Report on airport engineering

Airport Engineering 7 April 2020
Report on
Airport Engineering
Submitted by:- Jeet K Patel, Roll no-01
Abhishek M Chavan Roll no-04
Aditya B Koli, Roll no-14
Class:- Second Year, Div:- B
Subject:- Transportation Engineering
Guided by:- Prof. Payal Hon
, Page 1

Introduction
An airport is an aerodrome with extended
facilities, mostly for commercial air transport.
Airports often have facilities to store and
maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An
airport consists of a landing area, which
comprises an aerially accessible open space
including at least one operationally active
surface such as a runway for a plane to take
off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent
utility buildings such as control towers,
hangars and terminals. Larger airports may
have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air
traffic control centres, passenger facilities
such as restaurants and lounges, and
emergency services. In some countries, the
US in particular, they also typically have one
or more fixed-base operators, serving general
aviation.
An airport solely serving helicopters is
called a heliport. An airport for use by
seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called a
seaplane base. Such a base typically includes
a stretch of open water for takeoffs and
landings, and seaplane docks for tying-up.
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International
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Airport in USA is the busiest and biggest
airport in the world.
An international airport has additional
facilities for customs and passport control as
well as incorporating all the aforementioned
elements. Such airports rank among the most
complex and largest of all built typologies
with 15 of the top 50 buildings by floor area
being airport terminals.
The mobility of men and material by air is
called air transport. It is the fastest means of
transport. It is very useful for long distances
and saves time.
The Parliament passed the Air Transport
Corporation Act in 1953 under which the
Indian Airlines Corporation was to run
domestic services and Air India is to run
external services.
The Director General of Civil Aviation
(DGCA) is responsible for maintenance of civil
aerodromes. After the implementation of
economic reforms, Govt. has been following
the policy of open skies and private airlines
have been permitted to operate in the field of
civil aviation.
, Page 3

Advantages and Disadvantages
of Airport Engineering
Advantages
1.High Speed:
It is the fast speed means of transport.
Passengers and goods can be transported
easily from one place to the other.
2. Minimum Cost:
Unlike railways and road transport, there
is no need to spend money on the
construction of any track or road, only
airports have to be constructed.
3. Strategic Importance:
An airway has great strategic importance.
It can be used for internal and external
security.
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4. Easy transport of costly and light
goods:
It is quite convenient to send costly, light
and perishable goods through air transport.
5. Free from physical barriers:
Air transport is free from physical
barriers like river, mountains and valleys etc.
6. Useful for Agriculture:
Air transport is useful for aerial spray on
pests and insects which cause harm to crops.
7. Useful in natural calamities:
During earth quake, flood, accidents and
famine air transport is used for rescue
operations.
Disadvantages
1. High Costs:
Air transport is a costly service. Its
operational costs are too high. Middle
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class and poor people can not affect its
cash.
2. More Risks:
Air transport is prone to accidents. A
small mistake can be very dangerous for
passengers. Hijacking of planes is easily
possible.
3. Huge Investments:
For creating aviation facilities, huge
investments are required. The cost of
aero planes, construction and
maintenance of aerodromes and control
mechanism needs a capital expenditure.
, Page 6

Airport Characteristic
Airports provide the infrastructure to
support transitions between air and
ground transportation. Therefore, scholars
describe airport operation and logistics as
the entire series of activities that must take
place to process passengers and goods
from surface to air transport modes with
the help of the aircraft (Ashford et al.,
2013). These activities can be
complemented in a variety of different
ways, and range from ensure that traveler
reach their connecting flights, operate as
retailer, provide accommodation for
travellers and/or car park operator.
Globally, airports are structurally diverse
and do not conform to a general layout.
There exist some fundamental aspects of
airport design, which ensure the smooth
and safe provision of services (Schulz,
Baumann, & Wiedenmann, 2010). Figure
24 illustrates, each airport has a terminal
connecting a land- and airside, in which
all departing, transiting, and arriving
passengers are handled. On the airside are
all aircraft operating areas, from apron
over taxiways to runways.
, Page 7

