Projected Aids - AV Aids
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The document discusses various types of projected visual aids used in education including slides, overhead projectors, video projectors, and LCD projectors. Slides are small transparent images that are projected onto a screen and can include photographs, diagrams, or laboratory images. Overhead projectors allow teachers to write or draw on transparencies while teaching. Video projectors can display video, images, or computer presentations on a screen. LCD projectors have become popular for meetings and classroom teaching due to their portability and ability to connect to computers.
Projected Aids - AV Aids
- 1. Presented by Mrs. Suja Santosh Professor RVS College of Nursing, Sulur, Coimbatore
- 2. Projected Visual Aids are pictures shown upon a screen by the use of a certain type of machine
- 3. • Provides enjoyment in learning • Stimulates rapid learning • Increases retention • Compels attention • Enlarges /reduces actual size of objects • Bring distant, past & present into classroom
- 4. • Small sized transparent pictorial/ diagrammatic slides arranged in a proper sequence for presentation on a large screen.
- 5. • Slide is a still transparency of 70mm, 35mm or 60mm size which is optically enlarged & projected on a screen as a real image
- 6. • Ideal Size - 2×2 inches • Usually used to present Specific findings of pathological laboratory test, photographs/ pictures of life experiences or pictures of patients with rare clinical presentation
- 7. • Photographic slides black & white in colour Colour Ideal Size - 2×2 inches to 3×4 inches • Handmade slides hand made using an acetate sheet, cello phane, etched glass, plain glass or a lumarith (type of plastic glass)
- 8. • Marker slides - clean glass piece - draw pictures/diagrams using fine tip marker pen - Hold glass with cardboard/wooden frame
- 9. • Etched Glass Slides - clean glass piece - rinse it with kerosene - draw the diagram with crayon glass marking pencil
- 10. • Assist lesson & development • Facilitate teacher-student participation • Easy to make
- 11. • Time consuming • Seen only with help of slide projector • Expensive materials needed for making
- 12. • Used to project slides on a wall/screen • Helps to show magnified images • Coloured slides looks attractive
- 13. • Source of light (Projection lamp) • Reflector (Concave mirror) • Condensing lens • Slide carrier • Objective lens
- 14. • Attract attention • Arouse interest • Variety of learning information • Easy to transport • Easy to revise & update • Easily handled, stored & rearranged • Can be combined with taped narration or can be controlled for time during a discussion • Used in a group or individual
- 15. • Not suitable for all educational material • Transparent slides cannot be put to excessive use • Not to use for longer duration • Preparation requires a lot of predevelopmental work like collecting/taking snapshots of pictures • Requires imaginative and creative skills
- 17. • Projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room • Teacher can write/draw diagrams on transparency while he teaches
- 19. • To develop concepts & sequences in a subject matter area • To make marginal notes on transparencies for the teachers use that and carry without exposing • To test student performances while other classmates observe • To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting colours • To give the illusion of motion in the transparency
- 20. • Popular instructional medium. • Simple & easy to prepare • easy to operate with the OHP which is lightweight • A 10×10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the projector & large image is projected on the screen • Projector is used from rear to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting beside the projector, facing the student
- 21. • Writing on cellophane sheets with the help of OHP pen • Coloured pens • Xeroxing from any printed material • besides single transparency can be used on a roll
- 22. • 6 lines per transparency • 6 words per line • 6mm smallest letter size • 6cm margin (3+3 on each side)
- 23. • One idea on each transparencies • Include relative figures & diagrams • Simple and easy to read • Avoid too much information in a transparency • Use simple letter style in writing • Do not use all capital letters • Do not overcrowd with written content
- 24. • Use diagrams in proportion to lettering • Emphasize key message • Use colour to attract attention • Put captions on top • Do not overuse colours in texts of a transparency • Be sure illustrations enhances better understanding
- 25. • Aluminium coated board • Glass board • Flat white screen • Screen should be mounted properly & at proper angle
- 26. • Place OHP on a stable table • Objective lens of OHP face the screen behind the teacher • Put the cord plug into power socket • Switch on the blower first, then bulb • Place transparency on the glass top
- 27. • Move the objective lens & mirror up and down to focus image on screen • Explain materials written on transparency from behind OHP • Don’t cover the screen • Make points short & simple • Remove what is not needed
- 28. • Focus & position image before presentation • Keep screen in full view above participants head • Stand to the side of screen • Darken the room appropriately • Turn off projector when not in use • Talk to audience, not to screen • Switch off the bulb of OHP when not in use to save electricity, but fan must keep running to keep the OHP cool • Do not move the OHP while in use, it may increase of losing the lamp
- 29. • Teacher can face the class • Maintain eye contact & observe reactions of students • Gain student’s attention • Can be used in day light • Graphics & writings can shown clearly & colourfully • Economical method • Can be used repeatedly • Easily available • Easy to operate & handle
- 30. • Electricity required • Requires careful handling, as OHP bulb was very sensitive to power fluctuations & jerking movements • Transparency preparation is time consuming and Requires good handwriting abilities
