Relational Database Design Bootcamp
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Nearly every application uses some sort of data storage. Proper data structure can lead to increased performance, reduced application complexity, and ensure data integrity. Foreign keys, indexes, and correct data types truly are your best friends when you respect them and use them for the correct purposes. Structuring data to be normalized and with the correct data types can lead to significant performance increases. Learn how to structure your tables to achieve normalization, performance, and integrity, by building a database from the ground up during this tutorial.
![Data Types
• JSON
- {“name”: “widget”, “description”: “does something”}
- [123, 4567]
- {“id”: 321, “codes”: [“abc”, “xyz”]}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/relationaldatabasedesignbootcamp-190502023739/85/Relational-Database-Design-Bootcamp-22-320.jpg)
![Constraints
• Ensure data
- CONSTRAINT UK_key_name
UNIQUE KEY (column_name[, column_b, …])
- NULL value considerations](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/relationaldatabasedesignbootcamp-190502023739/85/Relational-Database-Design-Bootcamp-29-320.jpg)
![Performance
• Avoid
- LIKE ‘%abc%’
- JOIN table t ON t.a = x.a OR t.b = y.b
- WHERE (t.a = x.a OR t.b = y.b)
- COUNT(*) [no limit set]
- ORDER BY CONCAT(non_index_varchar_a, b)
- GROUP BY a, b, c](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/relationaldatabasedesignbootcamp-190502023739/85/Relational-Database-Design-Bootcamp-48-320.jpg)
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Relational Database Design Bootcamp
- 1. Relational Database Design Bootcamp Mark Niebergall Longhorn PHP 2019 https://joind.in/talk/9d7a6 https://github.com/mbniebergall/database-bootcamp
- 2. Mark Niebergall • PHP since 2005 • Masters degree in MIS • Senior Software Engineer • Drug screening project • Utah PHP Co-Organizer • CSSLP, SSCP Certified and SME • Father, long distance running, fishing, skiing
- 3. Survey • Beginner - know of databases but haven’t written SQL? • Intermediate - know how to write queries, create tables? • Advanced - database administrator, years of experience?
- 4. Relational Database Design Bootcamp • 3 hour tutorial • Hands-on learning • Learn concepts • Design databases
- 5. Relational Database Design Bootcamp • 1:00-1:30 Key concepts • 1:30-2:00 Class Project Design • 2:00-2:10 Break • 2:10-2:30 Class Project Design (continued) • 2:30-3:00 Group Projects • 3:00-3:10 Break • 3:10-3:30 Group Projects • 3:30-3:50 Group Project Presentations • 3:50-4:00 Review and Discussion
- 6. Relational Database Design Bootcamp • Ask questions anytime - Others probably have same question
- 7. Objectives • Increased knowledge and experience with relational database design
- 8. Objectives • Know how to create tables with relationships • Ensure data integrity • Understand database normalization • Tweak database performance
- 9. Setup • Access to any MySQL server - Free community server https://dev.mysql.com/ downloads/mysql/ - Ideally version 8, minimum 5.7+ - MySQL client of your choice ‣ Sequel Pro: Mac, free, https://www.sequelpro.com/ ‣ PhpStorm: https://www.jetbrains.com/help/ phpstorm/relational-databases.html ‣ Terminal or Cmd
- 10. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 11. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 12. Use Cases • Database - Storage of data - Organized into tables - Relationships represented with constraints - Replacement for spreadsheets
- 13. Use Cases
- 14. Use Cases • Online store • Students at a school • Warehouse inventory • Medical providers • Biology research
- 15. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 16. Data Types • Name all 8 PHP data types? • Name 2 PHP pseudo data types?
