Random Forest Classifier in Machine Learning | Palin AnalyticsPalin analytics
Random Forest is a supervised learning ensemble algorithm. Ensemble algorithms are those which combine more than one algorithms of same or different kind for classifying objects....
Random Forest Algorithm widespread popularity stems from its user-friendly nature and adaptability, enabling it to tackle both classification and regression problems effectively. The algorithm’s strength lies in its ability to handle complex datasets and mitigate overfitting, making it a valuable tool for various predictive tasks in machine learning.
One of the most important features of the Random Forest Algorithm is that it can handle the data set containing continuous variables, as in the case of regression, and categorical variables, as in the case of classification. It performs better for classification and regression tasks. In this tutorial, we will understand the working of random forest and implement random forest on a classification task.
The document discusses the random forest algorithm. It introduces random forest as a supervised classification algorithm that builds multiple decision trees and merges them to provide a more accurate and stable prediction. It then provides an example pseudocode that randomly selects features to calculate the best split points to build decision trees, repeating the process to create a forest of trees. The document notes key advantages of random forest are that it avoids overfitting and can be used for both classification and regression tasks.
Slide explaining the distinction between bagging and boosting while understanding the bias variance trade-off. Followed by some lesser known scope of supervised learning. understanding the effect of tree split metric in deciding feature importance. Then understanding the effect of threshold on classification accuracy. Additionally, how to adjust model threshold for classification in supervised learning.
Note: Limitation of Accuracy metric (baseline accuracy), alternative metrics, their use case and their advantage and limitations were briefly discussed.
No machine learning algorithm dominates in every domain, but random forests are usually tough to beat by much. And they have some advantages compared to other models. No much input preparation needed, implicit feature selection, fast to train, and ability to visualize the model. While it is easy to get started with random forests, a good understanding of the model is key to get the most of them.
This talk will cover decision trees from theory, to their implementation in scikit-learn. An overview of ensemble methods and bagging will follow, to end up explaining and implementing random forests and see how they compare to other state-of-the-art models.
The talk will have a very practical approach, using examples and real cases to illustrate how to use both decision trees and random forests.
We will see how the simplicity of decision trees, is a key advantage compared to other methods. Unlike black-box methods, or methods tough to represent in multivariate cases, decision trees can easily be visualized, analyzed, and debugged, until we see that our model is behaving as expected. This exercise can increase our understanding of the data and the problem, while making our model perform in the best possible way.
Random Forests can randomize and ensemble decision trees to increase its predictive power, while keeping most of their properties.
The main topics covered will include:
* What are decision trees?
* How decision trees are trained?
* Understanding and debugging decision trees
* Ensemble methods
* Bagging
* Random Forests
* When decision trees and random forests should be used?
* Python implementation with scikit-learn
* Analysis of performance
The document discusses random forest, an ensemble classifier that uses multiple decision tree models. It describes how random forest works by growing trees using randomly selected subsets of features and samples, then combining the results. The key advantages are better accuracy compared to a single decision tree, and no need for parameter tuning. Random forest can be used for classification and regression tasks.
The document discusses decision trees and random forest algorithms. It begins with an outline and defines the problem as determining target attribute values for new examples given a training data set. It then explains key requirements like discrete classes and sufficient data. The document goes on to describe the principles of decision trees, including entropy and information gain as criteria for splitting nodes. Random forests are introduced as consisting of multiple decision trees to help reduce variance. The summary concludes by noting out-of-bag error rate can estimate classification error as trees are added.
This document provides an introduction to ensemble learning techniques. It defines ensemble learning as combining the predictions of multiple machine learning models. The main ensemble methods described are bagging, boosting, and voting. Bagging involves training models on random subsets of data and combining results by majority vote. Boosting iteratively trains models to focus on misclassified examples from previous models. Voting simply averages the predictions of different model types. The document discusses how these techniques are implemented in scikit-learn and provides examples of decision tree bagging on the Iris dataset.
K-nearest neighbors (KNN) is a machine learning algorithm that classifies data points based on their closest neighbors. Random forest is an ensemble learning method that constructs multiple decision trees during training and outputs the class that is the mode of the classes of the individual trees. It works by constructing many decision trees during training and outputting the class that is the mode of the individual trees' classes. Random forest introduces randomness when building trees by using bootstrap samples of the data and randomly selecting a subset of features to consider when looking for the best split. This helps to decrease variance and helps prevent overfitting.