- 31. Present images/printed matter/ small opaque objects on screen eg: Book pages, Coins, Object, Postcards or any other flat material which is non transparency
- 32. A device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object A system of mirrors, prisms & imaging lens is used to focus an image of the material on screen
- 33. • Works on the principle of horizontal straight line projection with a lamp; plane mirror placed at 45 degree angle over the projector reflects the light so that it passes through the projection lens forming a magnified image on the screen • Large size projector requires a darkroom with a fixed place because it is not easy to move due to its heavy weight & size
- 34. • Handled carefully • Protected from breakage • Kept clean • Keep away from moisture • Preferably kept in a cool room • Switched off when not in use
- 35. • Stimulates attention • Arouses interest • Flat specimens like stamp, coin, leaves, etc can be projected • Used for enlarging drawings, pictures & maps • Does not require any written or typed materials, handwritten materials can be used • Used for large group • Better Retention • Used to review topic • Used to test knowledge & ability • Convenient to use
- 36. • Costly equipment • Requires careful handling • Electricity required • Very large and heavy object • Cannot be moved easily • Needs a dark room for projection
- 39. • Continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames or pictures arranged in a sequence usually with a specific title. • A sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on a 35mm / 8mm film • Tape recorder narration can be synchronized with a film strip • Each strip contain between 12 and 18 or more pictures
- 40. • present a process in a logical consistency & continuity with still pictures; whole filmstrip makes a complete presentation • Used to stimulate emotions • Build attitudes & point out problems • Along with still pictures, verbal/audiotape explanation to demonstrate common nursing procedures such as bed bath, back care, crutch walking, intravenous cannulation, Nasogastric tube insertion
- 41. • Discussion film strips continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in a sequence usually with explanatory titles • Sound slide film Instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion, the recorded explanation is audible and is synchronized with the pictures
- 42. • select the filmstrip carefully to meet the needs of the topic to be taught • Preview before actual presentation • a rapport must be established between filmstrip & discussion topic • Specific details & important points must be focused using a pointer • A part of the film strip may be shown again if the content needs to be stressed on or needs more specific study
- 43. • Compact, convenient to handle & carry • Can be easily stored • Can be supplemented with a recorded audiotape or verbal explanation • Provides a logical sequence in teaching • Economical visual material • Useful for group /individual study
- 44. • Preparing the slides is a difficult job & requires a lot of effort • Need a dark room • Require electricity • Sequence cannot be changed • If the filmstrip is not supplemented with an audiotape, the verbal explanation needed
- 45. Video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surfaces.
- 46. LCD –Liquid Crystal Display, technology used to project images
- 48. • Invented by the New York inventor, Gene Dolgoff in 1984 • Used in meetings, training sessions, classroom education, visual entertainment etc • Appeal to all sensory organs & impact is always greater than simple speech
- 49. Based on size and portability, LCD Projectors classified as • Ultralight portable projector • Conference room projectors • Fixed installation projectors
- 50. 1. Projection surface Projecting Surface should be neutral colour & best suited for natural colour tones
- 51. 2. Setting up the system • Place Projector 5-15 feet away from the projection screen • Place projector permanently on fixed ceiling/ on stable surface • Computer/laptop cable should be connected at the back of the LCD projector on a video port • The power cable of projector should be connected to 3-way electrical port • Lens cap of projector should be removed
- 52. 2. Setting up the system • Projector should be switched on by pressing the power button on the top of projector which will lead to a flash of light followed by the projection of image • Computer/laptop should be ON • Click the option of computer to display content on the projection screen • Using focus of projector clear the content projected on the screen
- 53. Projection must be adjusted by manipulating the projector by moving front or back
- 54. 3. Shutting down the projector • Press the Power button; a message may appear to check whether to turn off the projector. Again press the power button , projector will turn off • Before unplug the projector from electrical port, wait for 2 minutes to off the projector fan • Also ensure the flashing light is off before the projector unplug
- 55. 4. Warning lights • Addition to power button light, 2 additional warning light buttons, which are lamp warning light and temperature warning light • Blinking of lamp warning light notifies the need of the lamp to be changed • Blinking of orange colour temperature status light notifies the need to change the air filter and the red colour temperature status light notifies the increased temperature of the projector & need to turn off the lamp & allow the running fan to cool the warm lamp
- 56. 5. Additional Audio & video devices • Projector has other additional ports to connect VCR, DVD and cameras which can further improve the utility of the LCD projector in education
- 57. • Use horizontal/landscape format for slides • Limit the information of each slide to a single topic/idea • Use action words & short phrases than sentences • Pictures, drawings & illustrations make presentation interesting • Keep Slides simple & clear without overburden • Keep slides with relevant pictures • Maintain consistency in use of colour • Avoid use of multiple colours & graphics