- 17. Data Types • Name all 8 PHP data types? - Scalar: boolean, integer, float, string - Compound: array, object - Special: resource, null • Name 2 PHP pseudo data types? - Compound: callable, iterable
- 18. Data Types • Database types - Numeric - Date and time - String - JSON
- 19. Data Types • Numeric - BIT: BIT(4) 1001 - BOOL: 0 or 1 - INT: +/- 2147483647 - DECIMAL: DECIMAL(6, 2) 123456.78
- 20. Data Types • Date and Time - DATE - TIME - DATETIME - TIMESTAMP
- 21. Data Types • String - CHAR - VARCHAR - BLOB - TEXT - ENUM
- 22. Data Types • JSON - {“name”: “widget”, “description”: “does something”} - [123, 4567] - {“id”: 321, “codes”: [“abc”, “xyz”]}
- 23. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 24. Create Tables • Data modeling - Logical grouping - Reduce duplicate data - Table relationships
- 25. Create Tables • CREATE DATABASE warehouse;
- 26. Create Tables • USE warehouse; CREATE TABLE item ( id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, code VARCHAR(20) NULL, quantity INT NOT NULL DEFAUL 0, PRIMARY KEY (id), CONSTRAINT UK_item_code UNIQUE KEY (code) ) ENGINE=INNODB;
- 27. Create Tables • USE warehouse; ALTER TABLE item ADD COLUMN description VARCHAR(200) NULL AFTER code;
- 28. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 29. Constraints • Ensure data - CONSTRAINT UK_key_name UNIQUE KEY (column_name[, column_b, …]) - NULL value considerations
- 30. Constraints • Ensure data - CONSTRAINT FK_name FOREIGN KEY (table_column) REFERENCES another_table (that_table_column) ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE CASCADE
- 31. Constraints • Ensure data - CONSTRAINT FK_name FOREIGN KEY (column_a, column_b) REFERENCES another_table (column_a, column_b) ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE CASCADE
- 32. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 33. Normalization • Reduce data redundancy • Increase data integrity
- 34. Normalization • Levels of Normal Form - 1NF - 2NF - 3NF - EKNF (Elementary Key) - BCNF (Boyce-Codd) - 4NF - ETNF (Essential Tuple) - 5NF - DKNF (Domain Key) - 6NF
- 35. Normalization • Considerations - Performance - Data size
- 36. Normalization
- 38. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 39. Design Principles • Practical data mapping
- 40. Design Principles • Naming that makes sense
- 41. Design Principles • Correct data types
- 42. Design Principles • Accurately reflects relationships - Boil down to simplest form
- 43. Design Principles • S - Single Responsibility: do one thing well • O - Open-Closed: open for extension, closed for modification • L - Liskov Substitution: replaceable with subtypes • I - Interface Segregation: break apart interfaces logically • D - Dependency Inversion: dependency injection
- 44. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 45. Performance • Decreases as data volume increases
- 46. Performance • Denormalization - Use constraints to retain data integrity
- 47. Performance • Database indexes - INDEX IX_name (column_a) - ALTER TABLE some_table ADD INDEX IX_name (column_a, column_b);
- 48. Performance • Avoid - LIKE ‘%abc%’ - JOIN table t ON t.a = x.a OR t.b = y.b - WHERE (t.a = x.a OR t.b = y.b) - COUNT(*) [no limit set] - ORDER BY CONCAT(non_index_varchar_a, b) - GROUP BY a, b, c
- 49. Performance • EXPLAIN - EXPLAIN SELECT… - EXPLAIN DELTE… - EXPLAIN INSERT… - EXPLAIN REPLACE… - EXPLAIN UPDATE…
- 50. Performance • EXPLAIN - Fast: Using index - Okay: Using where - Slow: Using filesort - Slow: Using temporary
- 51. Performance EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(b.code) AS building_code_count, b.code, i.description FROM building b JOIN rack r ON r.building_id = b.id JOIN shelf s ON s.rack_id = r.id JOIN location l ON s.id = l.shelf_id JOIN location_item li ON l.id = li.location_id JOIN item i ON i.barcode = li.item_barcode WHERE b.code LIKE '%5%' AND i.description LIKE '%pig%' GROUP BY b.code, i.description;
- 52. Performance 1,SIMPLE,b,,index,PRIMARY,UK_building_code,22,,8,12.5,Using where; Using index; Using temporary; Using filesort 1,SIMPLE,i,,ALL,PRIMARY,,,,10,11.11,Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) 1,SIMPLE,r,,ref,"PRIMARY,FK_rack_building",FK_rack_building,4,warehouse.b.id,9,100,Using index 1,SIMPLE,s,,ref,"PRIMARY,UK_shelf",UK_shelf,4,warehouse.r.id,9,100,Using index 1,SIMPLE,l,,ref,"PRIMARY,FK_location_shelf",FK_location_shelf,4,warehouse.s.id,9,100,Using index 1,SIMPLE,li,,eq_ref,"PRIMARY,UK_item_location",PRIMARY,46,"warehouse.l.id,warehouse.i.barcode",1,100,Using index
- 53. Performance • Make it work, make it fast, make it right • Performance tuning during project building
- 54. Performance • Considerations - Disk space - Breaking queries apart - Combining queries - Stored procedures - Views - Functions - User workflows
- 55. Overview • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 56. Project • Warehouse inventory on shelves
- 57. Project http://cdn.idplate.com/images/warehouse-rack-bar-code-labels.jpg
- 59. Team Project • Groups of about 4 • Work together on design - Data model with normalization - Create database - Create tables - Populate tables - Add indexes
- 60. Team Project • Parking lot • Elephpant collections • Family Tree • Exercise tracker • Messenger queue • Pet daycare • Sports roster • Driver licenses • Airline seating
- 61. Team Project • Share - Project chosen - Tables - Relationships - Normalization - Performance - Difficulties
- 62. Team Project
- 63. Review and Discussion • Use cases • Data types • Create tables • Constraints • Normalization • Design principles • Performance
- 64. Review and Discussion • Class project • Group projects
- 65. Review and Discussion • Discussion - Denormalization - Performance tuning - Security - Business Logic
- 66. Review and Discussion • Discussion - Stored Procedures - Functions - Triggers - Views
- 67. Review and Discussion • Anything PHP
- 68. Questions? • Rate on joind.in https://joind.in/talk/9d7a6