Airport management coordinates and
synchronises all airport operations tasks,
although “the various processes bring
multiple of players who have mandated
jurisdictions to deliver parts of the
required services” (Ashford et al., 2013, p.
441).
Twenty-first century airports operate in
an increasingly complex business
environment with diverse concerns:
rapid commercialisation, growing
capacity constraints, new technologies,
airline consolidations, the advent of low-
cost carries, corporate responsibility for
promoting a sustainable environment,
, Page 8

and the need to keep safety and security
issues a priority are just a sampling of
issues with which airport stakeholders
must contend. In this context, a greater,
broader, and more sophisticated expertise
is essential to ensure the successful and
productive management of airports.
Therefore, the following subchapters
provide a brief introduction on the
specific characteristics of airports,
including business areas, stakeholders,
employment structures, and process
chains.
, Page 9

Airport Designing
Airport projects are involved with many
considerations and issues hence they are
highly collaborative. Designing of airport
is taken up by architectural firms. The
architects work in collaboration with civil
engineers to come up with the Airport
Layout Plans. The experts come up with
master plans which is referred to for
further developments.
Planning an Airport
To plan an airport, the AAI is concerned
for three approvals −
• Technical Approvals
◦ Review and approve Airport Layout
Plan (ALP).
◦ Review and acceptance of forecast.
◦ Airspace and procedure changes.
◦ Land acquisition.
• Financial Approvals
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◦ Funding for the airport is approved
once the project gets clearance for safety,
security, capacity, and airport access
systems.
• Environmental Approvals
◦ Review and assess environmental
issues.
◦ Find out solutions to address the
environmental problems.
Airport planning is vital to understand
problems and potential environmental issues.
Out of the reactive and proactive planning
methods, an appropriate planning method is
selected depending upon the requirement.
Airport Development
It includes the development of the land to
build the terminals and base, and building the
infrastructure for the ancillary facilities. All
the infrastructural development is done in
accordance with the ICOA standards.
, Page 11

Airport − Terminal Planning
The following criteria need to be
considered while planning and designing a
terminal −
• Passenger flow and traffic peaking.
• Minimum walking distance.
• Level of service for passengers and
sophistication.
• Performance standards.
• Area for Retailers: Duty free shops,
food joints, and spas.
• Area for Facility points such as
Restrooms, ATM machines, and kiosks.
• Easy access to retail area and facility
points.
• Compatibility of facilities with aircraft
characteristics.
• Ability to handle changes in
technology and automation.
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• Expandability for future growth.
• Area and processing time for
checking-in, immigration/customs
clearance, baggage security screening,
and baggage delivery.
, Page 13

Airport Funding
Developing and maintaining an airport
needs a large amount of funds. The principle
sources of this capital include −
• Government grants.
• International organisation loans that
are required to be repaid in the same
foreign currency.
• Commercial loans from national
financial institutions, which are usually
available at highest interest rates.
• Equity or bonds from commercial
capital market including private investors,
and investments banks.
• Extension of credit from contractors
and suppliers.
• Foreign governments invest in airport
development for under-developed nations.
• Retained earnings.
, Page 14

Airport Income Sources
Airports need to generate sufficient
revenue to pay for their operating costs such
as manpower salaries, maintenance,
electricity, and more that are aligned to actual
operating of the airport.
Airports derive their revenue from rents,
charges and fees imposed upon airlines,
various concessionaires, such as car rental
companies, restaurants, newsstands, taxi and
van services, catering and baggage services,
fuel provision, and parking.
Revenue from Airport Taxes and Fees
This revenue is generated by applying the
following charges −
• Passenger Service Fees − Against
security and facilities at airports.
• Airline Rents − Airlines pay rents for
the space they occupy at ticket counters,
gates, baggage counters, gates, baggage
handling, maintenance, and catering
facilities. They also pay takeoff and
landing fees, parking fees, and fuel fees.
, Page 15

