Putting Flexbox into Practice (Fronteers)

PUTTING

FLEXBOX PRACTICE
INTO

Fronteers
October 2013

Zoe Mickley Gillenwater

@zomigi

I’m a web designer/front-end dev
and I wrote these books on CSS:

Stunning CSS3:
A Project-based Guide to
the Latest in CSS

Flexible Web Design:
Creating Liquid and Elastic
Layouts with CSS

www.stunningcss3.com

www.flexiblewebbook.com

Problems with float layout






Difficulty with containment
Unwanted wrapping, aka “float drop”
Visual location somewhat tied to HTML order
No built-in equal-height columns
No float:center

What is flexbox?
The nickname for the CSS Flexible Box
Layout Module, a new layout mechanism
and box model.

Which is which?
2009

display:box

*
v.3+

2011

display:flexbox

Now

*

†

display:flex

v.10

v.7

*

* with -webkit- prefix
†

with -ms- prefix

See also http://css-tricks.com/old-flexbox-and-new-flexbox/

*

Turn it on
flex container

display: flex
flex item
plain old box

flex item

flex-direction
specifies orientation
of flex items’ layout

column

row
(default)
column-reverse
row-reverse

Demo site:
www.smoresday.us
Use Chrome, Opera,
Safari 7, or IE 10 for
full effect
(Zoe really loves s’mores)

Demo: horizontal navigation
1. Turn <ul> into flex container:
.list-nav {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row; /* default */
}

2. Children <li> become flex items laid out on
single horizontal line

Demo: horizontal navigation
Before

After

“

What’s the big deal?
I can do the same thing with display: inline.”

Yes, you can.
We’re just laying the groundwork for the
cool stuff that’s coming.
Baby steps.

How the CSS might really look
.list-nav {
display: -webkit-box;
display: -ms-flexbox;
display: -webkit-flex;
display: flex;
-webkit-box-direction: normal;
-webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
-ms-flex-direction: row;
-webkit-flex-direction: row;
flex-direction: row;
}

2009

Android
Safari 3-6

2011
IE 10

current
Chrome
Firefox
Opera
Safari 7
Blackberry

Keeping track of variants




Flexy Boxes code generator shows old and new
syntaxes: www.the-echoplex.net/flexyboxes/
Let Sass or LESS do it for you, for instance:
 https://github.com/mastastealth/sass-flex-mixin
 https://gist.github.com/cimmanon/4461470



The -prefix-free script can do some of it for
you: http://leaverou.github.io/prefixfree/

Use the variants you want.
But for the sake of readability, I’m omitting
them from the code samples on these
slides. You can see them in the live demo.
Now back to flex-direction.

Setting a point of reference
Main axis
Cross axis
(for flex-direction: row)

flex-wrap

controls whether flex
items can lay out on
multiple lines and which
direction new lines are
stacked in

wrap
(for row)

wrap
(for column)

nowrap
(default; for row)

wrap-reverse
(for row)

Problems with flex-wrap





Firefox doesn’t support it yet
No browser supports 2009 equivalent boxlines property
Limited control of where breaks occur without
support for break-before/break-after
properties (only IE 10 and Opera support
them)

Summary: setting the stage
1. Create flex container using display:flex
2. Set its flex-direction to control
orientation (horizontal or vertical)
3. Set its flex-wrap to control whether and in
which direction to wrap
(Or, set flex-flow as shorthand for flexdirection and flex-wrap)

Mobile
block
layout
.builder
.component

.action

.gallery
.gallery-item

Add flexbox for larger widths
No need to put within media query—it can “kick
in” whenever space allows (auto breakpoints!)
1. Create flex container:
.gallery {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
margin-left: -20px;
}

Add flexbox for larger widths
2. Size flex items:
.gallery-item {
flex: 1 0 200px;
margin: 0 0 20px 20px;
padding: 20px;
}

The flex property
This is where flexbox gets flexible.
And kinda confusing.

Defining the flex property




Makes flex items change their width or height
(whichever is dimension along main axis) to
fit available space
Shorthand for 3 properties:
 flex-grow
 flex-shrink
 flex-basis

Defining the flex property
flex-grow

flex-shrink

flex-basis

how much flex
item will grow
relative to
other items if
extra space is
available
(proportion
of extra space
that it gets)

how much item
will shrink
relative to
others if there is
not enough
space
(proportion of
overflow that
gets shaved off)

the initial
starting size
before free
space is
distributed
(any standard
width/height
value, including
auto)

Breaking it down
.gallery-item {
flex: 1 0 200px;
flex-grow
give every
item 1 share
of extra width

flex-shrink
don’t let the
items shrink at
all (but they
wouldn’t
anyway due to
flex-wrap)

flex-basis
start them out
at 200 pixels
wide (basically,
min-width)

Single-digit flex values





Common to see flex: 1 in demos
flex: [number] is equivalent to
flex: [number] 1 0px
Be sure you really want flex-basis to be 0
 When

wrap on, essentially min-width
 0px therefore means items can shrink to 0px
 If everything can get down to 0px, nothing ever
has a reason to wrap

My first attempt
Zoe’s Brain Said:
“Since .action
starts out at 100%,
it won’t have space
to sit on the first
line with the
content preceding
it, and will wrap to
a second line.”

