Recent FNI publications 3 Sept 2014
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This document provides summaries of recent publications from the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) across several topic areas: 1. It summarizes a chapter on the evolving importance of transparency in non-state certification programs for fisheries and forests. 2. It summarizes a study finding that New Public Management reforms reduced the adaptive capacity of urban planning and the electricity sector to climate change by prioritizing private actors and economic efficiency over robustness. 3. It summarizes articles on differences in how international protected area regimes influenced policy in Norway and Sweden, technology transfer in India, and approaches for realizing the Aichi Biodiversity Target on access and benefit sharing.
Recent FNI publications 3 Sept 2014
- 1. Recent publications from the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) ================================================= GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE AND LAW ================================================= Graeme Auld and Lars H. Gulbrandsen Learning through Disclosure: The Evolving Importance of Transparency in the Practice of Nonstate Certification In Aarti Gupta and Michael Mason (eds), Transparency in Global Environmental Governance: Critical Perspectives. Cambridge (USA), MIT Press, 2014, pp. 271-296. Governance by disclosure has gained mainstream popularity as a means of social steering using the disinfectant power of information to improve the legitimacy and accountability of global governance. Set within these trends, certification programs -- organized and coordinated by nonstate actors -- exemplify efforts to encourage and control information flows to resolve environmental and social challenges within and beyond state boundaries. This chapter extends an initial analysis of the Marine Stewardship Council and the Forest Stewardship Council to other programs operating in the fisheries and forest sectors, and it assesses what the individual activities of nonstate certification programs mean for the practices that emerge in the growing field of private regulatory initiatives. Not unlike innovation in the knowledge economy, nonstate certification programs are generating new governance arrangements, mechanisms and norms which may have broad value for collective efforts to manage earth systems. However, we argue, incomplete or uneven transparency within the community of nonstate certification programs presents problems for this collective model of innovation. This unevenness can mean certain programs are gaining from the experiences of others, without reciprocating with information about their own successes and failures. > More information here: http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/transparency-global-environmental-governance ================================================= CLIMATE CHANGE ================================================= Tor Håkon Inderberg, Knut Bjørn Stokke and Marte Winsvold The Effect of New Public Management Reforms on Climate Change Adaptive Capacity: A Comparison of Urban Planning and the Electricity Sector In Walter Leal (ed), Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. New York, Springer, 2014. Chapter 35, 15 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40455-9_83-1 From the mid-1980s and onwards, a number of public institutions in Western democracies were subject to New Public Management (NPM) reforms, applying management tools from the private sector, oriented towards outcomes and efficiency. The chapter identifies organizational factors that influence adaptive capacity to climate change and finds that the NPM reforms have changed the sectors, significantly reducing adaptive capacity to climate change. In urban planning project planning has been moved to private actors, undermining formal responsibility for adaptation. In addition, an increased focus on efficiency and short-term market orientation has reduced (adaptive?) adaptive capacity. For the electricity sector, the revolutionary change with the reform in 1991 led to an abrupt undermining of adaptive capacity. The radical change in incentive structures, from
- 2. encouraging security of supply to an extreme focus on economic efficiency, downplayed robustness and adaptation. The change in formal structure is followed by a corresponding professional demographic change which further undermines adaptive capacity. Whereas both sectors were previously dominated by engineers focusing on robustness of constructions and maintenance, many economists focusing on cost reduction and economic efficiency were employed as a result of NPM reforms. The chapter shows that adaptive capacity to climate change is influenced by a wide set of organizational factors beyond the traditional discussions, which have important practical implications for public administration. > Access the chapter here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40455-9_83-1 ================================================= BIODIVERSITY AND GENETIC RESOURCES ================================================= Ole Kristian Fauchald, Lars H. Gulbrandsen and Anna Zachrisson Internationalization of Protected Areas in Norway and Sweden: Examining Pathways of