The document discusses various unsupervised learning techniques including clustering algorithms like k-means, k-medoids, hierarchical clustering and density-based clustering. It explains how k-means clustering works by selecting initial random centroids and iteratively reassigning data points to the closest centroid. The elbow method is described as a way to determine the optimal number of clusters k. The document also discusses how k-medoids clustering is more robust to outliers than k-means because it uses actual data points as cluster representatives rather than centroids.
Decision Trees for Classification: A Machine Learning AlgorithmPalin analytics
Decision Trees in Machine Learning - Decision tree method is a commonly used data mining method for establishing classification systems based on several covariates or for developing prediction algorithms for a target variable.
Random Forest Algorithm - Random Forest Explained | Random Forest In Machine ...Simplilearn
This Random Forest Algorithm Presentation will explain how Random Forest algorithm works in Machine Learning. By the end of this video, you will be able to understand what is Machine Learning, what is classification problem, applications of Random Forest, why we need Random Forest, how it works with simple examples and how to implement Random Forest algorithm in Python.
Below are the topics covered in this Machine Learning Presentation:
1. What is Machine Learning?
2. Applications of Random Forest
3. What is Classification?
4. Why Random Forest?
5. Random Forest and Decision Tree
6. Comparing Random Forest and Regression
7. Use case - Iris Flower Analysis
- - - - - - - -
About Simplilearn Machine Learning course:
A form of artificial intelligence, Machine Learning is revolutionizing the world of computing as well as all people’s digital interactions. Machine Learning powers such innovative automated technologies as recommendation engines, facial recognition, fraud protection and even self-driving cars.This Machine Learning course prepares engineers, data scientists and other professionals with knowledge and hands-on skills required for certification and job competency in Machine Learning.
- - - - - - -
Why learn Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is taking over the world- and with that, there is a growing need among companies for professionals to know the ins and outs of Machine Learning
The Machine Learning market size is expected to grow from USD 1.03 Billion in 2016 to USD 8.81 Billion by 2022, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 44.1% during the forecast period.
- - - - - -
What skills will you learn from this Machine Learning course?
By the end of this Machine Learning course, you will be able to:
1. Master the concepts of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning concepts and modeling.
2. Gain practical mastery over principles, algorithms, and applications of Machine Learning through a hands-on approach which includes working on 28 projects and one capstone project.
3. Acquire thorough knowledge of the mathematical and heuristic aspects of Machine Learning.
4. Understand the concepts and operation of support vector machines, kernel SVM, naive Bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbors, K-means clustering and more.
5. Be able to model a wide variety of robust Machine Learning algorithms including deep learning, clustering, and recommendation systems
- - - - - - -
This presentation was prepared as part of the curriculum studies for CSCI-659 Topics in Artificial Intelligence Course - Machine Learning in Computational Linguistics.
It was prepared under guidance of Prof. Sandra Kubler.
This document provides an overview of support vector machines (SVM). It explains that SVM is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression. It works by finding the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between different classes of data points. The document discusses key SVM concepts like slack variables, kernels, hyperparameters like C and gamma, and how the kernel trick allows SVMs to fit non-linear decision boundaries.
This document discusses decision trees and random forests for classification problems. It explains that decision trees use a top-down approach to split a training dataset based on attribute values to build a model for classification. Random forests improve upon decision trees by growing many de-correlated trees on randomly sampled subsets of data and features, then aggregating their predictions, which helps avoid overfitting. The document provides examples of using decision trees to classify wine preferences, sports preferences, and weather conditions for sport activities based on attribute values.
The document discusses various decision tree learning methods. It begins by defining decision trees and issues in decision tree learning, such as how to split training records and when to stop splitting. It then covers impurity measures like misclassification error, Gini impurity, information gain, and variance reduction. The document outlines algorithms like ID3, C4.5, C5.0, and CART. It also discusses ensemble methods like bagging, random forests, boosting, AdaBoost, and gradient boosting.
