Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) and their Amelioration, Country Status Report: The Philippines
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The document provides a comprehensive overview of the status of fisheries in the Philippines, which covers marine biodiversity, production statistics, and economic contributions from the fishing sector. It highlights the challenges faced, such as resource depletion and environmental degradation, while also discussing potential strategies for sustainable management and enhancement of aquaculture and fisheries. Key areas of focus include the sustainable exploitation of marine resources, improvements in aquaculture technology, and the development of value-added products.
![POST-HARVEST
H. scabra: Traceability to hatchery-of-origin using transcriptome SNPs
19
144 SNPs
Recovered 4 genetic groups
corresponding to hatchery location
Design primer for
multiplexed assays
[Assay Design Suite]
DA Biotech R-1510; Ordonez J (MSc Thesis)
MTPA-PCR assay for rapid genotyping
Fragment profiles for MTPA-PCR of 3 SNP
loci (SNDFSH40, SNDFSH78, SNDFSH99)
Traceability, Certification of Origin
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Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) and their Amelioration, Country Status Report: The Philippines
- 1. Regional workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration Country Status Report – The Philippines Rachel Ravago-Gotanco Marine Science Institute University of the Philippines Diliman
- 2. Republic of the Philippines: Country brief Marine water area, including EEZ 2,200,000 km2 Coastal areas 266,000 km2 Oceanic areas 1,934,000 km2 Continental shelf area 184,600 km2 Coastline length 36,289 km Land area 300,000 km2 Population (Projected 2019) 109 Million 2 Image: Balingit R (CC BY 2.5) Marine jurisdictional boundaries Data Sources: BFAR, CIA World Factbook, Philippine Statistics Authority
- 3. Philippines: Global center of marine biodiversity 3 Roberts et al. 2002, Carpenter and Springer 2005; Sangciango et al. 2013, Azanza et al. 2017 Species richness from expert-derived distribution data for 10,247 marine species Economic valuation of marine ecosystem goods & services: US$ 966.6 Billion
- 4. Major contributor to global fisheries production 4 FAO 2018 Philippines is #10 overall in marine capture production (2005-2014 data) Aquaculture: Contributed 3% (53.4 million MT) to global production in 2017
- 5. Net exporter of fishery products 5 Data Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority 0.00 200,000,000.00 400,000,000.00 600,000,000.00 800,000,000.00 1,000,000,000.00 1,200,000,000.00 1,400,000,000.00 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 VALUE(USDOLLARS) YEAR FISHERY PRODUCTS, EXPORT and IMPORT VALUES (2011-2017) EXPORT IMPORT BALANCE 30% 16% 2% 52% FISHERY EXPORTS, BY COMMODITY (2011-2017) 1 2 3 4 Tuna US$ 2.88 Billion Other fish US$ 2.2 Billion Seaweed & Carrageenan US$ 1.2 Billion Shrimps, Prawns, US$ 341 Million Destinations % of export (By value) Cumulative share 75% USA 16.0 Japan 13.2 Germany 9.6 Hongkong 7.9 UK 7.0 Spain 6.4 China 5.4 Taiwan 3.6 Italy 3.3 Korea 2.1
- 6. Philippine Fisheries Production 6 Data Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority 0.00 500,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,500,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,500,000.00 3,000,000.00 3,500,000.00 4,000,000.00 4,500,000.00 5,000,000.00 0.00 1,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 4,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 7,000,000.00 8,000,000.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Value(USDx1000) Quantity(MT) YEAR Total Fisheries Production of the Philippines from 2002-2015 by quantity (MT) and value (USD x 1000) Commercial (MT) Municipal (MT) Aquaculture (MT) Commercial (USD x 1000) Municipal (USD x 1000) Aquaculture (USD x 1000) Sector % Contribution (By Volume) % Contribution (By Value) Capture Commercial 14.6 16.7 Municipal 14.5 23.2 Aquaculture 70.9 60.1
- 7. Capture Production 7 Data Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority Roundscad 18% Indian sardines 16% Skipjack 15% Frigate tuna 8% Yellowfin tuna 7% Others 6% All others 30% CAPTURE PRODUCTION (COMMERCIAL FISHERIES) By Volume and Species 2002-2018 For both commercial and municipal fisheries, small pelagics, tuna dominate catch (70 - 80% of production) Big-eyed scad 8% Roundscad 8% Indian sardines 7% Frigate tuna 7% Yellowfin tuna 5% Indian mackerel 5% Anchovies 5% All others 55% CAPTURE PRODUCTION (MUNICIPAL FISHERIES) By Volume and Species 2002-2018
- 8. Aquaculture Production 8 Data Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority Milkfish 17% Tilapia 12% Seaweed 65% AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION (2018)
