Psychology Presentation
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This document discusses various topics in psychology including classical conditioning, social learning theory, nature vs nurture, and strategies for helping behaviors adapt. Classical conditioning involves learning through association, with three stages: before conditioning, during conditioning, and after conditioning. Social learning theory states that behavior is learned through observation and modeling important individuals. The debate around nature vs nurture has never been fully resolved as both genetics and environment influence behavior, but in complex ways. Psychologists believe punishment is generally ineffective for changing behavior as it does not address the root issues and can increase resistance. Positive reinforcement of desirable behaviors and understanding the functions of undesirable behaviors are better strategies.
![2014
Yohniki Gordon
[PSYCHOLOGY PRESENTATION
3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/psychologypresentation-141116182820-conversion-gate02/85/Psychology-Presentation-1-320.jpg)
Psychology Presentation
- 2. 2 Contents Classical Conditioning ........................................................................................................................3 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY.........................................................................................................4 what is gene ? (in informal use) a unit of heredity which is transferred froma parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring...........................................................................6 what is behavior ?...........................................................................................................................6 Is behavior genetic or environmental? ..................................................................................................7 NATURE VS NUTURE.....................................................................................................................8 why hasn't the argument been won ? ................................................................................................8 REASONS WHYPSYCHOLOGISTS THINK PUNISHMENT IS INEFFECTIVE..............................10 FOR STRATEGIES USED BY PSYCHOLOGISTS TO HELP MICHAEL ADAPT MORE DESIRABLE BEHAVIORS..............................................................................................................11 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................12
- 3. 3 Classical Conditioning Based on Pavlov’s observations, John Watson suggested that the stages of classical conditioning were able to explain all areas of human psychology. Patterns of stimulus and response ranges from things like speech to emotions. Classical conditioning theory involves learning new behaviour through communication/association. Classical conditioning has three stages: o Before Conditioning In this stage,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. This stage also involves another stimulus which has no affect on a person and is called the neutral stimulus (NS). o During Conditioning During this stage a stimulus which produces no response (i.e. neutral) is associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). o After Conditioning Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (USC) to create a new conditioned response (CR).
- 4. 4 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY • In social learning theory Albert Bandura (1977) states behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning. Key Point ofSocial Learning Theory are: 1. Learning is not purely behavioural; rather,it is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context. 2. Learning can occur by observing a behaviour and by observing the consequences of the behaviour (vicarious reinforcement). 3. Learning involves observation, extraction of information from those observations, and making decisions about the performance of the behaviour (observational learning or modelling). Thus, learning can occur without an observable change in behaviour. 4. Reinforcement plays a role in learning but is not entirely responsible for learning. 5. The learner is not a passive recipient of information. Cognition, environment, and behaviour all mutually influence each other (reciprocal determinism) Individuals that are observed are called models. In society children are surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’s TV, friends within their peer group and teachers at school. Children pay attention to some of these people and encode their behaviour. At a later time they may imitate the behaviour they have observed. They may do this regardless of whether the behaviour is ‘gender appropriate’ or not but there are a number of processes that make it more likely that a child will reproduce the behaviour that its society deems appropriate for its sex. First, the child is more likely to attend to and imitate those people it perceives as similar to itself. Second, the people around the child will respond to the behavior it imitates with either reinforcement or punishment. Reinforcement can be external or internal and can be positive or negative. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, but the important factor is that it will usually lead to a change in a person's behaviour.
- 5. 5 Third, the child will also take into account of what happens to other people when deciding whether or not to copy someone’s actions. This is known as vicarious reinforcement
- 6. 6 what is gene ? (in informal use) a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. what is behavior ? the way in which an animal or person behaves in response to a particularsituation or stimulus.
- 7. 7 Is behavior genetic or environmental? behavioral genetics is the field of study that examines the role of genetics in animal (including humans) behavior , History The relationship between behaviour and genetics or heredity, dates to the work of the English scientist Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), Galton studied the families of outstanding men of his day and concluded, like his cousin Charles Darwin, that mental powers run in families. Galton became the first to use twins in genetic research and pioneered many of the statistical methods of analysis that are in use today. not until the 1970s that a balanced view came to prevail in psychiatry that recognized the importance of nature as well as nurture. In psychology, this reconciliation did not take hold until the 1980s. Much behavioral genetic research today focuses on identifying specific genes that affect behavioral dimensions, such as personality and intelligence, and disorders, such as autism, hyperactivity, depression, and schizophrenia.
- 8. 8 NATURE VS NUTURE (DEBATE HAS NEVER BEEN WON) this is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects ofbehavior are said to be a productof either inheritance (genetics ) or acquired (learned ) characteristics NATURE = GENETIC NUTURE = ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ( an individual after conception, through life experiences.) why hasn't the argument been won ? the argument has never been won due to the fact that we do not yet know much of what we are is determined by out DNA and how much by our life experiences BUT for now we do know that both play a part.
- 9. 9 It is generally believed that human behavior is determined by complex interactions of both nature and nurture. For example, although environment has an effect on the walking behavior of infants and toddlers, children do not usually begin walking before a certain time that is predetermined by genetics. The genetic makeup of a child predetermines an age range for when a child will .begin walking, but the influences in the environment determine how early or late the event will actually occur.
- 10. 10 REASONS WHY PSYCHOLOGISTSTHINK PUNISHMENT IS INEFFECTIVE Firstly it creates resistance and does not address the issues at hand. For example the child will be focused on how unpleasant the punishment is, and the lesson it would take from the whole ordeal would be how to be more vigilant next time to not get caught. The child may even test the limits to find out what it can get away with. For adults, this is apparent in terms of speed limits. Although cognitive behaviorist may argue it serves as a negative reinforcement it fails in terms of reasoning. And a lot can be gained from shedding light on what is undesirable about their behavior. Secondly it neglects seeing the consequences of their behavior by inciting blame at the punisher by feelings of justifiable anger. Their 'wrong' deed is all but forgotten and all that is acknowledged is oppression and indignation. In the bigger perspective in terms of jail sentences and community service punishment may be ineffective in preventing future offences because the offender may believe he has more to gain than lose for there is simply a blanket punishment for all crime and that is jail time. Not to mention the risk involved can be addictive.
- 11. 11 FOR STRATEGIES USED BY PSYCHOLOGISTS TO HELP MICHAEL ADAPT MORE DESIRABLE BEHAVIORS Mold their Perception - perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and intercept the input from their senses to give meaning to the world around them. so if a person can influence the perceiver, the target and the situation then perception can be managed. Drive their Momentum - By means of encouragement, assistance and rewarding, one can boost a person's momentum and influence positive behavior in a persons. Maslow's Hierarchy of needs which works on a different aspect of a person's life such as psychology needs, safety, belonging, esteem and self actualization which can boost positive behavior in a person. The behavioral patterns of Michael could be studied which would lead to the understanding of why Michael behaves in such a manner. Whether it be that he seeks attention from his mother or father or he lacks something of important in his life. It could possibly me a toy or maybe even a true friend. The actions of Michael could also be reinforced. Therefore meaning that whatever is done by Michael is met with a reward or a consequence. If Michael behaves in manner that is deemed unbecoming of the young man his mother want he could reinforced by being scold, punished or a possession taken away. Whereas if Michael acts right he is blessed with a reward that he'll like. This will lessen the occurrence of his bad behavior and improve the possibilities of Michael behaving good.
- 12. 12 REFERENCES McLeod, S. A. (2008). Classical Conditioning. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html McLeod, S. A. (2008). Social Learning Theory. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/sociallearningtheory.html http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/02/15/punishment-a-cultural-phenomenon/ http://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_learning_theory