This document provides an overview of parametric and non-parametric supervised machine learning. Parametric learning uses a fixed number of parameters and makes strong assumptions about the data, while non-parametric learning uses a flexible number of parameters that grows with more data, making fewer assumptions. Common examples of parametric models include linear regression and logistic regression, while non-parametric examples include K-nearest neighbors, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also briefly discusses calculating parameters using ordinary least mean square for parametric models and the limitations when data does not follow predefined assumptions.
In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks[1]) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis. The basic SVM takes a set of input data and predicts, for each given input, which of two possible classes forms the output, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier.
Data Science - Part V - Decision Trees & Random Forests Derek Kane
This lecture provides an overview of decision tree machine learning algorithms and random forest ensemble techniques. The practical example includes diagnosing Type II diabetes and evaluating customer churn in the telecommunication industry.
Data preprocessing is the process of preparing raw data for analysis by cleaning it, transforming it, and reducing it. The key steps in data preprocessing include data cleaning to handle missing values, outliers, and noise; data transformation techniques like normalization, discretization, and feature extraction; and data reduction methods like dimensionality reduction and sampling. Preprocessing ensures the data is consistent, accurate and suitable for building machine learning models.
Conference Paper:IMAGE PROCESSING AND OBJECT DETECTION APPLICATION: INSURANCE...Dr. Volkan OBAN
1) The document discusses using image processing and object detection techniques for insurance claims processing and underwriting. It aims to allow insurers to realistically assess images of damaged objects and claims.
2) Artificial intelligence, including computer vision, has been widely adopted in the insurance industry to analyze data like images, extract relevant information, detect fraud, and predict costs. Computer vision can recognize objects in images and help route insurance inquiries.
3) The document examines several computer vision applications for insurance - image similarity, facial recognition, object detection, and damage detection from images. It asserts that computer vision can expedite claims processing and improve key performance metrics for insurers.
Covid19py by Konstantinos Kamaropoulos
A tiny Python package for easy access to up-to-date Coronavirus (COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2) cases data.
ref:https://github.com/Kamaropoulos/COVID19Py
https://pypi.org/project/COVID19Py/?fbclid=IwAR0zFKe_1Y6Nm0ak1n0W1ucFZcVT4VBWEP4LOFHJP-DgoL32kx3JCCxkGLQ
The document discusses random forest, an ensemble classifier that uses multiple decision tree models. It describes how random forest works by growing trees using randomly selected subsets of features and samples, then combining the results. The key advantages are better accuracy compared to a single decision tree, and no need for parameter tuning. Random forest can be used for classification and regression tasks.
The document discusses decision trees and random forest algorithms. It begins with an outline and defines the problem as determining target attribute values for new examples given a training data set. It then explains key requirements like discrete classes and sufficient data. The document goes on to describe the principles of decision trees, including entropy and information gain as criteria for splitting nodes. Random forests are introduced as consisting of multiple decision trees to help reduce variance. The summary concludes by noting out-of-bag error rate can estimate classification error as trees are added.
This document provides an introduction to ensemble learning techniques. It defines ensemble learning as combining the predictions of multiple machine learning models. The main ensemble methods described are bagging, boosting, and voting. Bagging involves training models on random subsets of data and combining results by majority vote. Boosting iteratively trains models to focus on misclassified examples from previous models. Voting simply averages the predictions of different model types. The document discusses how these techniques are implemented in scikit-learn and provides examples of decision tree bagging on the Iris dataset.
K-nearest neighbors (KNN) is a machine learning algorithm that classifies data points based on their closest neighbors. Random forest is an ensemble learning method that constructs multiple decision trees during training and outputs the class that is the mode of the classes of the individual trees. It works by constructing many decision trees during training and outputting the class that is the mode of the individual trees' classes. Random forest introduces randomness when building trees by using bootstrap samples of the data and randomly selecting a subset of features to consider when looking for the best split. This helps to decrease variance and helps prevent overfitting.
The document discusses various unsupervised learning techniques including clustering algorithms like k-means, k-medoids, hierarchical clustering and density-based clustering. It explains how k-means clustering works by selecting initial random centroids and iteratively reassigning data points to the closest centroid. The elbow method is described as a way to determine the optimal number of clusters k. The document also discusses how k-medoids clustering is more robust to outliers than k-means because it uses actual data points as cluster representatives rather than centroids.