.component {

.action {

flex: 1;
}
The expected outcome:

flex: 1 1 100%;
}

My first attempt
Reality:
Since it’s fine for
each .component to
shrink to only 0px
wide, a 100% wide
element can and
will sit on the same
line as all the
components.

.component {
flex: 1 1 0px;
}
.action {
flex: 1 1 100%;
}

Forcing the wrap
Fixed:
.action will always
wrap to new line,
and .components
will wrap to
additional lines
when there’s less
space than their
combined flexbasis values (plus
margin, etc.).

.component {
flex: 1 1 200px;
}
.action {
flex: 1 1 100%;
}

Less need for media queries
Layout changes that would previously have been
hardcoded into a media query can now be done
on the fly when browser determines stuff can fit

Flex adjusts for margin
box-sizing only takes care of padding and
border added on to width, not margin
The boxes won’t all fit

Works like a charm

.component {
width: 25%;
margin-left: 20px;
}

.component {
flex: 1 1 200px;
margin-left: 20px;
}

Flex adjusts for quantity of items


Great for sites with dynamic or frequently
changing content blocks, e.g.:
 News

stories on home page vs inner page
 Product or feature tiles
 Pricing page with plans side by side


Makes HTML/CSS more modular—an item can
move anywhere and adjust in size as needed

Flex can combine different units
Items measured in
different units can
sit side-by-side and
all fit perfectly

Pixels
Ems
Mystery percentage

Flex can combine different units
Set only the text field to flex:
.component li:last-child {
display: flex;
}
.component .other-name {
flex: 1;
}

Flex can be proportional
Setting flex-grow/flex-shrink to different
values can make flex items size themselves
relative to each other
flex: 1;

flex: 1;

flex: 2;

But be careful!
Having widths be in multiples of each other only
works if flex-basis is 0
flex: 1 0 0px; flex: 1 0 0px; flex: 2 0 0px;

If all start out 0px, then all the width on the line
is extra, so the flex:2 item gets twice as much
width as the others and is thus twice as wide as
the others

If flex-basis isn’t 0px…
…the widths may not end up as you expect
flex: 1 0 10px;

flex: 1 0 10px;

flex: 2 0 10px;

10px + 5px extra = 15px



if 50px available

The third box gets twice as much of the extra,
but that doesn’t make it twice as wide overall

You can use it now
While support improves, consider using
flexbox now on small page components as
progressive enhancement.
Here are a few ideas.

Single-line, full-width form





All items on same line
Text input(s) stretches to fill remaining space
All items vertically centered or equal height

Form without flexbox
.action { text-align: center; }
.action * {
display: inline; /* default */
vertical-align: middle;
}

Form without flexbox

All items on same line

X Text input stretches to take up remaining space
All items vertically centered or equal height



Form with flexbox
.action {
flex: 1 1 100%;
display: flex;
align-items: stretch; /* default */
}
.action input {
flex: 1;
}
.action input, .action label {
margin-right: 10px;
}

align-items

aligns flex items in
cross axis

flex-start

stretch
(default)

flex-end
foo

center

foo

baseline

foo

Form with flexbox

All items on same line
Text input stretches to take up remaining space
All items vertically centered or equal height

Override alignment on label
.action label {
align-self: center;
}

Combine the two
.action {
flex: 1 1 100%;
display: flex;
text-align: center; /* fallback */
}
.action input {
flex: 1;
}
.action label {
align-self: center;
}
.action input, .action label {
margin-right: 10px;
}

Another option: stack, center
.action {
flex: 1 1 100%;
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
align-items: center;
}
.action input {
flex: 1;
display: block; /* fallback */
width: 100%; /* fallback */
box-sizing: border-box; /* fallback */
}
.action button {
flex: 1 1 100%;
margin-top: 10px;
}

Narrow version
Non-flexbox fallback version

Flexbox version

Add Modernizr as needed






Flexbox and fallback styles can often co-exist,
but sometimes need to isolate them
Modernizr can add flexbox, no-flexbox,
and flexbox-legacy classes to do this
Example: add margin between label and input
only if flexbox is on:
.flexbox .action label {
margin-right: 10px;
}

Full-width nav bar


Requirements:
 All

links on same line
 First link flush left, last link flush right
 Equal spaces between all links


Using display:table-cell can do fullwidth but not equal spaces

Nav with flexbox
.list-nav {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
}
.list-nav li {
/* no flex & no width = shrinkwrap */
text-align: center;
}

justify-content
aligns flex items along
main axis

flex-start
(default)

center

flex-end

space-between

space-around

Combine with inline-block
.list-nav {
display: flex;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
}
.list-nav li {
display: inline-block; /* fallback */
padding: 0 .5em; /* fallback */
text-align: center;
}
.list-nav li:first-child { padding-left: 0; }
.list-nav li:last-child { padding-right: 0; }