• Development Fees − Against
infrastructure development at
international airports.
• Government Subsidies − They are
required to seal the gap between budgeted
revenue and operating expenses.
Revenue from Other Airport
Incomes
• Fuel Sale − Selling fuel for the
aircrafts which halt at the airport for
refilling on long-haul routes.
• Late Fees on Leases − Many airports
charge late fees on leases.
• Renting out − Several airports rent out
non-used pavements or runways for the
purpose of taxiway driving courses and
for filming commercials.
, Page 16

Pricing of Airport Services and
Facilities
There are no set guidelines on how the
airport operation managers must determine
the rates of charges for the use of airport
building, facilities, and equipment. The reason
behind this is, the airports are not commercial
entities; but public funded facility.
, Page 17

Safety and Security
Risks in Aviation
It is a potential loss or damage of
property, information or lives (=assets) that
can happen due to a threat. Literally, there is
a risk if the assets, vulnerabilities, and threats
are present together.
Common Aviation Risks
Aviation risks include operational,
strategic, compliance, or financial risks that
then put the assets into problem. There can be
several types of risks for aircraft as well as
airport −
• Bad weather conditions for a flying
aircraft
• Aircraft about to run out of fuel while
in flight
• A person in the aircraft or airport
needs medical aid critically
• Failure of electrical, electronics, or
mechanical component
, Page 18

• Pilot’s mistake
• Bird-strike at the time of aircraft
movement
• An inexperienced employee or
unknown person at the airport
• Unscreened passengers or their
articles allowed to board the aircraft
• Repayment of loan
The risks can be seen as most forgivable
to most intolerable.
Risk assessment is performed to uncover
the loopholes in the systems and take
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corrective actions. Risk analysis is done to
find out the particular cause of the accident
or incident and reduce the likelihood of
further risks.
Threats in Aviation
A threat is a particular source of attack.
Can someone forget the most notorious and
perilous 9/11 attack where four airliners were
hijacked to carry out a suicidal attack on
World Trade Center and Pentagon. On
December 24, 1999, Air India IC 814 with 178
passengers and 11 crew members was
hijacked by terrorists and taken to Kandahar,
under the then Taliban control. Today the
terror methods have potentially increased
with sophistication in destroying.
There are many such incidents when the
aircrafts are hijacked by terrorists or
extremists and this often leads to the loss of
assets. These threats are mostly intentional.
In some rare cases, mentally unstable people
have been found to be the cause of such
incidents.
Common Aviation Threats
, Page 20

The following can be the common aviation
threats −
• Unattended or unclaimed baggage
found at airport.
• A person carrying weapon without
declaration.
• A person not cooperating with the
security staff.
• A person carrying sharp objects with
him.
• A call from an unknown person for
destruction.
• A person with suspicious gestures and
appearance.
Safety and Security in Aviation
The airport security systems and staff
together work towards the safety of the
airport, the aircraft, and also the safety of the
passengers. To manage the airport as well as
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the aircraft security, the following measures
are employed −
• Aircraft and airport employees are
trained on security and safety issues, as
well as crisis handling procedures.
• Aircrafts are equipped with
emergency exit way and procedures for
passengers.
• Airport areas are monitored by Closed
Circuit TV cameras.
• A dedicated team of trained police
force is employed for airport and aircraft
safety.
• The security staff takes the help of
sniffer dogs to detect any unclaimed object
lying around the airport.
• The airports are equipped with fire-
fighting alarm and fire-extinguishing
systems.
• Sensitive airside areas in airports,
such as ramps and operational spaces, are
restricted from the general public.
, Page 22

• Every traveler who arrives at the
airport needs to enter into the airport only
from the Departure entry. The traveler
can go in further only after showing a
valid journey ticket, an identity proof, and
a passport if required.
• Non-passengers need to obtain a gate
pass and face security checking to enter
the secure area of the airport.
, Page 23