Decision Trees for Classification: A Machine Learning AlgorithmPalin analytics
Decision Trees in Machine Learning - Decision tree method is a commonly used data mining method for establishing classification systems based on several covariates or for developing prediction algorithms for a target variable.
Random Forest Algorithm - Random Forest Explained | Random Forest In Machine ...Simplilearn
This Random Forest Algorithm Presentation will explain how Random Forest algorithm works in Machine Learning. By the end of this video, you will be able to understand what is Machine Learning, what is classification problem, applications of Random Forest, why we need Random Forest, how it works with simple examples and how to implement Random Forest algorithm in Python.
Below are the topics covered in this Machine Learning Presentation:
1. What is Machine Learning?
2. Applications of Random Forest
3. What is Classification?
4. Why Random Forest?
5. Random Forest and Decision Tree
6. Comparing Random Forest and Regression
7. Use case - Iris Flower Analysis
- - - - - - - -
About Simplilearn Machine Learning course:
A form of artificial intelligence, Machine Learning is revolutionizing the world of computing as well as all people’s digital interactions. Machine Learning powers such innovative automated technologies as recommendation engines, facial recognition, fraud protection and even self-driving cars.This Machine Learning course prepares engineers, data scientists and other professionals with knowledge and hands-on skills required for certification and job competency in Machine Learning.
- - - - - - -
Why learn Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is taking over the world- and with that, there is a growing need among companies for professionals to know the ins and outs of Machine Learning
The Machine Learning market size is expected to grow from USD 1.03 Billion in 2016 to USD 8.81 Billion by 2022, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 44.1% during the forecast period.
- - - - - -
What skills will you learn from this Machine Learning course?
By the end of this Machine Learning course, you will be able to:
1. Master the concepts of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning concepts and modeling.
2. Gain practical mastery over principles, algorithms, and applications of Machine Learning through a hands-on approach which includes working on 28 projects and one capstone project.
3. Acquire thorough knowledge of the mathematical and heuristic aspects of Machine Learning.
4. Understand the concepts and operation of support vector machines, kernel SVM, naive Bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbors, K-means clustering and more.
5. Be able to model a wide variety of robust Machine Learning algorithms including deep learning, clustering, and recommendation systems
- - - - - - -
This presentation was prepared as part of the curriculum studies for CSCI-659 Topics in Artificial Intelligence Course - Machine Learning in Computational Linguistics.
It was prepared under guidance of Prof. Sandra Kubler.
This document provides an overview of support vector machines (SVM). It explains that SVM is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression. It works by finding the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between different classes of data points. The document discusses key SVM concepts like slack variables, kernels, hyperparameters like C and gamma, and how the kernel trick allows SVMs to fit non-linear decision boundaries.
This document discusses decision trees and random forests for classification problems. It explains that decision trees use a top-down approach to split a training dataset based on attribute values to build a model for classification. Random forests improve upon decision trees by growing many de-correlated trees on randomly sampled subsets of data and features, then aggregating their predictions, which helps avoid overfitting. The document provides examples of using decision trees to classify wine preferences, sports preferences, and weather conditions for sport activities based on attribute values.
The document discusses various decision tree learning methods. It begins by defining decision trees and issues in decision tree learning, such as how to split training records and when to stop splitting. It then covers impurity measures like misclassification error, Gini impurity, information gain, and variance reduction. The document outlines algorithms like ID3, C4.5, C5.0, and CART. It also discusses ensemble methods like bagging, random forests, boosting, AdaBoost, and gradient boosting.
This document provides an overview of parametric and non-parametric supervised machine learning. Parametric learning uses a fixed number of parameters and makes strong assumptions about the data, while non-parametric learning uses a flexible number of parameters that grows with more data, making fewer assumptions. Common examples of parametric models include linear regression and logistic regression, while non-parametric examples include K-nearest neighbors, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also briefly discusses calculating parameters using ordinary least mean square for parametric models and the limitations when data does not follow predefined assumptions.
In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks[1]) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis. The basic SVM takes a set of input data and predicts, for each given input, which of two possible classes forms the output, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier.
Data Science - Part V - Decision Trees & Random Forests Derek Kane
This lecture provides an overview of decision tree machine learning algorithms and random forest ensemble techniques. The practical example includes diagnosing Type II diabetes and evaluating customer churn in the telecommunication industry.