Combine with inline-block
Non-flexbox
fallback version

Flexbox version

Combine with table-cell
.list-nav {
width: 100%; /* fallback */
display: table; /* fallback */
display: flex; /* override display:table for flexbox browsers */
}
.list-nav li {
display: table-cell; /* fallback */
padding: 0 .5em;
text-align: center;
}
.list-nav li:first-child {

.list-nav li:last-child {

padding-left: 0;
text-align: left; /* fallback */
}

padding-right: 0;
text-align: right;
}

Variation: pagination


Wide view: all links on same line, centered
 Set



justify-content:center

Medium view: all links on same line, fullwidth, equal spacing
 Set

justify-content:space-between

Variation: pagination


Narrow view: two lines with “previous” and
“next” links on first row, full-width
 Set

flex-wrap:wrap
 Set justify-content:space-between
 Use order property to move “next” link up

Visual reordering with flexbox
1. Make “previous” link come first visually,
“next” link second, and all the rest third
.pagination li {
order: 2;
display: inline-block; /* fallback */
}
.pagination li:first-child { /* “Previous” link */
order: 0;
text-align: left;
}
.pagination li:last-child { /* “Next” link */
order: 1;
text-align: right;
}

Visual reordering with flexbox
2. Force links to wrap after “next” link by
making it and “previous” link take up 100%
of the first line together
.flexbox .pagination li:first-child,
.flexbox .pagination li:last-child {
width: 50%;
}
.pagination {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}

Accessibility implications
Pro

Con

Keep content in
logical order in HTML
instead of structuring
HTML to achieve
visual layout

Focus/tab order won’t
always match
expected order, may
jump around
seemingly randomly

Tab order = HTML order
“Next” won’t be second link tabbed to after
“Previous” since it doesn’t follow it in HTML

1

10

2

Limitations of order property




Potential to create confusing tab order
Can only rearrange sibling elements
Flexbox rows/cols can’t overlap, so content
may not always slide into the spot left by the
re-ordered content

So: reserve flexbox order property for small
moves that don’t hurt accessibility, and use CSS3
Grid Layout, etc., for bigger re-ordering

Pinned item at bottom




All boxes equal
in height
Final item in
each box pinned
to the bottom so
that all final
items across grid
appear to align

Pinned item at bottom





Without flexbox, “other” fields disconnected from
each other and thus can’t align
With flexbox, they’re still disconnected, but their
parents aren’t and can be equal height, plus…

New “auto” margin behavior



Margins set to auto get all the free space left
So, to pin flex item to bottom of its flex
container:
 set

flex-direction:column on flex container
so items can fill its height
 set margin-top:auto on item you want to pin

Pin the “other” fields
1. Make each .component match in height by
making parent .builder a flex container
(already done)
.builder {
display: flex;
align-items: stretch; /* default */
flex-wrap: wrap;
margin: 0 0 40px -20px;
}

2. Make each <ul> a flex item and stretch to
full height, then make it a flex container with
vertical direction so its <li> will stack
.component {

.component ul {

flex: 1 1 200px;

flex: 1;

display: flex;

display: flex;

flex-direction: column;

flex-direction: column;

}

margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
}

3. Give “other” <li> an auto top margin so all
free space left in <ul> is put above that
<li>, pushing it to bottom of <ul>
.component li:last-child {
margin-top: auto;
}

Pinning without flexbox





Use display:table-cell for equal height
boxes
Add bottom padding in ems to each box
Use absolute positioning to pin “other” row in
space left by padding

Variation: two-piece main nav

.flexbox .list-nav {
justify-content: flex-start;
position: relative;
top: -70px;
}
.flexbox #link-home { margin-right:20px; }
.flexbox #link-tumblr { margin-left:20px; }
.flexbox #link-party {
margin-left: auto;
}

“

I can use it, but why should I?
Why go to the trouble to use flexbox as
progressive enhancement now?”

Develop it as a career skill






Essential layout tool in the future, especially
with responsive web design
Syntax is not going to change much, so what
you learn now will still work later
Better to learn something before it’s needed in
a project rather than during

“

Why should I do it with CSS
when I can do the same thing with <font> tags?”
–Zoe, circa 2002

“

Why should I do it with flexbox
when I can do the same thing with floats?”

We all learn best by doing





I learned a lot more about flexbox by building
demo site for this presentation—a lot
Have to try it to learn it
Using it for small cosmetic enhancements is
low-risk way to try it

It’s fun





Great user experience is important, but great
developer experience is worthwhile too
Enjoy your job to get better at your job
Sometimes the little extra time is worth the
fun challenge and reward at the end

Learn more
Download slides and get links at
www.zomigi.com/blog/flexbox-presentation

Thanks!
Zoe Mickley Gillenwater
@zomigi
design@zomigi.com
zomigi.com | stunningcss3.com | flexiblewebbook.com
Credit: “S’more” photo by Christopher Penn on Flickr. Looks like that man really knows how to make a good s’mores!

Putting Flexbox into Practice (Fronteers)

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