPy, a dataset of test migrations from unittest to pytest. TestMigrationsInPy contains 923 real-world migrations performed by developers. Future research proposing novel solutions to migrate frameworks in Python can rely on TestMigrationsInPy as a ground truth. Moreover, as TestMigrationsInPy includes information about the migration type (e.g., changes in assertions or fixtures), our dataset enables novel solutions to be verified effectively, for instance, from simpler assertion migrations to more complex fixture migrations. TestMigrationsInPy is publicly available at: https://github.com/altinoalvesjunior/TestMigrationsInPy.
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Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Key Features and Functions:
Organization:
Lightroom Classic provides robust tools for organizing your photos, including creating collections, using keywords, flags, and color labels.
Editing:
It offers a wide range of editing tools for making adjustments to color, tone, and more.
Processing:
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Non-Destructive Editing:
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Key Differences from Lightroom (Cloud-Based):
Storage Location:
Lightroom Classic stores photos locally on your computer, while Lightroom stores them in the cloud.
Workflow:
Lightroom Classic is designed for a desktop workflow, while Lightroom is designed for a cloud-based workflow.
Connectivity:
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Organization:
Lightroom Classic offers more advanced organization features like Collections and Keywords.
Who is it for?
Professional Photographers:
PCMag notes that Lightroom Classic is a popular choice among professional photographers who need the flexibility and control of a desktop-based application.
Users with Large Collections:
Those with extensive photo collections may prefer Lightroom Classic's local storage and robust organization features.
Users who prefer a traditional workflow:
Users who prefer a more traditional desktop workflow, with their original photos stored on their computer, will find Lightroom Classic a good fit.
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Adobe Master Collection CC (Creative Cloud) is a comprehensive subscription-based package that bundles virtually all of Adobe's creative software applications. It provides access to a wide range of tools for graphic design, video editing, web development, photography, and more. Essentially, it's a one-stop-shop for creatives needing a broad set of professional tools.
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Proactive Vulnerability Detection in Source Code Using Graph Neural Networks:...Ranjan Baisak
As software complexity grows, traditional static analysis tools struggle to detect vulnerabilities with both precision and context—often triggering high false positive rates and developer fatigue. This article explores how Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), when applied to source code representations like Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs), Control Flow Graphs (CFGs), and Data Flow Graphs (DFGs), can revolutionize vulnerability detection. We break down how GNNs model code semantics more effectively than flat token sequences, and how techniques like attention mechanisms, hybrid graph construction, and feedback loops significantly reduce false positives. With insights from real-world datasets and recent research, this guide shows how to build more reliable, proactive, and interpretable vulnerability detection systems using GNNs.
2. What is a Programming Language?
• - Definition: A set of instructions for
computers to perform specific tasks.
• - Purpose: Bridge communication between
humans and machines.
3. Types of Programming Languages
• - Low-Level: Close to machine code (e.g.,
Assembly).
• - High-Level: Closer to human language (e.g.,
Python, Java).
4. Popular Programming Languages
• - Python: Easy to learn, versatile.
• - Java: Platform-independent.
• - C++: Powerful for system programming.
5. Python Overview
• - Simple syntax and readable.
• - Used in web development, AI, data science.
• - Example: print('Hello, World!')
6. Java Overview
• - Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA).
• - Popular for enterprise applications and
Android development.
• - Example: System.out.println('Hello, World!');
7. C++ Overview
• - Combines procedural and object-oriented
programming.
• - Used in game development, system
programming.
• - Example: cout << 'Hello, World!';
9. What is Syntax?
• - Rules that define the structure of a
programming language.
• - Example:
• - Python: print('Hello')
• - Java: System.out.println('Hello');
10. Compilers and Interpreters
• - Compiler: Translates code into machine
language (e.g., C++).
• - Interpreter: Executes code line by line (e.g.,
Python).
11. Why Learn Programming?
• - Problem-solving skills.
• - Career opportunities in tech.
• - Automation of repetitive tasks.
12. Programming for Problem-Solving
• - Real-Life Applications:
• - Web development (e.g., e-commerce sites).
• - Data analysis and AI.
• - Game development.
14. Introduction to Loops
• - Repeatedly execute code.
• - Example in Python:
• for i in range(5):
• print(i)
15. Introduction to Functions
• - Block of reusable code.
• - Example in Python:
• def greet():
• print('Hello!')
• greet()
16. Debugging
• - Identifying and fixing errors in code.
• - Common Errors:
• - Syntax errors.
• - Logic errors.
• - Runtime errors.
17. Evolution of Programming
Languages
• - Early Languages: Assembly, Fortran.
• - Modern Languages: Python, JavaScript.
• - Trends: Functional and Concurrent
programming.
18. Choosing the Right Language
• - Considerations:
• - Project type.
• - Performance requirements.
• - Ease of learning.