Data preprocessing is the process of preparing raw data for analysis by cleaning it, transforming it, and reducing it. The key steps in data preprocessing include data cleaning to handle missing values, outliers, and noise; data transformation techniques like normalization, discretization, and feature extraction; and data reduction methods like dimensionality reduction and sampling. Preprocessing ensures the data is consistent, accurate and suitable for building machine learning models.
Conference Paper:IMAGE PROCESSING AND OBJECT DETECTION APPLICATION: INSURANCE...Dr. Volkan OBAN
1) The document discusses using image processing and object detection techniques for insurance claims processing and underwriting. It aims to allow insurers to realistically assess images of damaged objects and claims.
2) Artificial intelligence, including computer vision, has been widely adopted in the insurance industry to analyze data like images, extract relevant information, detect fraud, and predict costs. Computer vision can recognize objects in images and help route insurance inquiries.
3) The document examines several computer vision applications for insurance - image similarity, facial recognition, object detection, and damage detection from images. It asserts that computer vision can expedite claims processing and improve key performance metrics for insurers.
Covid19py by Konstantinos Kamaropoulos
A tiny Python package for easy access to up-to-date Coronavirus (COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2) cases data.
ref:https://github.com/Kamaropoulos/COVID19Py
https://pypi.org/project/COVID19Py/?fbclid=IwAR0zFKe_1Y6Nm0ak1n0W1ucFZcVT4VBWEP4LOFHJP-DgoL32kx3JCCxkGLQ
This document provides examples of object detection output from a deep learning model. The examples detect objects like cars, trucks, people, and horses along with confidence scores. The document also mentions using Python and TensorFlow for object detection with deep learning. It is authored by Volkan Oban, a senior data scientist.
The document discusses using the lpSolveAPI package in R to solve linear programming problems. It provides three examples:
1) A farmer's profit maximization problem is modeled and solved using functions from lpSolveAPI like make.lp(), add.constraint(), and solve().
2) A simple minimization problem is created and solved to illustrate setting up the objective function and constraints.
3) A more complex problem is modeled to demonstrate setting sparse matrices, integer/binary variables, and customizing variable and constraint names.
"optrees" package in R and examples.(optrees:finds optimal trees in weighted ...Dr. Volkan OBAN
Finds optimal trees in weighted graphs. In
particular, this package provides solving tools for minimum cost spanning
tree problems, minimum cost arborescence problems, shortest path tree
problems and minimum cut tree problem.
by Volkan OBAN
k-means Clustering in Python
scikit-learn--Machine Learning in Python
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
k-means clustering is a method of vector quantization, originally from signal processing, that is popular for cluster analysis in data mining. k-means clustering aims to partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster. This results in a partitioning of the data space into Voronoi cells.
The problem is computationally difficult (NP-hard); however, there are efficient heuristic algorithms that are commonly employed and converge quickly to a local optimum. These are usually similar to the expectation-maximization algorithm for mixtures of Gaussian distributions via an iterative refinement approach employed by both algorithms. Additionally, they both use cluster centers to model the data; however, k-means clustering tends to find clusters of comparable spatial extent, while the expectation-maximization mechanism allows clusters to have different shapes.[wikipedia]
ref: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/cluster/plot_cluster_iris.html
This document describes using time series analysis in R to model and forecast tractor sales data. The sales data is transformed using logarithms and differencing to make it stationary. An ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1)[12] model is fitted to the data and produces forecasts for 36 months ahead. The forecasts are plotted along with the original sales data and 95% prediction intervals.
k-means Clustering and Custergram with R.
K Means Clustering is an unsupervised learning algorithm that tries to cluster data based on their similarity. Unsupervised learning means that there is no outcome to be predicted, and the algorithm just tries to find patterns in the data. In k means clustering, we have the specify the number of clusters we want the data to be grouped into. The algorithm randomly assigns each observation to a cluster, and finds the centroid of each cluster.
ref:https://www.r-bloggers.com/k-means-clustering-in-r/
ref:https://rpubs.com/FelipeRego/K-Means-Clustering
ref:https://www.r-bloggers.com/clustergram-visualization-and-diagnostics-for-cluster-analysis-r-code/
Data Science and its Relationship to Big Data and Data-Driven Decision MakingDr. Volkan OBAN
Data Science and its Relationship to Big Data and Data-Driven Decision Making
To cite this article:
Foster Provost and Tom Fawcett. Big Data. February 2013, 1(1): 51-59. doi:10.1089/big.2013.1508.