- 9. Capture fisheries Production declined from 2010 – 2017, despite increased fishing effort (number of vessels, CPUE)1,2, Not accompanied by decline in value Depleted, overexploited status due to overfishing and habitat degradation3 Aquaculture Steady increase from 2008 – 2010, decline from 2011 – 2018 (14% reduction from peak 2010 volumes) No decline in value Post-harvest losses reduce the value of fisheries & products 4 Capture: Discarding by-catch, processing catch into low-value products (eg fishmeal) Improper handling, Inconsistent quality, poor safety standards, lack of infrastructure Status of Philippine fisheries 9 1Briones 2007, 2BFAR Fisheries Profile, 3Go et al 2015, Stobutski 2006, 4Espejo-Hermes 2004
- 10. Declines in catch biomass, species diversity Reported shifts in community structure Low income of most fishers Features of Philippine Fisheries (FAO Fisheries Profile, DA-BFAR) Depleted fishery resources Degraded coastal environments and critical habitats Unmet potential of aquaculture and commercial fishing grounds Improper post-harvest practices, inefficient marketing lead to losses or reduced value Inequitable distribution of benefits Inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral resource-use conflicts Inadequate systems and structures for fisheries management Philippine fisheries are mostly unsustainable 10Stobutski et al. 2006, Muallil et al. 2014, Silvestre et al. 2003, San Diego and Fisher 2014, Anticamara and Go 2015
- 11. 1. Expanded exploitation of oceanic waters outside the Phil EEZ Bilateral access agreements for fishing (PNG, Indonesia) 2. Expansion of aquaculture production Brood stock quality and supply Disease control, diagnostics Development of more efficient production methods 3. Improve post-harvest and value-added product industry 4. Expanding bioprospecting activities: discovery of high-value products with pharmaceutical, industrial, nutraceutical applications, through to commercialization and marketing These are on top of initiating measures for sustainable management of capture fisheries Strategies to improve fisheries production and utilization of resources 11
- 12. Philippine example: Sea cucumbers 12 Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) At least 100 species occurring in the Philippines ~ 40 species of commercial value
- 13. Framework for sea cucumber R & D 13Integrative research on major focus areas to for sustainable utilization of sea cucumber fisheries National R&D GOAL: Establish a sustainable and competitive sea cucumber industry which provides equitable economic benefits to various stakeholders (fishers, growers, processors, traders, etc.) and maintains the productivity and biodiversity of invertebrate fishery resources in the country. PRODUCTION To develop management and culture technologies to sustain and enhance income of sea cucumber fishers and growers • Management of capture production (resource assessment, policies) • Improve Culture production • Culture-based resource management systems (restocking) POST-HARVEST To enhance economic returns from sea cucumber products. • Improve processing methods for trepang • Intensify bioprospecting for natural products discovery TRADE & MARKETING To establish sea cucumber trade and market system that promotes sustainability and equity of benefits. • Value chain analysis • Mechanisms for marketing • Develop product standards
- 14. • Resource assessment • Genetic stock delineation Research into biology to improve: • Spawning • Larval rearing • Juvenile release, grow-out systems • Natural product discovery • Collagen characterization, biomaterials AQUACULTURE Develop, improve culture technology S&T Initiatives Management approaches Gaps Outcomes CAPTURE FISHERIES Management initiatives High-value products unexplored High value biomolecules, biomaterials Improved culture production Sustainable capture production Fisheries management Stock enhancement Advanced chemical, molecular methods Schematic for integrated sea cucumber R & D PRODUCTION POST-HARVEST • Development of CULTURE INDUSTRY • Increased PRODUCTION & LIVELIHOOD Opportunities, • Enhanced PRODUCT VALUE & MARKET SHARE Broodstock enhancement • Traditional: conditioning • Genomics-aided approaches for breeding and selection • Enhance product value Improve processing technology 1 2 3 4
- 15. Capture Fisheries: Research for Resource Management Population genetic studies Stichopus horrens & Holothuria scabra 15 Ravago-Gotanco & Kim (2019), Lizano et al. (in prep); MMEE Lab unpublished data Minimum management units for sea cucumber fisheries across the Philippine archipelago based on microsatellite data Stichopus cf. horrens N = 231 individuals FST = 0.072** 8 distinct populations Holothuria scabra N = 531 individuals FST = 0.029** 9 distinct populations 2
