Railway Reservation System - Software Engineering

Introduction
We have taken Railway Reservation System as a topic of study in Software Engineering
lab. Indian Railways is one of the biggest railway networks in the world. And so, it’s
reservation portal maintained by IRCTC is very popular. With some recent changes they have
made it easier to use and book tickets online. Users can register themselves on the portal and
can make booking, query train status, query booking status etc. We have taken IRCTC as
reference to design our study and have taken liberty to use our notations and ideas during
most of the work. As part of the study we have covered
1. SRS document
2. User case diagrams and use cases
3. DFDs and
4. ER Diagram
All the diagrams are made using Star UML software package. The SRS document
details user requirements and covers both functional and non-functional requirements. Use
cases are includes functional view of the system involving different users like end user, admin
etc. DFDs show the ﬂow of data within the system. A 0-level DFD sets the context of the
system followed by a 1-level DFD which further details the system. An ER diagram is
included to depict relationship among different entities interactive with the system. In the
following parts of this document, we will go through each of these items in detail.
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LAB REPORT !1

Software Requirement
Specification
An SRS provides a reference for validation of the final product. A high quality SRS is a
prerequisite to high quality software and it also reduces the development cost. An ideal SRS
should cover following points:
Functional Requirements:
An SRS should describe complete functionality of the System. It’s attributes and all it’s
interfaces. As part of functionality it should provide details of following:
• Design constraints:  
There are a number of factors in the client’s environment that may restrict the choices of
a designer. Such factors include standards that must be followed, resource limits, operating
environment, reliability and security requirements and policies that may have an impact
on the design of the system. An SRS (Software Requirements Analysis and Specification)
should identify and specify all such constraints.
• Standard Compliance:
This specifies the requirements for the standards the system must follow. The standards
may include the report format and accounting properties.
• Hardware Limitations :
The software may have to operate on some existing or predetermined hardware, thus
imposing restrictions on the design. Hardware limitations can include the types of machines
to be used, operating system available on the system, languages supported and limits on
primary and secondary storage.
• Reliability and Fault Tolerance:
Fault tolerance requirements can place a major constraint on how the system is to be
designed. Fault tolerance requirements often make the system more complex and expensive.
Requirements about system behavior in the face of certain kinds of faults are specified.
Recovery requirements are often an integral part here, detailing what the system should do I

some failure occurs to ensure certain properties. Reliability requirements are very important
for critical applications.
• Security:
Security requirements are particularly significant in defence systems and database
systems. They place restrictions on the use of certain commands, control access to data,
provide different kinds of access requirements for different people, require the use of
passwords and cryptography techniques and maintain a log of activities in the system.
• Error Handling:
Response to user errors and undesired situations has been taken care of to ensure that
the system operates without halting.
Non-Function Requirements:
• Performance requirements:
‣ User Satisfaction: - The system is such that it stands up to the user
expectations.
‣ Response Time: -The response of all the operation is good. This has been
made  
possible by careful programming.
‣ User friendliness: - The system is easy to learn and understand. A native user
can also use the system effectively, without any difficulties.
• Reliability:
The reliability of the overall project depends on the reliability of the separate
components. The main pillar of reliability of the system is the backup of the database
which is continuously maintained and updated to reflect the most recent changes. Also the
system will be functioning inside a container. Thus the overall stability of the system
depends on the stability of container and its underlying operating system.
• Availability:
The system should be available at all times, meaning the user can access it using a
web browser, only restricted by the down time of the server on which the system runs. A
customer friendly system which is in access of people around the world should work 24
hours. In case of a of a hardware failure or database corruption, a replacement page will
be shown. Also in case of a hardware failure or database corruption, backups of the

database should be retrieved from the server and saved by the Organizer. Then the service
will be restarted. It means 24 x 7 availability.
• Maintainability:
A commercial database is used for maintaining the database and the application server
takes care of the site. In case of a failure, a re-initialization of the project will be done. Also
the software design is being done with modularity in mind so that maintainability can be done
efﬁciently.
• Supportability:
The code and supporting modules of the system will be well documented and easy to
understand. Online User Documentation and Help System Requirements.
• Safety and Robustness:
The system is able to avoid or tackle disastrous action. In other words, it should be foul
proof. The system safeguards against undesired events, without human intervention.
• Portable:
The software should not be architecture speciﬁc. It should be easily transferable to other
platforms if needed.
Other requirements:
Software should satisfy following requirements as well:-
• CORRECTNESS
• EFFICIENCY
• FLEXIBILTY
• TESTABILTY
• REUSABILTY 