Influence in Similar Countries International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, Available online 11.07.2014. This study examines differences in how international regimes for the establishment and management of protected areas have been implemented in Norway and in Sweden. We focus on regulatory and normative pathways of international influence, which mirror the distinction between legal and non-legal regimes in international environmental law. Sweden and Norway have essentially responded similarly to the regulatory regimes that apply to both countries. The more normative regimes have influenced them in different ways -- primarily by strengthening traditional nature conservation norms in Sweden, and norms about sustainable use by local communities in Norway. The findings indicate that the normative pathway is important mainly as a support for domestic policies that correspond with existing national norms and discourses, and they support the proposition that a high degree of regulatory hardness contributes to increase the level and consistency of implementation. > Purchase original article here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2014.938122 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shivcharn Dhillion Technology Transfer in India: CBD, Institutions, Actors, Typologies and Perceptions FNI Report 2/2014. Lysaker, FNI, 2014, 50 p. The Convention on Biologcal Diversity (CBD) recognises that both access to and transfer of technologies are essential for the attainment of its objectives. This report explores a number of issues related to technology transfer with a particular focus on India asking questions on: typologies, actors, and institutions, perceptions and mechanisms. The report explores these issues for herbal medicine development and the use of medicinal plants particularly those based on the ancient written Ayurvedic medicinal system. > Download full-text version here: http://www.fni.no/doc&pdf/FNI-R0214.pdf --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 3. Balakrishna Pisupati Options and Approaches for Realizing Target 16 of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets FNI Report 3/2014. Lysaker, FNI, 2014, 22 p. The tenth meeting of Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP 10) adopted the Strategic Plan for 2011-2020 including a set of global biodiversity targets called the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. COP 10 also decided that by 2015, Parties to the CBD develop, review, update and revise the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) that include relevant national and/or regional targets. Target 16 of the Aichi Target deals with the issue of entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) and subsequent national implementation. Review of the post 2010 NBSAPs undertaken by FNI (Balakrishna Pisupati and Christian Prip) indicate that weak focus on Target 16 in the NBSAPs. This Report provides options for countries to strength the focus on Target 16 related to ABS and also further implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on ABS at national level. > Download full-text version here: http://www.fni.no/doc&pdf/FNI-R0314.pdf ================================================= LAW OF THE SEA AND MARINE AFFAIRS ================================================= Øystein Jensen The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Law and Legitimacy Leiden/Boston, Brill/Nijhoff, 2014, 316 p. As the world’s coastal states go about dividing up the ocean floor, the work of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf plays an increasingly important role. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Law and Legitimacy examines the Commission from two different but interrelated perspectives: a legal analysis of the Commission’s decision-making; and a study of normative legitimacy related to the Commission and its procedures. Insights into the history of the development of the concept of the continental shelf in the law of the sea are offered, including an explanation of how the institutionalized method for ascertaining continental shelf limits in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea came into being. Through a deep-ranging analysis of the Commission and its work, the book introduces a framework for assessing best practices, and will serve as a useful reference for academics, scientists and policymakers alike. > More information about the book here: http://www.brill.com/products/book/commission-limits-continental- shelf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Steinar Andresen International Whaling Commission In J.F. Morin and A. Orsini (eds), Essential concepts of Global Environmental Governance. London/New Yourk, Routledge, 2014, pp. 101-104. The International Whaling Commisiion was established in 1948. Initially membership was limited and it was only whaling nations that took part. It started out as 'whalers club', depleting all the large whales. In the next phase management was more cautious, due to better science but also because there were less whales to catch. In the third phase, in the 1980s and early 1990s, memebership increased stronly, mostly anti-whaling states and the IWC turned into a protectionist club, adopting a