Foster Provost and Tom Fawcett
Published in Volume: 1 Issue 1: February 13, 2013
ref:http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/big.2013.1508
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256439081_Data_Science_and_Its_Relationship_to_Big_Data_and_Data-Driven_Decision_Making
The Pandas library provides easy-to-use data structures and analysis tools for Python. It uses NumPy and allows import of data into Series (one-dimensional arrays) and DataFrames (two-dimensional labeled data structures). Data can be accessed, filtered, and manipulated using indexing, booleans, and arithmetic operations. Pandas supports reading and writing data to common formats like CSV, Excel, SQL, and can help with data cleaning, manipulation, and analysis tasks.
ReporteRs package in R. forming powerpoint documents-an exampleDr. Volkan OBAN
This document contains examples of plots, FlexTables, and text generated with the ReporteRs package in R to create a PowerPoint presentation. A line plot is generated showing ozone levels over time. A FlexTable is created from the iris dataset with styled cells and borders. Sections of formatted text are added describing topics in data science, analytics, and machine learning.
ReporteRs package in R. forming powerpoint documents-an exampleDr. Volkan OBAN
This document contains examples of plots, FlexTables, and text generated with the ReporteRs package in R to create a PowerPoint presentation. A line plot is generated showing ozone levels over time. A FlexTable is created from the iris dataset with styled cells and borders. Sections of formatted text are added describing topics in data science, analytics, and machine learning.
R Machine Learning packages( generally used)
prepared by Volkan OBAN
reference:
https://github.com/josephmisiti/awesome-machine-learning#r-general-purpose
Data visualization with R.
Mosaic plot .
---Ref: https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/120/Lectures/lecture17.pdf
http://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/mosaic.html
https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/graphics/html/mosaicplot.html
1. 1
Python - Random Forest Parametreleri ve Bias-Varyans
Hazırlayan: VOLKAN OBAN
n_estimators-(integer)- Default=10
Tahminleri için, bir Rasgele Orman içinde inşa etmek istediğiniz ağaç sayısı. Sayı ne kadar
yüksekse, kodunuzun çalışması için daha uzun süreceğini bilmek önemlidir. Bilgisayarınızın
işlem hızıyla ilgili önceki bilgilere dayanarak, bu hıza orantılı bir n_estimator oluşturmak
gerekli.
criterion-(string)-Default =”gini”
Bölünmede kullanılan ölçüt. Gini, Entropy.
max_features-(integer,float,string,ya da None) -
Default=”auto”
En iyi bölünme bulunurken göz önüne alınan maksimum özellik sayısı. Bu, her bir ağacın her
düğümü artık daha fazla sayıda seçenek göz önüne alındığında, modelin performansını
2. 2
geliştirir. Bir kez daha, özellik sayısını artırarak işlem hızınız azalacaktır. max_features, daha
karmaşık parametrelerden biridir çünkü bu, sizin ayarladığınız türe bağlıdır.
Eğer bir tamsayı ise o zaman, her bir bölümdeki max_features hakkında dikkatlice
düşünmelidir, çünkü sayı temelde size kalmıştır. Otomatik veya sqrt olarak ayarlanırsa, özellik
sayısının kareköküne ayarlanır (sqrt (n_features)). Eğer log2'ye ayarlarsanız log2'ye eşittir
(n_features). Beklenmedikçe, hiçbiri özelliklerin sayısını veya n_feature kullanmaz.
n_features : Verideki özelliklerin sayısı.
Not:
İyi değer olarak max_features=sqrt(n_features) (default case) bulunmuştur.
Bir düğümü ayırırken göz önünde bulundurulması gereken özelliklerin rastgele alt kümelerinin
boyutudur. Ne kadar düşük olursa, varyans o kadar azalır.
max_depth-(integer or none)- Default=None
Bu, ağaçlarınızı ne kadar derin yapmak istediğinizi seçer. Max_depth'inizi ayarlamanızı
önerilir, çünkü overfitting baş etmek için önerilir.
