Quantum cryptography
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Quantum cryptography uses principles of quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It allows two parties to generate a shared random key that can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. There are two main approaches - using polarized photons or entangled photons. Information reconciliation and privacy amplification protocols are used to ensure the keys between the two parties are identical and an eavesdropper gains no information. While traditional man-in-the-middle attacks are impossible, future work aims to increase transmission distances including to satellites. Several research groups and companies are conducting research on quantum cryptography.
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novel extension of the TLS protocol based on QKD. We introduce a scheme for integrating Quantum Cryptography in this protocol. Our approach improves the security of the process of authentication and data encryption. Also, we describe an example to illustrate the feasibility of our scheme’s implementation.
Gull talk London.pdf
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The connection with the topic of this session is the following: though a useful quantum computer is perhaps still a dream, many believe that a useful quantum internet is very close indeed. The first application will be: creating shared secret random cryptographic keys which, due to the laws of physics, cannot possibly be known to any other agent. So-called loophole-free Bell experiments have already been used for this purpose.
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Quantum Entanglement - Cryptography and Communication
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Cryptography from Quantum Mechanical Viewpoint
Cryptography from Quantum Mechanical Viewpointijcisjournal Cryptography is an art and science of secure communication. Here the sender and receiver are guaranteed the security through encryption of their data, with the help of a common key. Both the parties should agree on this key prior to communication. The cryptographic systems which perform these tasks are designed to keep the key secret while assuming that the algorithm used for encryption and decryption is public. Thus key exchange is a very sensitive issue. In modern cryptographic algorithms this security is based on the mathematical complexity of the algorithm. But quantum computation is expected to revolutionize computing paradigm in near future. This presents a challenge amongst the researchers to develop new cryptographictechniques that can survive the quantum computing era. This paper reviews the radical use of quantum mechanics for cryptography.
Cryptography from quantum mechanical
Cryptography from quantum mechanicalijcisjournal Cryptography is an art and science of secure communication. Here the sender and receiver are guaranteed
the security through encryption of their data, with the help of a common key. Both the parties should agree
on this key prior to communication. The cryptographic systems which perform these tasks are designed to
keep the key secret while assuming that the algorithm used for encryption and decryption is public. Thus
key exchange is a very sensitive issue. In modern cryptographic algorithms this security is based on the
mathematical complexity of the algorithm. But quantum computation is expected to revolutionize computing
paradigm in near future. This presents a challenge amongst the researchers to develop new cryptographic
techniques that can survive the quantum computing era. This paper reviews the radical use of quantum
mechanics for cryptography
Gull talk London.pdf
Gull talk London.pdfRichard Gill It has long been realized that the mathematical core of Bell's theorem is essentially a classical probabilistic proof that a certain distributed computing task is impossible: namely, the Monte Carlo simulation of certain iconic quantum correlations. I will present a new and simple proof of the theorem using Fourier methods (time series analysis) which should appeal to probabilists and statisticians. I call it Gull's theorem since it was sketched in a conference talk many years ago by astrophysicist Steve Gull, but never published. Indeed, there was a gap in the proof.
The connection with the topic of this session is the following: though a useful quantum computer is perhaps still a dream, many believe that a useful quantum internet is very close indeed. The first application will be: creating shared secret random cryptographic keys which, due to the laws of physics, cannot possibly be known to any other agent. So-called loophole-free Bell experiments have already been used for this purpose.
Like other proofs of Bell's theorem, the proof concerns a thought experiment, and the thought experiment could also in principle be carried out in the lab. This connects to the concept of functional Bell inequalities, whose application in the quantum research lab has not yet been explored. This is again a task for classical statisticians to explore.
