Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptx
Download as PPTX, PDF1 like122 views
The document explores the relationship between fertility and reproductive health, defining fertility as the ability to conceive and reproductive health as the capacity to have a safe and fulfilling sexual life while making choices about reproduction. It highlights various determinants of fertility, including demographic, social, cultural, and lifestyle factors, while emphasizing the importance of reproductive health services in improving both fertility outcomes and overall health. Key organizations involved in promoting reproductive health and rights are also mentioned, alongside challenges such as access barriers and sociocultural stigma.
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptx
- 1. Title: Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health Ashik Mondal ID : MSS 241622 MSS 1st Year, 1st Term Sociology Discipline Khulna University, Khulna Course Title: Population, Politics and Development Course No: 0314 16 Soc 5109
- 2. Meaning of fertility • Fertility is the capacity of an individual to conceive offspring. Reproductive health encompasses the ability to reproduce and the freedom to choose whether, when, and how often to do so and a pleasant and safe sexual life (Chowdhury,2023). • Fertility is the ability to conceive a child. The fertility rate is the average number of children born during an individual's lifetime and is quantified demographically. Conversely, infertility is the difficulty or inability to reproduce naturally. • Fertility is the birth rate of a population (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2023). • Fertility is a woman's ability to conceive a biological child.
- 3. Fertility determinants Demographic Determinants Proportion of Married Women Changing Pattern of Marriage Age at First marriage Duration of Breast Feeding Sex Ratio • Social Determinants Education Employment Income Women Empowerment Contraceptive revolution Desire for Son • Cultural Determinants - Religion Source: (Lal S, 2021),(Nabanita Majumder,2015)
- 4. Source: The Financial Times Limited 2024.
- 5. Reproductive Health • Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. • (Source: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/repro-health)) • Reproductive health refers to the condition of male and female reproductive systems during all life stages. • Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of reproductive disease or infirmity (WHO,1994). • Reproductive health refers to the condition of male and female reproductive systems during all life stages
- 6. Reproductive Health Component and services Maternal health Neurological health Family planning financial health Maternal health Family planning sexual health Sexually Transmitted Diseases prevention and management. Prevention and management of unsafe abortion. Prevention of gender-based violence. Prevention of Harmful practices. Prevention and management of infertility. Family planning counseling, information, education, communication and services. Information, education and counselling, on human sexuality, reproductive health Source: https://www.vedantu.com/biology/reproductive-health
- 7. Fertility and Reproductive Health Program United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) The UNFPA is a key player in global reproductive health programs. It works to ensure access to reproductive health services, including family planning, maternal health care, and prevention and treatment of STIs. The UNFPA also advocates for gender equality and reproductive rights (UNFPA, 2020). World Health Organization (WHO) The WHO provides technical guidance and support for reproductive health programs worldwide. It develops evidence- based guidelines on various aspects of reproductive health, including family planning, maternal health, and prevention and management of STIs (WHO,1994). Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) FP2020 is a global partnership launched in 2012 to support the rights of women and girls to decide freely and for themselves, whether, when, and how many children they want to have. It aims to expand access to modern contraceptives and improve family planning services in low-income countries (FP,2020). Global Context
- 8. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria While not exclusively focused on reproductive health, the Global Fund plays a significant role in funding programs to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, which is closely linked to reproductive health issues. It supports initiatives such as HIV prevention, treatment, and care services, including those targeting key populations at higher risk, such as women of reproductive age (Global Fund,2023). The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation The Gates Foundation invests heavily in global health, including reproductive health programs. It supports initiatives to expand access to contraceptives, improve maternal and child health, and develop new technologies for family planning and reproductive health (2011). Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International is one of the largest NGOs providing sexual and reproductive health services worldwide. It operates in over 37 countries and offers a range of services, including contraception, safe abortion, maternal health care, and STI testing and treatment (MSI,2020). ICPD The ICPD Program of Action has provided a guiding framework for global efforts to promote reproductive health and rights, with subsequent reviews and conferences reaffirming and updating its principles (1994).
