quadcopterintroshare160125-181211064657.pptx
- 1. Introduction to Quadcopters Winfred Lu Analog and MEMS, GC & SA STMicroelectronics
- 2. Agenda • History of UAVs • Drone Market • DroneApplications • How Quadcopters Work • Quadcopter Components • Learning to Fly a Drone
- 3. History of Aviation • Primitive beginnings • Lighter than air • Heavier than air • The Pioneer Era • World War I, II • The postwar Era • The digital age
- 4. UAV Categories Aircraft Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) / Drone No wing Fixed wing multirotor / Rotary blade / propeller based 1 main rotor 3 rotors (tricopter) 4 rotors (quadcopter) 6 roters (hexacopter) 8 rotors (octocopter) more: 12, 16 rotors Manned
- 5. Why were UAVs constructed? • In 1849, the Austrians attacked Venice, with unmanned air balloons filled with explosives • Planes with no pilots appeared after world war 1 • Hewitt SperryAutomaticAirplane, developed by Elmer Sperry of the Sperry Gyroscope company • American military soon turned Standard E-1 planes into drones • The Larynx, a little monoplane that could fly on autopilot • The first mass-produced airplane was the brainchild of Reginald Denny • The US military experimented with these remote-controlled drones and built a variety of aerial torpedoes
- 6. 1920 – Oemichen No. 2 • Had 4 rotors and 8 propellers all driven by one motor • Over 1000 Successful flights • First recorded FAI distance record of 360m in 1924 for a helicopter • Very Stable for the Time • Designed by Etienne Oemichen • US Air force Project
- 7. 1956 - Convertawings Model A Quadcopter • Designed by Dr. George de Bothezat and Ivan Jerome • One of the first quadcopters to use varying thrust of the four propellers in order to control roll, pitch, and yaw. • Was very hard for the pilot to fly because of the workload of trying to control the thrust of all four props at once. video
- 8. 1958 - Curtis Wright VZ-7 • Designed by Curtis Wright company • US Army Project • Used variable thrust in the four propellers to control flight
- 9. Current Developments • In the past 10 years many small quadcopters have entered the market that include the DJI Phantom and Parrot AR Drone. This new breed of quadcopters are cheap, lightweight, and use advanced electronics to for flight control.
- 10. Agenda • History of UAVs • Drone Market • DroneApplications • How Quadcopters Work • Quadcopter Components • Learning to Fly a Drone
- 11. Drone Market Forecast • The drone industry is expected to climb to a whopping $8.4 billion by 2019. But most of that growth won't come from selling hardware. • The market for commercial/ civilian drones will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19% between 2015 and 2020, compared with 5% growth on the military side.
- 12. Drone Industry Market • According to Market Research Reports (MRR), the smart commercial drones market, valued at $3.4 billion in 2014, is expected to jump to $27.1 billion by 2021, an increase of nearly 800%. • A summary of the report shows MRR analyzed the following market segments that comprise the smart commercial drone market: • Agriculture • Oil & Gas • Border Patrol • Law Enforcement • Homeland Security • Disaster Response • Package Delivery • Photography • Videography
- 13. Big Firms Investing Drones • Facebook • Ascenta • Google • Titan Aerospace, Solara 50 • SF Express (順豐) • 極飛 • DHL • Parcelcopter • Amazon • Amazon Prime Air • FAA • Google • Project Wing
- 14. CES 2016 • 億航 – Ehang 184 • Lily • CES InnovationAwards • Parrot – Disco • 大疆 – Phantom 3 4K, Inspire 1 Pro Black Edition • Intel – 100 Dancing Drones
- 15. Top 20 Drone Manufactures
- 16. Agenda • History of UAVs • Drone Market • Drone Applications • How Quadcopters Work • Quadcopter Components • Learning to Fly a Drone
- 17. Applications • 新疆推廣無人飛行器打藥 20秒完成一畝地 • Amazon rolls out Kiva robots | Amazing robots work in Amazon • TU Delft - Ambulance Drone • Building a rope bridge with flying machines
- 18. Technology • Advanced UAV Abilities • The AstoundingAthletic Power of Quadcopters | Raffaello D'Andrea | TED Talks • Raffaello D'Andrea at ZURICH.MINDS -- Feedback Control and the Coming Machine Revolution
- 19. Agenda • History of UAVs • Drone Market • DroneApplications • How Quadcopters Work • Quadcopter Components • Learning to Fly a Drone
- 20. Types of Multi-rotor Multi-rotor 3 rotors Y3 I3/IY3/Rev Y3 4 rotors +4/I4 X4 6 rotors +6/I6 X6 Y6 IY6/Rev Y6 8 rotors I8 V8 X8 +8 Y8
- 23. Quadcopter Hovering SUM(Fi) > m•g <=> climb SUM(Fi) = m•g <=> hover SUM(Fi) < m•g <=> decline
- 24. Quadcopter Tilting • We see that the force is divided in two different parts. • FL1 and FL2 are the part of the force used to lift the quad-copter. • FT1and FT2 represents the part used for the translation. • The lift part becomes smaller with increasing φ.