R.D. Gill (2022) Gull's theorem revisited, Entropy 2022, 24(5), 679 (11pp.)
https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/5/679
https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00719
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PHYSICAL LAYER SECURITY OF OPTICAL NETWORKS.pdfadeel paracha Abstract
The physical layer of an optical network may be attacked in numerous ways, such as by jamming, assaults on the physical infrastructure, eavesdropping, and interception. As the requirement for network capacity develops, the physical layer of the optical network must be kept secure. In this overview article, specialists look at security problems in optical networks and discuss a variety of novel approaches to defending optical networks. In the first section of this study, researchers discuss a variety of security issues that might harm the optical layer of an optical network. These weaknesses include jamming, physical infrastructure assaults, eavesdropping, and interception. Enhanced optical network security has gained a lot of interest in the sectors described above. Real-time signal processing is essential in order to apply security measures at the physical layer without slowing down the pace of optical communications. The key advantages of optical processing for optical layer security include rapid reaction, wide-band operation, resilience to electromagnetic fields, compact size, and low latency. In the second part of this research, we look into optical steganography, optical encryption, optical code-division multiple access (CDMA) secrecy, self-healing, survivable optical rings, anti-jamming, and optical CDMA confidentiality.
I. Introduction
Introduction Optical communication systems are employed in many different fields, including business, the military, and personal communication. Optical networks are unusual in that their data speeds are greater than 40 GB/s, and this figure will only increase as time goes on. Physical layer security measures have to function in real time, which is not achievable with standard electronic computing. Side-channel assaults are less likely to emerge in optical communication networks because optical components don’t leave electromagnetic traces. With optical encryption, communications may be encrypted fast and with minimum latency (at speeds not attainable with standard electrical implementations) (at rates not possible with conventional electrical implementations). In addition to data encryption, optical steganography may be used to obscure the flow of data over an open transmission channel.
II. Threats and defenses in optical networks at the optical layer
There are many different forms of optical networks, from local area networks to the backbone networks of the Internet. Each network may tackle a particular threat type in a different manner. Researchers investigate the optical layer to examine whether there are any threats to privacy, availability, authentication, and secrecy (Skorin-Kapov, 2016).
A. Confidentiality
Even though optical networks don’t have an electromagnetic signature, an attacker may nonetheless listen in on them by physically tapping into the optical fiber or by pretending as a lawful subscriber and listening to residual crosstalk from an adjacent channel. It is not hard to tap an
ANALYSIS OF THE SECURITY OF BB84 BY MODEL CHECKING
ANALYSIS OF THE SECURITY OF BB84 BY MODEL CHECKINGIJNSA Journal Quantum Cryptography or Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technique that allows the secure distribution of a bit string, used as key in cryptographic protocols. When it was noted that quantum computers could break public key cryptosystems based on number theory extensive studies have been undertaken on QKD. Based on quantum mechanics, QKD offers unconditionally secure communication. Now, the progress of research in this field allows the anticipation of QKD to be available outside of laboratories within the next few years. Efforts are made to improve the performance and reliability of the implemented technologies. But several challenges remain despite this big progress. The task of how to test the apparatuses of QKD For example did not yet receive enough attention. These devises become complex and demand a big verification effort. In this paper we are interested in an approach based on the technique of probabilistic model checking for studying quantum information. Precisely, we use the PRISM tool to analyze the security of BB84 protocol and we are focused on the specific security property
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The Security of Practical Quantum Key DistributionXequeMateShannon Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the first quantum information task to reach the level of mature technology, already fit for commercialization. It aims at the creation of a secret key between authorized partners connected by a quantum channel and a classical authenticated channel. The security of the key can in principle be guaranteed without putting any restriction on the eavesdropper's power.
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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Commodity Security Protocols: Introduction...
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Commodity Security Protocols: Introduction...IJNSA Journal The document provides an overview of quantum key distribution (QKD) and how it could be integrated with existing commodity security protocols like IPsec and TLS. QKD uses quantum mechanics to securely generate and distribute encryption keys. It discusses the limitations of QKD and outlines a proposed "QKD service interface" that could provide common services to allow QKD to work with IPsec and TLS, handling tasks like transporting quantum and classical data between nodes and managing shared keys. The document introduces QKD and the BB84 protocol before summarizing how IPsec and TLS currently work and their vulnerabilities to quantum computers.
