Red Hat Linux cheat sheet

Jan 26, 20211 like551 views

This document provides a cheat sheet of common Linux commands and their usage. It covers commands for navigating directories, viewing files, copying/moving files, finding and killing processes, installing software, and downloading files from the internet. The cheat sheet is intended to provide easy to use Linux shortcuts for developers.

1
ssh [ip or hostname]
“vagrant ssh” in the same
directory as the Vagrantfile
to shell into the box/machine
(assumes you have
successfully “vagrant up”)
Secure shell, an encrypted network protocol allowing
for remote login and command execution
On Windows: PuTTY and WinSCP
An “ssh.exe” is also available via Cygwin as well as
with a Git installation.
pwd Print Working Directory
Displays the full path name
whoami Displays your logged in user id
cd /
cd target
cd ~
Change directory to the root of the filesystem
Change directory to “target” directory
Change directory to your home directory
ls
ls -l
ls -la
Directory listing
Long listing, displays file ownership
Displays hidden files/directories
Linux Commands Cheat Sheet
Easy to use Linux shortcuts
for developers.
clear Clear the terminal screen

2
cat file.txt Displays the contents of file.txt to standard out
cat /etc/system-release Displays the contents of the system-release file -
what version of RHEL, Centos or Fedora are you
running?
cat longfile.txt | more Displays the contents of the file with forward paging
less longfile.txt Scroll forward: Ctrl-f
Scroll backward: Ctrl-b
End of file: G
Quit less: q
man cat Man pages, the user manual. In this case, it will de-
scribe the cat command

3
cp source_file.js target_file.js
cp -r ~/source_dir ~/target_dir
Copies a specific file
Copies all files and sub-dirs
mkdir my_directory Create the directory “my_directory”
rm myfile.js
rm -rf my_directory/
Removes a specific file
Removes a directory, recursively
mv [source_file] [target_file] Move file or directory
ps -ef Displays information about a selection of the active
processes

4
./runthisthing Execute a program or shell script in your current
working directory (pwd)
Executable items are have an “x” in their long listing
(ls -la)
./runthisthing & Execute a program or shell script as a background
task
ps -ef | grep runthisthing Find a particular process by name. The “|” is a pipe,
redirects the output of the left-side command to the
standard input of the right-side command
kill -9 [pid]
ip -4 a Shows the IPv4 address for all NICs

5
top What is eating your CPU
which [executable] Where is the executable located

6
echo $PATH Displays the $PATH environment variable
env Displays all ENV variables
export PATH=$PATH:/anoth-
erdir
Adds “anotherdir” to your PATH, just for your current
session
sudo find . -name [file] Find a file or directory by name
echo “Stuff” > target_file.txt
echo “more” >> target_file.txt
single > redirects the output to the file
“target_file.txt”
A double >> appends

7
grep -i stuff `find . -name *.txt
-print`
Find the string “stuff” in all the .txt files
head [file] Output the first part of file (first 10 lines)
curl developers.redhat.com Retrieve the content from developers.redhat.com
source myenvsetting_script.sh How to add something to the PATH and make it stick
By default a new shell is launched to run a script,
therefore env changes are not visible to your current
shell.
Note: the path uses “:” as a separator vs “;” in the
Windows world
sudo yum -y install net-tools “yum” is the installation tool for Fedora, Centos and
RHEL. This command installs “net-tools” which has
many handy utilities like netstat

8
sudo netstat -anp | grep tcp |
grep LISTEN
Lists the various in-use ports and the process using it
sudo netstat -anp | grep 2376 Lists the process listening on port 2376
This is particularly useful when another process is
hanging out on a port you need, like if you started
Apache on 80 or Tomcat on 8080.
wget https://someurl.com/
somefile.tar.gz
wget is a useful utility for downloading files from any
website. If installation is required, simply
sudo yum -y install wget
tar -xf somefile.tar.gz
tar -xf somefile.tar.gz -C ~/so-
medir
Extracts/expands (think unzip) into current directory
Expands into the “somedir” directory

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Software testing plays a crucial role in the contribution process of open-source projects. For example, contributions introducing new features are expected to include tests, and contributions with tests are more likely to be accepted. Although most real-world projects require contributors to write tests, the specific testing practices communicated to contributors remain unclear. In this paper, we present an empirical study to understand better how software testing is approached in contribution guidelines. We analyze the guidelines of 200 Python and JavaScript open-source software projects. We find that 78% of the projects include some form of test documentation for contributors. Test documentation is located in multiple sources, including CONTRIBUTING files (58%), external documentation (24%), and README files (8%). Furthermore, test documentation commonly explains how to run tests (83.5%), but less often provides guidance on how to write tests (37%). It frequently covers unit tests (71%), but rarely addresses integration (20.5%) and end-to-end tests (15.5%). Other key testing aspects are also less frequently discussed: test coverage (25.5%) and mocking (9.5%). We conclude by discussing implications and future research.

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Exceptional Behaviors: How Frequently Are They Tested? (AST 2025)Andre Hora

Exceptions allow developers to handle error cases expected to occur infrequently. Ideally, good test suites should test both normal and exceptional behaviors to catch more bugs and avoid regressions. While current research analyzes exceptions that propagate to tests, it does not explore other exceptions that do not reach the tests. In this paper, we provide an empirical study to explore how frequently exceptional behaviors are tested in real-world systems. We consider both exceptions that propagate to tests and the ones that do not reach the tests. For this purpose, we run an instrumented version of test suites, monitor their execution, and collect information about the exceptions raised at runtime. We analyze the test suites of 25 Python systems, covering 5,372 executed methods, 17.9M calls, and 1.4M raised exceptions. We find that 21.4% of the executed methods do raise exceptions at runtime. In methods that raise exceptions, on the median, 1 in 10 calls exercise exceptional behaviors. Close to 80% of the methods that raise exceptions do so infrequently, but about 20% raise exceptions more frequently. Finally, we provide implications for researchers and practitioners. We suggest developing novel tools to support exercising exceptional behaviors and refactoring expensive try/except blocks. We also call attention to the fact that exception-raising behaviors are not necessarily “abnormal” or rare.

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This SlideShare presentation is from our May webinar, “Not So Common Memory Leaks & How to Fix Them?”, where we explored lesser-known memory leak patterns in Java applications. Unlike typical leaks, subtle issues such as thread local misuse, inner class references, uncached collections, and misbehaving frameworks often go undetected and gradually degrade performance. This deck provides in-depth insights into identifying these hidden leaks using advanced heap analysis and profiling techniques, along with real-world case studies and practical solutions. Ideal for developers and performance engineers aiming to deepen their understanding of Java memory management and improve application stability.

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