- 58. • Use dark coloured text on light background or Vice versa • Use white or yellow text on black background • Use bullets instead of numbers is always good • Use numbers to show sequence /rank of content • Do not overcrowd the slide with text • Use 6×6 rule that is 6 lines of text & 6 words per line
- 59. • Ensure text on slide is readable • Minimum 36 points for slide title & 24 points for body text • Style of written test – Arial font • Use Upper & lower case text, more legible (avoid all Caps) • Use contrasting colours to highlight specific points • Significant points present in bold, italic & large size font
- 60. • Do not use multiple animation & transition effects on single slide (minimum 1 0r 2) • Try developing pleasing & clear visuals • Limit the no of slides to the number of minutes the presenter has in hand
- 61. Visually attractive Arose interest Slide show & video are clubbed together & customized in single presentation Easy to carry out back & front movement of slides for reviewing & recapitalizing
- 62. • Expensive gadget • Need technical skill of computer & power point presentation & using LCD projector • Can’t use in power failure/technological failure at the time of presentation
- 63. • Widely used medium for sharing & disseminating information between large groups Combination of audio & visual technology
- 64. • Telecommunication medium for transmitting & receiving moving images that can be monochrome (black * white) or coloured with accompanying sound
- 65. • Interactive /passive • Use to display prerecorded program to supplement additional learning • Used for teaching social, cultural, political, religious affairs • Used for behavioural modification through showing specific therapeutic programmes • Educational entertainment
- 66. • Arouse interest • Cost effective • Easily available • Uniformity in learning • Provide real experience • large proportion of population may cover • Multiple sensory stimulating media • quicker & long lasting impression • brings permanent change in behaviour • Reinforce knowledge by repeated watching • Mass educational media
- 67. • One way process (doubts cannot be clarified) • Not student centric approach • Customized school schedule according to telecast schedule • Students who have no access of TV in home, remain deprived of the educational programmes
- 68. • Electromechanical educational medium which constitute an electronic machine, prerecorded video cassettes & TV screen for display
- 69. • Develop motor, intellectual, cognitive & interpersonal & affective skills • Brings visual & auditory stimulus • Leads to permanent memory impact & learning • Simple classroom content delivery to Facilitate distance education
- 70. • Easy to access & use for educational purpose • multiple use & repetition of same content several times • Used in day light • Recording & playing needs no skill& technique • Combine motion pictures & tape recorder
- 71. • Older playback equipment • Power supply is mandatory • Recorded content cannot be edited in basic equipments • Good quality video recording is a time-consuming & difficult task
- 72. • Electromechanical device capable of recording and storing still or movable images
- 73. • Making presentations more illustrative by adding images • Real clinical practice images where obtained and projected with the help of LCD/ film projectors/slide projectors • Rarer clinical issues of patient images can be obtained, used to educate others
- 74. • Assist students in special education & autistic application • Help to obtain micro and macro view of objects • Recording student progress • Analyse physical education activities through photography • Record sequence of events • Encourage effort through immediate recognition of achievement
- 75. • Capture advanced nursing procedures • Capture images at various time periods to study about the process (eg: bedsore wound healing) • Used to capture rare surgical procedure for presentation/publication
- 76. • Electronic amplification system made up of tape recorder, amplifier and loud speaker to distribute the sound to a large group eg: loud speaker
- 77. • Used in auditoriums/ examination halls
- 78. • Small public address system 50-200 watts of power used in small venue • Large public address system Used in large venue used for making announcements during emergencies to evacuate occupants from buildings
- 79. • Instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eyes
- 80. • Used for teaching anatomy, physiology, microbiology, pathology etc • Used in diagnostic labs to carry tests ranging from the simple blood test to complex histo- pathological or genetic test
- 81. • Used to show live slides of disease diagnostic tests • Used to collaborate theory & practical • Produce & develop findings • Used for visualization of objects or living things such as tissue samples, micro objects, which cannot be seen by naked eyes
- 82. • Transmission Electron microscope
- 83. • Scanning electron microscope
- 84. • Scanning Probe microscope
- 85. • A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetical or logical operations
- 86. • More effective learning aid • Facilitate Active learning • Improving the recall ability • Innovative instructional stimuli • Enhance interactive learning • Used in distance education • Helps in computer assisted learning • Helps to update knowledge through online resources
- 87. • Help to work fast & accurate • Reliable • Save time • Help in doing repetitive work • Ideas can understand quickly & easy in presentation • Using scanner / camera images or photographs can transfer to computer • Used for voice recognition • Store huge amount of information (include text, sound, videos, pictures, films etc) • Takes very little space • Portable (lap top, notebook) • Highly interactive & enable communication from one place to another • User friendly & easy to operate
- 88. • Expensive tool in educational setting • Health & safety is crucial to the effective operation of computer • Associated with physical problems such as musculoskeletal problems, eye strain , electromagnetic radiation risk etc