- 9. National Context Family Planning Program Maternal and Child Health Program Community-based Health Workers Program Urban Health Program Adolescent Reproductive Health Program Safe Motherhood Promotion Project (SMPP) National AIDS/STD Program Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) Source: (Ainul, et al 2017), (Dwyer,2021)
- 10. Interconnection Between Reproductive Health and Fertility 1.Access to Family Planning Services and Birth Control: a. Availability of contraception methods and family planning services can significantly impact fertility rates. b. Access to contraceptives allows individuals to make informed choices about when to have children, spacing between pregnancies, and family size. c. Lack of access to family planning services may lead to unintended pregnancies, contributing to higher fertility rates (Yucel, et al.2020). 2.Maternal Health and Pregnancy Outcome a. Maternal health significantly influences fertility and pregnancy outcomes. b. Adequate prenatal care, nutrition, and access to healthcare services during pregnancy can improve maternal and fetal health, reducing the risk of complications and promoting successful pregnancies. c. Poor maternal health, such as untreated medical conditions or lack of prenatal care, can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm birth, or maternal mortality (Tanay ,2008). A. Effect of Reproductive Health on Fertility
- 11. 3. Management of Reproductive Tract Infections: a. Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can affect fertility by causing damage to reproductive organs. b. Untreated RTIs can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, potentially resulting in infertility or complications during pregnancy. c. Effective management and prevention of RTIs through education, screening, and treatment are essential for maintaining reproductive health and fertility. Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=About+https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
- 12. B. Effect of Fertility on Reproductive Health 1.High Fertility Rates and Maternal Health Risks: a. High fertility rates can strain healthcare systems and resources, particularly in low-resource settings, leading to inadequate maternal healthcare services. b. b. Overburdened healthcare systems may result in limited access to prenatal care, skilled birth attendants, and emergency obstetric care, increasing maternal health risks. c. c. Addressing fertility rates through family planning initiatives can alleviate pressure on healthcare systems and improve maternal health outcomes (Saur,2015). 2.Impact of Unplanned Pregnancies on Reproductive Health: a. Unplanned pregnancies can have significant implications for reproductive health. b. Lack of access to contraception or misinformation about contraceptive methods may contribute to unintended pregnancies. c. Unplanned pregnancies may result in delayed prenatal care, increased risk of maternal complications, and psychological stress for individuals and families (Gossenes,2016).
- 13. 3.Sociocultural Perspectives on Fertility and Reproductive Health: • a. Sociocultural factors influence fertility desires, behaviors, and access to reproductive healthcare services. • b. Cultural norms, religious beliefs, and societal attitudes towards fertility and family planning can shape reproductive health practices. • c. Sociocultural barriers, such as stigma surrounding contraception or reproductive health services, may hinder individuals from seeking necessary care, impacting both fertility and reproductive health outcomes (Yael Benyamini & Irina,2017).
- 14. Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of fertility 1. Impacts of diet and exercise • Nutrition • Weight • Obesity • Eating disorders and being underweight • Exercise 2. Psychological effects 3. Recreational and prescription substances • Cigarette smoking • Drugs • Alcohol • Caffeine 4. Environmental and occupational exposures • Air Pollution • Heavy metals • Pesticides, endocrine disruptors, and other chemicals • Radiation 5.Occupation and hobbies Source: Rakesh, et al (2013) https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-11-66
- 15. Importance of Understanding the Relationship Physical Well-being Reproductive health includes maintaining optimal physical health of the reproductive organs, hormonal balance, and overall well-being, which are essential for fertility. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can affect fertility if left untreated. Family Planning Family planning services are an integral part of reproductive health care and play a significant role in fertility management. Access to contraception allows individuals and couples to plan and space pregnancies according to their preferences and life circumstances, thereby influencing fertility rates. Source: (Hammerberg,2014),(Pedro,2018)
- 16. Sexual Health Education Comprehensive sexual health education is essential for promoting reproductive health and fertility. Education about reproductive anatomy, physiology, contraception, STI prevention, and healthy relationships empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive lives, which can impact fertility outcomes. Infertility Services Reproductive health services include diagnosis and treatment of infertility issues, which can affect individuals' ability to conceive. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), and fertility medications are commonly used to address infertility and enhance fertility rates. Gender Equity and Rights Gender equity and reproductive rights are critical aspects of reproductive health that influence fertility patterns. Ensuring women's rights to education, employment, healthcare, and decision-making power can positively impact fertility by empowering women to make choices about their reproductive lives. Source: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139192736.016
- 17. Maternal and Child Health Reproductive health services encompass maternal and child health care, including prenatal care, skilled attendance at childbirth, and postnatal care. Ensuring access to quality maternal healthcare services can improve pregnancy outcomes and maternal health, which in turn can positively influence fertility by reducing maternal mortality and morbidity. Environmental and Social Factors Environmental factors, such as exposure to pollutants, toxins, and climate change, can affect reproductive health and fertility. Socioeconomic factors, including poverty, access to healthcare, and social support networks, also play a role in shaping fertility outcomes. Source: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/fertility-and-reproductive-health.