Railway Reservation
System Requirement
Speciﬁcations

1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose
Purpose of the Online Reservation System is to replace old practice of manual
reservation. New system will let users register themselves and then make reservations online
after logging into their account. It will make the ticket reservation easier, more accessible and
transparent.
1.2. Scope
System will have following capabilities:
I. For users
A. Booking tickets online
B. Check train running status
C. Check train and berth availability
D. Check booking status
II. For admin
A. Change user details
B. Change train details
C. Change station details
1.3. Deﬁnition, Acronyms and abbreviations
SRS: Software requirement speciﬁcation
IRCTC: India Railways Catering And Tourism Corporation Ltd.
1.4.References
• IRCTC website
• Software Engineering (3rd ed.), By K.K Aggarwal & Yogesh Singh

1.5.Overview
System broadly have following features:
• An interface to let new user register itself
• Login interface for users
• Login interface for admin
• Let user search and check availability of trains
• Let user check availability of seats
• Let user book seats
• Let user cancel reservation
• Let user modify it’s details
• Let admin modify user details
• Let admin modify train details
• Let admin modify station details
2. The Overall Description
2.1.Product Perspective
2.1.1. System Interfaces
System will have following major interfaces:
• User interface
• Internal admin interface
• Payment gateway integration
• Database interactions
2.1.2. Operations
System will support following major operations:
• Register
• Login
• Booking
• Cancellation
• Enquiries
• Payment processing
2.2. User Characteristics

• Public: Any person who wants to book or enquire about availability of train/
seats. He must be comfortable in browsing and interacting with website or app.
• Admin: Representative of organisation who has authentication to make
changes in the internal data.
2.3. Constraints
• System should support all major browsers like Chrome, Opera, IE.
• Website interface should adapt to handheld device screens.
2.4. Assumptions for dependencies
• System is dependent on internet connectivity
• It is assumed that the user has valid login credentials
3. Speciﬁc Requirements
3.1. External Interfaces
Users can access system through following interfaces:
• Using browser on a computer system
• Using browser on a handheld device
• Using Android application
• Using iPhone application
3.2. Functions
System will support following operations on all it’s interfaces:
• Register
• Login
• Booking
• Cancellation
• Enquiries
3.3. Other interfaces and operations
System will provide another interface internally accessed by admin to support f
following operations:
• Modify user details
• Modify train details
• Modify station details Performance requirements

Use Case Diagram
• Represents what happens when actor interacts with a system.
• Captures functional aspect of the system.
• Actors appear outside the rectangle.
• Use cases within rectangle providing functionality.
• Relationship association is a solid line between actor & use cases.

Use Cases
• Use cases should not be used to capture all the details of the system.
• Only significant aspects of the required functionality
• No design issues
• Use Cases are for “what” the system is , not “how” the system will be designed
• Free of design characteristics
1. Register
1.1. Introduction: This use case describes how a new user will be registered in
the Railway Reservation System.
1.2. Actors: End User
1.3. Pre-condition: None
1.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, the user will be registered in the
system. If not system will remain unchanged.
1.5. Basic flow: This use case starts when a user wants to register itself on
Railway Reservation System.
(I) System shows user a Registration form to provide user details.
(II) The User enters it’s required details, at least all mandatory data
should be provided by user.
(III) System checks if user already exists or not, if not new user is
registered.
1.6. Alternate flow:
(I) If any of user input is wrong user is show appropriate error.
(II) If user details matches an already existing user, appropriate message
is displayed to user.
1.7. Special Requirements: None
1.8. Use case relationships: None

2. Login
2.1. Introduction: This use case describes how a user will login to the Railway
Reservation System.
2.2. Actors: (1) End User (2) Admin
2.3. Pre-condition: User is already registered in system
2.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, the user will be logged in the
system. If not system will remain unchanged.
2.5. Basic ﬂow: This use case starts when a user wants to login to Railway
Reservation System.
(I) System shows user a Login form to provide user credentials.
(II) The User enters valid user name and password.
(III) If user name and password are correct user is logged in the system.
(I) If user credentials are not correct, user is shown appropriate error.
3. Booking
3.1. Introduction: This use case describes how a user make a booking on
Railway Reservation System.
3.2. Actors: (1) End User
3.3. Pre-condition: User is already logged in the system
3.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, the user will be able to book
tickets through the system
3.5. Basic ﬂow: This use case starts when a user wants to book tickets on Railway
Reservation System.
(I) User will search for the required train
(II) User will enquire seat status
(III) If seats available user will make bookings
(IV) User will pay for the tickets.
(V) Seats will be booked for user.