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- 1. Quantum Cryptography Presented By Sukhdeep Kaur Roll No. 5266 BCA Final
- 3. INTRODUCTION Quantum cryptography , or quantum key distribution (QKD), uses quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It enables two parties to produce a shared random bit string known only to them, which can be used as a key to encrypt and decrypt messages
- 4. FLOW OF SEMINAR HISTORY APPROACHES INFORMATION RECONCILATION PRIVACY AMPLIFICATION ADVANTAGES ATTACKS FUTURE SCOPE (PROSPECTS) QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY RESEARCH GROUP COMPANIES WITH RESEARCH PROGRAM
- 5. TERMS PHOTON :--It is the elementry particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena.It is the carrier of electromagnetic radiations. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT :--It is a physical resource like energy.It can be measured,transformed and purified.
- 6. HISTORY In the early 1970 Stephen Wiesner , firstly introduced the concept of quantum conjugate coding in New York. His seminal paper titled "Conjugate Coding" was rejected by IEEE Information Theory but was eventually published in 1983 in SIGACT News (15:1 pp. 78-88, 1983). A decade later, Charles H. Bennett , of the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center , and Gilles Brassard , of the Université de Montréal, proposed a method for secure communication based on Wiesner’s “conjugate observables”. In 1990, Artur Ekert , then a Ph.D. student of Oxford University , developed a different approach to quantum cryptography known as quantum entanglement.
- 7. APPROACHES Quantum cryptographic follows two type of Quantum cryptographic protocol. Polarized photons Entangled photons
- 8. INFORMATION RECONCILATION Information reconciliation is a form of error correction carried out between Alice and Bob's keys,(to ensure both keys are identical). It is conducted over the public channel. It is vital to minimise the information sent about each key( as this can be read by Eve). A common protocol used is cascade protocol , proposed in 1994
- 9. PRIVACY AMPLIFICATION Privacy Amplification is a method for reducing (and effectively eliminating) Eve's partial information about Alice and Bob's key. This partial information could have been gained both by eavesdropping on the quantum channel during key transmission (thus introducing detectable errors), and on the public channel during information reconciliation (where it is assumed Eve gains all possible parity information). Privacy amplification uses Alice and Bob's key to produce a new, shorter key, in such a way that Eve has only negligible information about the new key.
- 10. ADVANTAGES IT MAKES POSSIBLE TO PERFORM A 2-ION OPERATION ON IONS THAT ARE NOT CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER. IT INCREASES THE COMPUTER’S ERROR THRESHOLD WHICH MEANS COMPUTERS WOULD BE EASIER TO MAKE. STATE OF AN ION CAN BE STORED FOR A LONG TIME. THIS PROCESS IS RELIABLE AND THE STATE THAT HAS BEEN TELEPORTED IS AVAILABLE FOR ANOTHER ROUND OF INFORMATION PROCESSING.
- 11. ATTACKS In Quantum Cryptography, traditional man-in-the-middle attacks are impossible due to the Observer Effect . If Alice and Bob are using an entangled photon system, then it is virtually impossible to hijack these, because creating three entangled photons would decrease the strength of each photon to such a degree that it would be easily detected.
- 12. FUTURE SCOPE (PROSPECTS) The experiments suggests transmission to satellites is possible, due to the lower atmospheric density at higher altitudes. The current commercial systems are aimed mainly at governments and corporations with high security requirements. Factors preventing wide adoption of quantum cryptography outside high security areas include the cost of equipment, and the lack of a demonstrated threat to existing key exchange protocols.
- 13. QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY RESEARCH GROUP Experimental Quantum Cryptography with Entangled Photons NIST Quantum Information Networks
- 14. COMPANIES WITH RESEARCH PROGRAM Toshiba HP IBM Mitsubishi NEC NTT
- 15. Thank you