- 27. Agenda • History of UAVs • Drone Market • DroneApplications • How Quadcopters Work • Quadcopter Components • Learning to Fly a Drone
- 28. Anatomy of a Drone Essentials • RC Transmitter and Receiver • Multi Rotor Frame • Motors and Speed Controller • Flight Controller • Battery and Charger Optional Extras • BatteryAlarm • Flight ControllerAdd-ons • Camera Gimbal • T elemetry • Wireless Video • GPS
- 29. Other Components
- 31. RC Transmitter and Receiver • Important Factors when choosing • Number of channels • 4, 6 or more • Frequency • Narrow band:AM, FM/PPM, PCM • 27, 50, 53, 72, 75 MHz • 2.4 GHz spread spectrum • FHSS, DSSS • Bluetooh, Wifi, etc • Mode 1, 2, 3, 4 • about the Receiver
- 32. RC Tx Modes Mode 1 日本手 Mode 2 美國手 Mode 3 反美國手 Mode 4 反日本手
- 33. Multi Rotor Frame • Factors • Motor Configuration Types • Drone size, weight • Material • Additional Considerations • Frame Categories • Aerial cinematography • DJI phantom 2, DJI Flame Wheel F550, DJI S1000 • Sport • DJI F450, Flip Sport • Sport FPV • QAV500, qav400, Flip FPV, Flip 360 FPV, TBS Discovery • Mini • Blackout Mini X • Mini FPV • QAV250, Blackout Mini H, MXP230 FPV
- 34. Motors • Brushed vs. Brushless • Inrunner vs. Outrunner • Inrunner – these have the fixed coils mounted to the outer casing and the magnets are mounted to the armature shaft which spins inside the casing • Outrunner – these have the magnets mounted on the outer casing which is spun around the fixed coils in the center of the motor casing • Hybrid outrunner – technically outrunners but have a static outer shell around them to make them look like they’re inrunners • KV • The KV rating value of a motor relates to how fast it will rotate for a given voltage
- 35. Propellers • Basic ideas • Why not helicopter blades? • why not use a turbojet, turbofan, prop-jet? • Blades & Diameter • 2 or 3 blades • Pitch (one revolution) • Variable pitch • 1045 means 10” prop with 4.5” pitch • Angle of Attack • Efficiency/Thrust • eCalc • Rotation • clockwise (CW) or counter-clockwise (CCW) • Balancing • Other • Material • Folding, mouting • Prop savers, Prop guards
- 36. Speed Controller • ESCs • Electronic Speed Control • The outrunner motors are 3 phase motors while the onboard supply is normal DC • They not only supply the motors with power, but also regulate its speed as the signal from the flight controller is channelized to the motor though ESC only • Specifications • Refresh rate • Maximum current rating
- 37. Battery and Charger • LiPo (Lithium-Ploymer) batteries • reliable, rechargeable, relatively lightweight, and compact • Specifications • cell numbers: 3S, 4S, etc • A cell supplies a nominal voltage of 3.7V (4.2V at full charge) • Capacity in mAh • Discharge rate in C • Ex. A 20C pack can be discharged at a rate 20 times its capacity. • Weight, size, etc
- 38. Flight Controller • MCU – the brain that interprets the commands coming through the radio then controls everything on the multirotor • Gyro stabilization, self leveling, care free, altitude hold, position hold, return home, waypoint navigation, gimbal stabilization, support for different types of multi-rotor platforms • PID (proportional, integral and derivative) controller • PID tuning • IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) • MEMS technology sensors encompasses • Accelerometer, Gyroscope, etc • Calibration • Magnetometer • Altimeter
- 39. Flight Controller Choices • OpenPilot • The CopterControl & CC3D boards are an all-in-one stabilization hardware which runs the OpenPilot firmware. • the cross-platform Ground Control Station (GCS). • KK2 • ArduPilot • Pixhawk, APM 2.x, PX4FMU, NAVIO+, Erle-Brain Linux, Autopilot, Qualcomm Snapdragon Flight Kit, Parrot Bebop Autopilot • MultiWii • derived from developments related to the motion-sensing Nintendo Wii remote • MultiWiiPro (MWP), CC3D, Naze32, Sparky, Brain FPV, Quanton, Flip32
- 40. Agenda • History of UAVs • Drone Market • DroneApplications • How Quadcopters Work • Quadcopter Components • Learning to Fly a Drone
- 41. Learning to Fly • Assembly • Warnings
- 42. Refereces • Marketing Researches • Here's where the real money is in drones • THE DRONES REPORT: Market forecasts, regulatory barriers, top vendors, and leading commercial applications • Smart commercial drones market shares, strategies, and forecasts, worldwide, 2015-2021 • http://mms.digitimes.com/tw/indepth/2015_drone/index.html • Qdrone Quadcopter • NASA – Dynamics of Flight • RobotShop: How to Make a Dron / UAV • How to choose radio transmitter & receiver for racing drones and quadcopter • Drone-RK:A Real-Time Distributed UAV Platform • Build a Drone - information building your own UAV • Typical Electronic Layout (Ardupilot) • OpenPilot, ArduPilot, MultiWii • Wikipedia, TED, Youtube