• Traveler check-in baggage and
handbags are strictly screened through X-
ray machines.
• Travellers are screened by metal
detectors before they board. But they can
be subjected to later screening if required
• Travellers are not permitted to enter
the cockpit area of the aircraft.
• The food joints at the airport use
containers and glasses made of plastic
instead of those made of glass as they can
be used as weapons.
, Page 24

Air Law
t is a branch of law that is concerned
with air transport operations, and all the
associated legal and business concerns.
This is a series of rules that governs the
use of airspace for aviation, and its
benefits for the general public and the
nations of the world.
The first attempt to set the air law was
made around 1910, when German air balloons
repeatedly trespassed over French territory.
The French government wanted both the
governments to come together to form an
agreement to resolve the problem. The Paris
Conference of 1910 was in favor of the
sovereignty of states in the space above their
territories.
It started developing further when after
the World War I, the first scheduled flight
from Paris to London took its first flight in
1909.
, Page 25

Public International Air Law:
Chicago Convention
A Convention on International Civil
Aviation was signed at Chicago on 7th
December, 1944. It established specific
principles in order to develop international
civil aviation in a safe and orderly manner. It
also ensures that international air transport
services are established on the basis of fair
opportunity for participating countries.
The convention formed the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the
Canada-based agency of the United Nations. It
sets the principles of international air
navigation and works to −
• Ensure a well-ordered growth of
international civil aviation throughout the
world.
• Encourage aircraft design and
operation for peaceful and constructive
purposes.
• Promote the development of airways,
airports, and air navigation facilities for
international civil aviation.
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• Meet the safety, regularity, efficiency,
and economical air transport needs of the
people around the world.
• Prevent unplanned economic decisions
and in turn waste.
• Ensure that each Contracting State has
an opportunity to operate international
airlines.
• Encourage flight safety in
international air transport.
• Foster the development of all aspects
of international civil aviation.
Air Law in European Union
The laws are regarding the following −
• Sovereignty − It is the right of a state
to impose its national law on users of its
airspace.
• Territory − It is the airspace over and
within the territorial borders of a state.
Territorial airspace has no vertical limit.
For the states with sea boundaries,
territorial airspace extends beyond the
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land. This limit is internationally agreed
limit of the territorial waters.
International Air Laws
The three International Air Laws are as
follows −
1. Public International Law
It refers to the process which binds the
states and international organizations to
agreements with respect to their aviation
activities. The activities may be among
various problems of political, technical,
economical, financial, social or legal nature.
For example, the Chicago Convention, the
Geneva Convention, and some international
conventions.
1. Private International Law
It is the series of rules pertaining to the
relations between private persons involved in
the operation and the use of aircraft. It
applies to the travelers and airline staff. For
example, the Tokyo Convention frames the
prohibition of unlawful acts committed on the
aircraft.
1. Supranational Law
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It is a law that a higher body can impose
with legal force on one or more states. For
example, EU air laws.
IOSA and its Importance
The IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA)
is an internationally recognized and accepted
system that audits and certifies operational
management and control systems in the
airlines.
IATA formed this
certifying evaluation
body in 2003. It
conducts airline
audits according to
the aviation laws
consistently.
The airlines which have no IOSA
certification probably either failed in the
auditing or they did not participate in
auditing at all. Carrying out IOSA audit
makes an airline more reliable but the cost of
audit is high. Mostly only international
airlines participate in the audit as they can
bear the cost of audit and implement the
changes suggested.
, Page 29

International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO)
ICAO consists of an Assembly of
representatives from the contracting states, a
Council of governing bodies out of various
subordinate bodies, and a Secretariat. The
chief officers are the President of the Council
and the Secretary General. ICAO conducts
meeting every three years to discuss about
the work and to set future policies.
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Conclusion
The airport industry is constantly
evolving and innovating in response to
the ever changing demands of safety and
security, technology, public demand,
customer service, government
requirements and tenant needs. State
laws reflect a state’s effort over time to
address those challenges at the local and
balance competing interments. A broad
examination of state airport laws can
help airport managers and state leaders
craft policy to resolve local concerns and
support the public’s current and future
transportation interests
, Page 31

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