- Ağacın kökü ve yapraklar arasındaki maksimum bağlantı sayısı. Küçük olmalı.
min_samples_split-(integer, float)-Default=2
Bir bölünmenin gerçekleşmesi için verilerinizde bulunması gereken minimum örnek
sayısını ayarlar. Eğer bir float ise o zaman min_samples_split * n_samples ile
hesaplanır.
NOT: İyi sonuçlar genellikle max_depth = None ayarında min_samples_split = 1 ile
birlikte yapılır. Bununla birlikte, bu değerleri kullanmanın çok fazla belleği işgal eden
modellerle sonuçlanabileceğini unutmayın.
min_samples_leaf-(integer,float)-Default=1
Bu parametre, her karar ağacının son düğümünün minimum boyutunu belirlemenize
yardımcı olur. Uç düğüm ayrıca yaprak olarak bilinir.
Bir yaprak düğümünde olması gereken minimum örnek sayısı, varsayılan olarak 1'e
ayarlanır. Bazı durumlarda artırılması halinde, overfitting i önlemede yardımcı olabilir.
3. 3
min_weight_fraction_leaf-(float)-Default=0
Bu, min_samples_leaf ile oldukça benzerdir, ancak bunun yerine toplam gözlem
sayısının bölümü kullanır.
max_leaf_nodes-(integer, None)-Default=None
Bu parametre ağacı en iyi şekilde büyütür ve bu da impurity(saflığı, düzeni bozan)
nispi bir azalmaya neden olur
min_impurity_decrease-(float)-Default=0
Bir bölünme, bu değere eşit olan impurity azalmasına neden olursa, bir düğüm
bölünecektir.
Node impurity, ağaçların özellikleri (verileri ) nasıl böldüğünü gösterir.
n_jobs-(integer)-Default=1
Bu, bilgisayarın kaç işlemcinin kullanılmasına izin verdiğini bilmesini sağlar. Varsayılan 1
değeri sadece bir işlemci kullanabileceği anlamına gelir. -1 kullanırsanız, kodun ne kadar
işlem gücü kullanabileceğine dair bir kısıtlama olmadığı anlamına gelir. N_jobs öğenizi -1
olarak ayarlamak genellikle daha hızlı işlemeye neden olur
Boostrap: Var olan veri seti üzerinden, rastgele örneklem seçimi ile ilgili yöntem.
random_state-(integer, RandomState instance, None)-
Default=None
Boostrap işlemi rastgele örnekler oluşturduğundan, sonuçların çoğaltılması genellikle
zordur. Bu parametre, aynı eğitim verileri ve parametreleri verildiğinde diğerlerinin
sonuçlarınızı çoğaltmasını kolaylaştırır.
verbose-(integer)-Default=0
Verbose, modelin işlendiği gibi ne yaptığına dair sürekli güncellemeler sağlayan logging
output ayarladığınız anlamına gelir. Bu parametre ağacın yapım sürecinin ayrıntılarını
ayarlar. Her zaman kullanışlı değildir.
warm_start-(boolean)-Default=False
Regresyon modelindeki Backward Elimination a benzer olarak kullanılır. Yanlış
olduğunda, doğru olduğu durumdakinin aksine, yeni bir tahminleyici kullanmak, önceki
uygun çözümü yeniden kullanmak yerine, yeni bir orman oluşturur.
4. 4
Yinelemeli özellik seçimi (recursive feature selection) için genellikle kullanılmaktadır.
class_weight-(dictionary, list of dictionaries, “balanced”)
oob_score = True
Bu rasgele bir orman çapraz doğrulama(cross valiadation) yöntemidir.
Örnek: RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=10000, criterion='entropy', max_depth=10000,
max_leaf_nodes=None, bootstrap=True, oob_score=False,
n_jobs=1, random_state=None, verbose=0)
Bias, amaç(target) fonksiyonun öğrenilmesini kolaylaştırmak için, model tarafından
yapılan basitleştirici varsayımlardır. Modelinizin beklenen tahminleri ile gerçek değerler
arasındaki farktır.
