Protocols and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

PROTOCOLS AND
THE TCP/IP
PROTOCOL SUITE
Made by Atharva Deshmukh

CONTENT
1. History
2. TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP

 The Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol suite of protocol form the
basis of the internet. It is TCP/IP that
creates a virtual network when multiple
computer networks are connected
together. The TCP/IP networks was earlier
known as ARPANET, but is now known as
internet.
History Of TCP/IP Suite

What is IP, Protocol?
Protocol: -
In information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a
telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between
the communicating entities.
IP: -
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g.,
computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.

TCP/IP Suite layer
TCP/IP Suite consists of Four layer
Network Interface: - It include the function of physical layer
and data link layer.
TCP/IP protocol suite includes Host-to-network layer protocols such
as Serial Line internet protocol and point to point protocol
Internet Layer: - The internet layer is exactly same to the
network layer of OSI model.
IP is the primary protocol operating at this layer and it provides data
encapsulation routing, addressing and fragmentation services to the
protocols at the transport layer above it.

TCP/IP Suite layer
Transport Layer: - TCP/IP Suite includes two protocol at this layer,
the transmission control protocol and the user datagram protocol
These protocol provides connection or connectionless data
transfer services.
Application layer: - The TCP/IP protocol at the application layer can
take different forms of Protocols, such as the File Transfer Protocol,
Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

Network Interface Layer
• It is the bottom layer of TCP/IP Model lies below the
Internet Layer.
• It is also known as Host To Network Layer
• Function of this layer is to connect the Host To Network
& inform the upper layers so that they could start
sending the data packets.
• This layer varies from network to network.
• Host To Network Layer protocols
• SLIP(Serial Line IP )
• PPP( Point To Point Protocol )

Serial Line Internet Protocol
 Serial line Internet protocol is very simple and used to connect the workstation
to internet over dial-up line using a modem.
 SLIP(Serial line Internet protocol ) is not a standard protocol for carrying IP
Packets over the a serial line between a home user and The ISP server. But , it
has become popular because of its simplicity .
 The role of SLIP begins only when there is a proper connection between the
two modem.

Problem with SLIP Protocol
• It is not an approved internet standard.
• It does not provide any authentication.
• SLIP provides no way for the two devices
to communicate control information
between them to manage the link.
• SLIP doesn't provide any way of detecting
or correcting errors in transmissions.

Point to Point Protocol ( PPP )
 Point to Point Protocol is a data link layer Protocol.
 PPP is another examples of the evolving the nature of internet.
 It has become standard internet protocol for remote access, using dial-up
connection.
 The basic Functionality of PPP is similar to the SLIP.
 It passes the and other packets in the form of frames between a client and
ISP Server.
 PPP is more complex than SLIP.

PPP Set of Protocol Are as given below:
• Line control Protocol(LCP): - The Line control protocol is responsible for establishing ,
maintaining the connection between the Two end ( Home User and the ISP )
• Password Authentication Protocol( PAP ) : - password authentication protocol is used.
• Here the user must establish a proof of identity , so that he can connect to ISP.
• Network Control protocol ( NCP ): - Once the Authentication is done, PPP on the client
side sends out a NCP packet. This packet tells the ISP server what kind of traffic is to
be passed over this PPP link.
• IP Control Protocol ( IPCP ) : - the IP Control Protocol takes over. Here , actual IP packet
are now exchanged. IPCP establishes the connection between the Host user and ISP.

Comparison between The SLIP And PPP

Internet Layer
The fives network layer protocol are as follows:-
1. ARP
2. RARP
3. IP
4. ICMP
5. IGMP
IP is an Important protocol in this layer.
ARP ( Address resolution protocol )
 Every machine on internet has one address, these address
cannot actually be used for sending packets data because
data link layer does not understand the internet address.
 ARP Provides an essential services when TCP/IP is running in
LAN.
IP Address
ARP
Physical Address

RARP ( Reverse Address Resolution Protocol )
IP Address
RARP
Physical Address
 The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol is used to obtain the IP
address of a Host based on Its physical address. That is , it
preform a job that is exactly opposite to that of ARP.
 RARP works in a very similar way to ARP. but in the exactly
opposite direction , as shown in the side figure.
Note: - IP Address is a universally unique address and inter-networked
address.
MAC Address is local address. It is unique locally but not
universally.

Internet Protocol ( IP )
• Internet Protocol is very important protocol present in
this network layer.
• IP is the protocol responsible for carrying data, generated
by nearly all the other TCP/IP protocol, from the source
system to its destination .
IP Features : -
i. Unreliable
IP is unreliable , it means that it does not
provide a guarantee that a datagram send from a source
computer definitely will arrive at the destination.
i. Connectionless
IP services is similar to the postal service.
It is possible that the order in which the message are sent
and the order in which they are received is different.

Difference Between IPv4 And IPv6
IPv4 IPv6

Transport Layer ( TCP and UDP )
 The transport layer runs on the top of internet layer and is mainly concerned with transport
of packets from the source to the destination.
 The main function of transport layer is to deliver packets between the end points.
 In TCP/IP, the transport layer include to protocols : TCP and UDP.
Transport Layer
Protocols
User datagram
protocols ( USP )
Transmission control
Protocol( TCP )

Comparison between TCP And UDP
Parameter UDP TCP
Data Transfer Data is sent in discrete
packages by the application.
Data is sent by the
application with no particular
structure.
Transmission speed Very High High but not as high s UDP
Protocol connection setup Connectionless Connection oriented
Used UDP is useful when speed of
delivery is critical
TCP is useful for
transmission of data without
error.

Application Layer
 The TCP/IP Model Does Not have Session or presentation layer on the top of the
transport layer.
 It is just has the application layer. It contains all higher level protocols.
 Higher Level Protocols Used in application layer are as Follows:

Types Of Protocol In application Layer
TELNET: - the virtual terminal protocol allows a user on one
machine to log onto a distant machine and work there.
FTP: - File Transfer protocol provides a way to move data
efficiently from one machine to another.
SMTP: - Simple mail transfer protocol developed for email
transfer.
DNS: -Domain Name System Protocol is used for mapping the
host names onto their network address.
HTTP: -hyper Text transfer Protocol is used for fetching pages
on the world wide web (WWW) and many others.

Comparison Of OSI and TCP/IP
OSI TCP/IP
Its has seven Layer Its has four layer
It Supports both connection oriented
and connectionless communication.
Its support only connectionless
communication.
Transport layer provides connection
oriented communication.
Transport layer provides connection
oriented communication and
connectionless.
Transport layer guarantees delivery
of packets
Transport layer does not guarantees
delivery of packets
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Application
Transport
Internet
Network Interface

Protocols and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

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