(I) If trains not available between given status, appropriate message will
be shown.
(II) If seats are not available, user will be notified.
(III) If payment breaks in between, seats will not be booked. User will be
notified on the same.
4. Check booking status
4.1. Introduction: This use case describes how a user can check booking status
4.3. Pre-condition: User is already logged in the system and have already made
bookings for upcoming journeys
4.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, the user will be able check status
of bookings made by him/her for upcoming journeys.
4.5. Basic flow: This use case starts when a user wants check booking status of
tickets for existing bookings for upcoming journeys.
(I) User will enter the correct PNR value
(II) User will be shown booking status
(I) If PNR value is not correct and user will be notified of the same.
5. Check train running status
5.1. Introduction: This use case describes how a user can check train running
status on Railway reservation system
5.3. Pre-condition: User is already logged in the system
5.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, the user will be able to query
status of trains running between given stations.
5.5. Basic flow: This use case starts when a user wants check status of trains
running between stations selected by user

(I) User will enter station codes of start and end station
(II) User will be shown all trains running between those stations
(I) If station code is incorrect, an appropriate error is shown to user.
6. Check seat availability
6.1. Introduction: This use case describes how a user can check availability of
seats in selected train
6.3. Pre-condition: User is already logged in the system, and have executed use
case 5.
6.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, the user will be able to query
seat availability for selected train.
6.5. Basic ﬂow: This use case starts when a user wants to check status of trains
running between stations selected by user
(I) User will select the train and coach type.
(II) User will be shown seats availability for selected train and coach type.
(I) None
7. Payment
7.1. Introduction: This use case describes how a user can make payment for his/
her bookings.
7.3. Pre-condition: User is already logged in the system, and have executed use
case 6.
7.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, the user will be able make
payment for the booking.

7.5. Basic flow: This use case starts when a user wants to make payment for the
bookings he has initiated
(I) User has selected seats and have filled passenger data
(II) User will now proceed to payment page.
(III) User selected a payment method.
(IV) User is taken to payment gateway.
(V) User enter required details on gateway.
(VI) Payment is confirmed.
(I) If payment fails, user will be notified of the same.
7.7. Special Requirements: Internet connection should be stable during payment
transaction else payment will fail.
8. Admin login
8.1. Introduction: This use case describes how a an admin will login to the
system.
8.2. Actors: (1) Admin
8.3. Pre-condition: None
8.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, admin will be logged in the
system
8.5. Basic flow: This use case starts when admin wants to login in the Railway
Reservation System
(I) Admin provide correct admin credentials.
(II) Admin will be able to login to system
(I) If credentials are wrong, admin will not login. An appropriate error
is shown to admin.
8.7. Special Requirements: Admin login will happen within organisation and the
interface will remain internal to organisation.


9. Modify Train information
9.1. Introduction: This use case describes how admin will make changes in train
information
9.3. Pre-condition: Admin is logged in the system
9.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, admin will be able to make
changes to information of selected train.
9.5. Basic flow: This use case starts when admin wants to make changes in train
information in Railway Reservation System
(I) Admin will select a train.
(II) Admin will make changes in train details.
(III) Admin will save changes made.
(I) If admin leaves any required field empty, appropriate error will be
shown by system.
(II) If admin doesn’t save changes made, then train details will not be
modified.
10. Modify Station information
10.1. Introduction: This use case describes how admin will make changes in
station information
10.3. Pre-condition: Admin is logged in the system
10.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, admin will be able to make
changes to information of selected station.
10.5. Basic flow: This use case starts when admin wants to make changes in
station information in Railway Reservation System
(I) Admin will select a station.
(II) Admin will make changes in station details.
(III) Admin will save changes made.

(I) If admin leaves any required field empty, appropriate error will be
shown by system.
(II) If admin doesn’t save changes made, then station details will not be
modified.
11. Modify User Information
11.1. Introduction: This use case describes how admin will make changes in user
information
11.2. Actors: (1) Admin (2) End user
11.3. Pre-condition: Admin/End user is logged in the system
11.4. Post-condition: If the use case is successful, admin/end user will be able to
make changes to information of user.
11.5. Basic flow: This use case starts when admin/end user wants to make
changes in user information in Railway Reservation System.
(I) Admin/end user will make changes in user details.
(II) Admin/end user will save changes made.
(I) If admin/end user leaves any required field empty, appropriate error
will be shown by system.
(II) If admin/end user doesn’t save changes made, then user details will
not be modified.

Data Flow Diagrams
DFD show the ﬂow of data through the system.
• All names should be unique
• It is not a ﬂow chart
• Suppress logical decisions
• Defer error conditions & handling until the end of the analysis
• DFD represent a system or software at any level of abstraction.
• A level 0 DFD is called fundamental system model or context model represents
entire software element as a single bubble with input and output data indicating by
incoming & outgoing arrows.

Level-0 DFD

Level-1 DFD

ER Diagram
Entity-Relationship Diagrams:
It is a detailed logical representation of data for an organization and uses three main
constructs
Entities:
• Fundamental thing about which data may be maintained.
• Each entity has its own identity.
• Entity Type is the description of all entities to which a common deﬁnition and
common relationships and attributes apply.
Relationships
• A relationship is a reason for associating two entity types.

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