Eğitim verilerinin zayıf bir şekilde uydurulması modeline atıfta bulunur, ancak eğitim
verilerinin dışındaki verilerde benzer sonuçlar üretebilir. Bu underfitting ile ilgilidir.
Bias nedeniyle oluşan hata, modelimizin beklenen (veya ortalama) tahmini ile tahmin
etmeye çalıştığımız doğru değer arasındaki fark olarak alınır.
Bias=underfitting
Low(Düşük) Bias: Amaç fonksiyonu hakkında daha az varsayım önerir.
Örnek: Decision Trees, k-Nearest Neighbors and Support Vector Machine
High(Yüksek) Bias: Amaç fonksiyonu hakkında daha fazla varsayım önerir.
High bias high training error
Örnek: Linear Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Logistic Regression
Varyans, farklı eğitim verilerinin kullanılması durumunda amaç fonksiyonun tahmininin
değişme miktardır.
Yöntemin seçilen giriş verilerine ne kadar duyarlı olduğunu göstermek için 'varyans'
kullanılır.
Varyanstan kaynaklanan hata, belirli bir veri noktası için model tahmininin değişkenliği
olarak alınır.
Low(Düşük) Variance: Eğitim veri kümesindeki değişikler, amaç fonksiyonu üzerinde
küçük değişimlere neden olmaktadır.
Örnek: Linear Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Logistic Regression.
High(Yüksek) Variance: Eğitim veri kümesindeki değişikler, amaç fonksiyonu üzerinde
büyük değişimlere neden olmaktadır.
Örnek: Decision Trees, k-Nearest Neighbors and Support Vector Machines
5. 5
Bias-Variance Trade-Off
Supervised (denetimli) bir makine öğrenme algoritmasının amacı, düşük bias ve düşük
varyans elde etmektir.
Parametrik veya doğrusal makine öğrenimi algoritmaları genellikle yüksek bir
biasa sahiptir, ancak düşük bir varyansa sahiptir. (Lojistik Regresyon)
Parametrik olmayan veya doğrusal olmayan makine öğrenimi algoritmaları
genellikle bias sahiptir, ancak yüksek bir varyansa sahiptir. (Karar Destek
Makinaları)
7. 7
“Bagging” sürecini iyi kullanan güçlü modellerden biri, Rastgele Ormanlardır. Rastgele
Ormanlar, her biri orijinal eğitim verilerinin farklı bir örneklemesine dayanan çok sayıda karar
ağacını eğiterek çalışır. Bagging, varyansı azaltmaya, kararsız süreçleri iyileştirmeye ve
overfitting önlemeye yardımcı olur.
Random Forest (Rastgele Orman:) Veri örnekleri anlamına gelen ağaçların oluşturduğu bir
topluluk (orman).
Rastgele Ormanlar ‘da, tüm modelin biası, tek bir karar ağacının biası eşdeğerdir (yüksek
varyansı vardır) Bu, pek ağaçlar yaratarak ve daha sonra onları ortalaması alınarak nihai
modelin varyansı, büyük ölçüde azaltılabilir.
8. 8
Decision Tree: Düşük Bias - Yüksek Variance
Karar ağaçlarında, ağaç budama(pruning) varyansı azaltmak için bir yöntemdir
Yüksek varyansınız olduğunda, daha fazla eğitim verisi alın.
Metrikler:
Accuracy=(tp+tn)/total
Precision=tp/(tp+fp)
Recall=Sensitivity=tp/(tp+fn)
Specificity=tn/(fp+tn)
F1=2∗(precision∗recall)/(precision+recall)
Total: Total number of observations
Ensemble yöntemi, çeşitli makine öğrenme tekniklerini kullanarak, varyansı, biası
azaltmak veya tahminleri geliştirmek için, tek bir tahmin modelini kullanan tekniktir.
Ensemble modeller: Bagging Yöntemi ve Boosting yöntemi, birleşik tahmin edicinin
biasını azaltmaya çalışır. Örneğin, AdaBoost ve Gradient Tree Boosting
9. 9
Python içerisinde, Random Forest benzer tekniklerden bir tanesi de, ExtraTreesClassifier
yöntemidir.Daha gelişmiş Ensemble tekniklerden biri, Stochastic Gradient Boosting
[GradientBoostingClassifier]