- 16. AQUACULTURE Genomic resources for H. scabra broodstock enhancement 16 H. scabra is the only tropical species with established aquaculture technology Culture techniques create livelihood opportunities, supplement capture production 1 Juinio-Meñez, M. A. et al. (2017) Fisheries Research, 186, pp. 502–513. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2016.07.017.2 Gorospe, J. R. C., Altamirano, J. P. and Juinio-Meñez, M. A. (2017) Aquaculture Research, 48(12), pp. 5984–5992. doi: 10.1111/are.13423.3 Juinio-Meñez, M. A. et al. (2012), in Asia–Pacific Tropical Sea Cucumber Aquaculture. ACIAR Proceedings. Austrailian Centre for International Agricultural Research, pp. 57–62. 0 40 70 0 10 20 30 40 Days Length(mm) Hapa 1 Hapa 2 Hapa 3 Growth variability is common Faster growth a desirable production trait Slide credit: J Tabardillo 1
- 17. Genomic resources for H. scabra broodstock enhancement Host and Microbiome factors 17 Slide credit: J Tabardillo GROWTH VARIABILITY in sea cucumbers Genetic differences HOST MICROBIOME Examine Fast vs Slow growth groups Differential Gene Expression (RNAseq) Molecular Markers (SNPs, Transcriptome & Genome) Linkage Mapping Gut microbiome diversity 1 Resources for broodstock enhancement using genomic approaches
- 18. Genomic resources for H. scabra broodstock enhancement Linkage map 18 Mapping family P: BOLINAO x MASINLOC individuals F1: sorted for fast- and slow- growth Sequencing 92 individuals (2 parents) ddRADseq NovaSeq platform (2 x 150 bp) Recovered 9,060 SNPs, used 7839 linked 34 linkage groups ~95% genome coverage Size frequency distribution of F1 juveniles H. scabra draft linkage map Sea cucumber program (DOST-PCAARRD 2015-2019) 1
- 19. POST-HARVEST H. scabra: Traceability to hatchery-of-origin using transcriptome SNPs 19 144 SNPs Recovered 4 genetic groups corresponding to hatchery location Design primer for multiplexed assays [Assay Design Suite] DA Biotech R-1510; Ordonez J (MSc Thesis) MTPA-PCR assay for rapid genotyping Fragment profiles for MTPA-PCR of 3 SNP loci (SNDFSH40, SNDFSH78, SNDFSH99) Traceability, Certification of Origin 3
- 20. Batoctoy, Torreno V, 2017 BIOPROSPECTING (Stichopus sp.) Sea cucumbers are rich sources of bioactive compounds 3 Saponins Fucoidans Glycosaminoglycans Amino acids and peptides Collagen Sterols and Phenolics • Antithrombic • Anticoagulant • Antiosteoarthritis • antitumor • Antifungal • Antibacterial • Antiviral • Photoprotective • Antitumor • Immunostimulator y • Antioxidant • Antibacterial • Photoprotective • Antiaging • Antioxidant • Antibacterial • Tissue repair • Wound healing • Photoprotective (uv) • Anticancer • Antiaging • Antiwrinkle • Wound healing • Antihypertension • Guided Tissue regeneration Bordbar et al, Mar Drugs 2011 Siahaan et al. Cosmetics 2017, 4,26 Oh etal Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2017, 20,28. Fatty acids • Tissue repair and wound healing • PUFA(EPA and DHA) • Blood coagulation • Coronary Heart disease
- 21. • Resource assessment • Genetic stock delineation Research into biology to improve: • Spawning • Larval rearing • Juvenile release, grow-out systems • Natural product discovery • Collagen characterization, biomaterials AQUACULTURE Develop, improve culture technology S&T Initiatives Management approaches Gaps Outcomes CAPTURE FISHERIES Management initiatives High-value products unexplored High value biomolecules, biomaterials Improved culture production Sustainable capture production Fisheries management Stock enhancement Advanced chemical, molecular methods Schematic for integrated sea cucumber R & D PRODUCTION POST-HARVEST • Development of CULTURE INDUSTRY • Increased PRODUCTION & LIVELIHOOD Opportunities, • Enhanced PRODUCT VALUE & MARKET SHARE Broodstock enhancement • Traditional: conditioning • Genomics-aided approaches for breeding and selection • Enhance product value Improve processing technology 1 2 3 4
- 22. Key strategies for maximizing utilization of FMGRs: Sustainable management of capture fisheries Develop/Enhance aquaculture production Develop value-adding post-harvest technologies and systems Open up additional income/market streams: bioprospecting for natural product discovery Considering the state of capture fisheries, aquaculture may have the most potential to augment fisheries production in the medium-term; Fisheries management (capture and culture) should be anchored on environmentally-sound practices, considering biodiversity (including genetic) conservation so that genetic resources remain intact for future efforts at further development. Summary 22
- 23. 23 THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- #12: Require considerable investments in R&D, technology transfer, capacity building
- #16: Marine biogeographic regions as minimum management units What about ecological management units?
- #20: Marine biogeographic regions as minimum management units What about ecological management units?
- #21: Preliminary studies- Extraction of crude saponins and structural elucidation by MS. MS data suggests ~ 10-15 saponins ( with unique molecular weights) - Saponins in s. horrens appear to be novel ( as reported MW weight is not same as those reported in literature for holothurians) Clade specific saponin production