- 18. Fertility and reproductive Care Fertility evaluations Fertility evaluations are comprehensive assessments conducted to identify potential factors contributing to difficulties in conceiving a pregnancy. These evaluations typically involve both partners in a couple and encompass various medical assessments and tests. Fertility treatments Intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection Fertility preservation Postpone pregnancy, offers egg, sperm and embryo freezing. This allows to have biological children down the road, if desired. Source: UCLA Health,2024 (https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/obgyn/fertility)
- 19. Genetic counselling Use techniques including preimplantation genetic diagnosis for monogenetic/single gene defects (PGT-M) to ensure that don’t pass on a hereditary condition to baby. Reproductive surgery Conditions including endometriosis, fibroids, endometrial polyps and uterine abnormalities may affect fertility. diagnostic testing, management and surgery options to treat underlying conditions and help people succeed in getting pregnant. Male Fertility Sperm Production, Sperm Quality, Sperm Transport, Hormonal Balance, Genetic Factors, Medical Conditions, Age Source: UCLA Health,2024 (https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/obgyn/fertility
- 20. LGBTQ+ family planning Same-sex couples may desire fertility treatments. Options including donor sperm, intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) can give LGBTQ+ couples more options for starting a family Oncofertility Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation can affect a person’s fertility. oncologists to offer fertility preservation or treatment options to help build the family after cancer treatment. Source: UCLA Health,2024 (https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/obgyn/fertility)
- 21. Artificial insemination Artificial insemination was first performed in humans by the famous English surgeon John Hunter. It was reported by Everett Home, his nephew in 1799. Artificial insemination (AI) is a fertility treatment technique used to facilitate conception by placing sperm directly into a woman's reproductive tract. This method bypasses certain barriers to conception, such as issues with sperm motility or cervical mucus quality. Artificial insemination can be performed using either partner's sperm (homologous insemination) or donor sperm (heterologous insemination). There are two primary methods of artificial insemination: Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Froyalsocietypu blishing.
- 22. Challenges and Barriers A. Lack of Access to Reproductive Health Services Geographical Barriers Financial Barriers Limited Healthcare Infrastructure Legal and Regulatory Barriers B. Cultural and Societal Stigma Stigma Surrounding Contraception and Family Planning Stigmatization of Sexual Health Stigma Associated with Infertility C. Economic and Educational Disparities Limited Health Literacy Educational Barriers Economic Constraints Source: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14687-4
- 23. Conclusion • Addressing the interconnection between reproductive health and fertility requires comprehensive approaches that encompass research, policy reform, healthcare infrastructure strengthening, education, advocacy, and global collaboration. By investing in evidence-based interventions, promoting reproductive rights, and fostering partnerships between governments, healthcare providers, communities, and civil society organizations, we can work towards improving reproductive health outcomes, promoting fertility equity, and ensuring that all individuals have the ability to make autonomous choices about their reproductive lives.
- 24. References • https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/obgyn/fertility • Pedro, J., Brandão, T., Schmidt, L., Costa, M. E., & Martins, M. V. (2018). What do people know about fertility? A systematic review on fertility awareness and its associated factors. Upsala journal of medical sciences, 123(2), 71-81. • https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/fertility-and-reproductive-health • Sharma, R., Biedenharn, K. R., Fedor, J. M., & Agarwal, A. (2013). Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of your fertility. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 11, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-11-66 • Majumder, N., & Ram, F. (2015). Explaining the role of proximate determinants on fertility decline among poor and non-poor in Asian countries. PloS one, 10(2), e0115441. • Source: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/repro-health • Moniz, M. H., Kirch, M. A., Solway, E., Goold, S. D., Ayanian, J. Z., Kieffer, E. C., ... & Chang, T. (2018). Association of access to family planning services with Medicaid expansion among female enrollees in Michigan. JAMA network open, 1(4), e181627-e181627.
- 25. • Bhuiya, I., Rob, U., Chowdhury, A. H., Rahman, L., Haque, N., Adamchak, S. E., ... & Khan, M. E. (2004). Improving adolescent reproductive health in Bangladesh. • Sauer, M. V. (2015). Reproduction at an advanced maternal age and maternal health. Fertility and sterility, 103(5), 1136-1143. • https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14687-4 • Benyamini, Y., & Todorova, I. (2017). Women’s reproductive health in sociocultural context. International journal of behavioral medicine, 24, 799-802. • Gipson, J. D., Koenig, M. A., & Hindin, M. J. (2008). The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: a review of the literature. Studies in family planning, 39(1), 18-38. • Montgomery, M. R., & Lloyd, C. B. (1996). Fertility and maternal and child health. In The impact of population growth on well-being in developing countries (pp. 37-65). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. • Gibson-Helm, M., Boyle, J., Cheng, I. H., East, C., Knight, M., & Teede, H. (2015). Maternal health and pregnancy outcomes among women of refugee background from Asian countries. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 129(2), 146-151.