- 4. moratorium on all commercial whaling. More recently the pro-whaling forces have once more been on the rise, but there is a stalemate regarding the future course of the IWC. The reasons behind these changes can be found in the varying significance of power, norms and institutions. > More information about the book here: http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415822473/ ================================================= ARCTIC AND RUSSIAN POLITICS ================================================= Geir Hønneland Norway's High Arctic Policy In Robert W. Murray and Anita Dey Nuttall (eds), International Relations and the Arctic: Understanding Policy and Governance. Amherst (USA), Cambria Press, 2014, pp. 235-261. This chapter presents the three layers of Norwegian High Arctic policies: the legacy from the Cold War: security, jurisdiction and fisheries management; the legacy from the 1990s: institutional collaboration with Russia; and the period after the turn of the millennium: the diversification of High North policies to include domestic and circumpolar politics. Collaboration with Russia on a wide range of arenas still dominates budget allocations in Norway’s High North politics. Furthermore, major jurisdictional achievements have been made in the Barents Sea in recent years: the settlement of the outer limits of the Norwegian continental shelf in 2009, and the delimitation line with Russia in 2010. This is seen as paving the way for further offshore petroleum development in the near future. Norwegian High Arctic policy is indeed still primarily focused on the ‘lower’ Arctic of the near abroad. > More information about the book here: http://www.cambriapress.com/cambriapress.cfm?template=4&bid=594 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Njord Wegge China in the Arctic. Interests, Actions and Challenges Nordlit, No 32, 2014, pp. 83-98. This article gives an overview of China’s interest in and approach to the Arctic region. The following questions are raised: 1.Why is China getting involved in the Arctic, 2. How is China’s engagement in the Arctic playing out? 3, What are the most important issues that need to be solved in order for China to increase its relevance and importance as a political actor and partner in the Arctic. In applying a rationalist approach when answering the research questions, I identify how China in the last few years increasingly has been accepted as a legitimate stakeholder in the Arctic, with important stakes and activities in areas such as shipping, resource utilization and environmental science. The article concludes with pointing out some issues that remain to be solved including Chinas role in issues of global politics, the role of observers in the Arctic Council as well as pointing out how China itself needs to decide important aspects of their future role in the region. > Access fulltext article here: http://septentrio.uit.no/index.php/nordlit/article/view/3072/2964 ================================================= EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE POLITICS =================================================
- 5. Elin Lerum Boasson and Wettestad, Jørgen The Interaction of EU Climate Policies: Mechanisms and Lessons In Tony Fitzpatrick (ed), International Handbook on Social Policy and the Environment. Cheltenham (UK), Edward Elgar, 2014, pp. 329-349-17. This chapter discusses the interaction between four central EU climate policies: the emissions trading system, renewables, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and energy efficiency in buildings. In addition to forming key parts of EU climate policy, these policies exhibit interesting differences with respect to steering methods and competence distribution. Four main conclusions about interaction and policy coherence that follow from our analysis. First, most of the climate policy areas developed in line with issue specific dynamics. While the making of ‘policy packages’ certainly helped create a new policy drive after 2005, it brought fewer interaction effects than the ‘integrated climate package’ rhetoric would lead us to believe. Second, entrepreneurial interaction (bargained and persuasion) cannot be expected to create good coherence. Third, actual spillover effects will not automatically feed back into the policy process and create policy coherence: policy makers may very well continue to treat all policy areas as separate islands even when it is obvious that they are more like streams that merge into each other. Fourth, policy interaction seems more inclined to affect the centralization of control than the steering method. > More information about the book at the publisher's website: http://www.e-elgar. co.uk/bookentry_main.lasso?id=14546 ================================================= You are receiving this e-mail because you have signed up to receive information about new FNI publications in one or several of the following FNI focal area of research: - Global environmental governance and law - Climate change - Law of the sea and marine affairs - Biodiversity and genetic resources - Arctic and Russian politics - European environmental and energy politics If you wish to change your registration, or to unsubscribe, please go to www.fni.no/mailinglist.html or send an e-mail to [email protected] . More FNI publications at www.fni.no/publications.html