Report on arduino

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1 INTRODUCTION
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software platform for building digital
devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the digital world around them. For
example, Arduino boards can read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on
Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing. Thus, the Arduino platform
works in terms of the physical board and the libraries and the IDE (integrated development
environment). Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers.
The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analogy input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced with various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature
serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are
typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and
C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project. Over
the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,
artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and experts alike. Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based
on easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be
programmed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer
code to the physical board. Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions
of the micro-controller into a more accessible package. This tutorial is intended for
enthusiastic students or hobbyists. With Arduino, one can get to know the basics of micro-
controllers and sensors very quickly and can start building a prototype with very little
investment. This tutorial is intended to make you comfortable in getting started with Arduino
and its various functions.
Before you start proceeding with this tutorial, we assume that you are already familiar with
the basics of C and C++. If you are not well aware of these concepts, then we will suggest
you go through our short tutorials on C and C++. A basic understanding of microcontrollers
and electronics is also expected.

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1.1 Arduino Hardware
Arduino is open-source hardware. Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR
microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with
varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the
Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-row pins or female
headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These
may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple, and possibly stacked shields may
be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator
and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the Lily Pad, run
at 8 MHz and dispense with the on-board voltage regulator due to specific form-factor
restrictions. Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies
uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default boot loader of the Arduino
UNO is the opt boot loader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to
another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between
RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards
are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter
chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the
FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is
reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the
unofficial Arduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other
methods, when used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard
AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used.
Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent
to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding
output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small
robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining
compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying
compatibility.
Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software. It
consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-
made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and
upload the computer code to the physical board.
1.2.1 The key features are −
Arduino boards are able to read analogy or digital input signals from different sensors and turn
it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud and many
other actions.
 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra
piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board.
You can simply use a USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to
learn to program.
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.

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1.3 HISTORY OF ARDUINO
While teaching a physical computing class at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2005,
Massimo Bani’s students were unwilling to spend the 76 euros for the BASIC Stamp
microcontrollers commonly used in such applications. Baozi and his colleagues looked for
alternatives, finally settling on the wiring platform developed by one of Bansi’s students. In
his
own words:
“…we started to figure out how could we make the whole platform even simpler, even
cheaper,
even easier to
use. And then we started to essentially reimplement the whole thing as an open source
project.”
Once they had a prototype, a student wrote the software that would allow wiring programs to
run
on the new platform. Upon seeing the project, visiting professor Casey Reads suggested that
there
might be wider applications than just design schools for the new product. The prototype was
redesigned for mass production and a test run of 200 boards was made. Orders began coming
in
from other design schools and the students looking for Arduinos, and the Arduino project was
born and Massimo Bansi and David Cuartillas became its founders. “ARDUINO” is an
Italian
word, meaning “STRONG FRIEND”. The English version of the name is “Harding”. As of
May
2011, more than 300,000 Arduino units are “in the wild”.
1.3.1 Design Goals
1. Work with a Mac (as most design students use one)
2. USB connectivity (MacBook’s don’t have serial ports)
3. Look nice Cheap (about 20 euros, the cost of going out for pizza in Europe)
4. More powerful than a BASIC stamp
5. Something you could build/fix yourself

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2.Arduino Boards
Looking at the board from the top down, this is an outline of what you will see (parts of the
board you might interact with in the course of normal use are highlighted):
Starting clockwise from the top centre:
 Analog Reference pin (orange)
 Digital Ground (light green)
 Digital Pins 2-13 (green)
 Digital Pins 0-1/Serial In/Out - TX/RX (dark green) - These pins cannot be used for digital i/o
(digital Read and digital Write) if you are also using serial communication (e.g. Serial. Begin).
 Reset Button - S1 (dark blue)
 In-circuit Serial Programmer (blue-green)
 Analog In Pins 0-5 (light blue)
 Power and Ground Pins (power: orange, grounds: light orange)
 External Power Supply In (9-12VDC) - X1 (pink)
 Toggles External Power and USB Power (place jumper on two pins closest to desired supply)
- SV1 (purple)
 USB (used for uploading sketches to the board and for serial communication between the board
and the computer; can be used to power the board) (yellow)

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2.1.Digital Pins
In addition to the specific functions listed below, the digital pins on an Arduino board can be
used for general purpose input and output via the pin Mode(), digital Read(), and digital
Write() commands. Each pin has an internal pull-up resistor which can be turned on and off
using digital Write () (w/ a value of HIGH or LOW, respectively) when the pin is configured
as an input. The maximum current per pin is 40 mA.
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. On the
Arduino Decimal, these pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL
Serial chip. On the Arduino BT, they are connected to the corresponding pins of
the WT11 Bluetooth module. On the Arduino Mini and Lilypad Arduino, they are intended for
use with an external TTL serial module (e.g. the Mini-USB Adapter).
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value,
a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogy Write() function. On
boards with an ATmega8, PWM output is available only on pins 9, 10, and 11.
 BT Reset: 7. (Arduino BT-only) Connected to the reset line of the Bluetooth module.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino
language.
 LED: 13. On the Decimal and Lilypad, there is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13.
When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
2.2 Analog Pins
In addition to the specific functions listed below, the analogy input pins support 10-bit analog-
to-digital conversion (ADC) using the analog Read() function. Most of the analog inputs can
also be used as digital pins: analog input 0 as digital pin 14 through analog input 5 as digital
pin 19. Analog inputs 6 and 7 (present on the Mini and BT) cannot be used as digital pins.
I2
C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2
C (TWI) communication using the Wire
library (documentation on the Wiring website).Power PinsVIN (sometimes labelled "9V").
The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed
to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage
through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. Note
that different boards accept different input voltages ranges, please see the dimensions for a
board. Also note that the Lily Pad has no VIN pin and accepts only a regulated input.5V. The
regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board.
This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another
regulated 5V supply.3V3. (Decimal-only) A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI
chip. ND. Ground pins.

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3.Types of Arduino
3.1. Arduino UNO:
This is the latest revision of the basic Arduino USB board. It connects to the computer with a
standard USB cable and contains everything else you need to program and use the board. It
can be extended with a variety of shields: custom daughter-boards with specific features. It is
similar to the Duemilanove, but has a different USB-to-serial chip the ATMega8U2, and
newly designed labelling to make inputs and outputs easier to identify.
3.2 Arduino Mega 2560:
A larger, more powerful Arduino board. Has extra digital pins, PWM pins, analog inputs,
serial ports, etc. The version of the Mega released with the Uno, this version features the
Atmega2560, which has twice the memory, and uses the ATMega 8U2 for USB-to-serial
communication.

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3.3Arduino Duemilanove:
The Duemilanove automatically selects the appropriate power supply (USB or external power),
eliminating the need for the power selection jumper found on previous boards. It also adds an
easiest to cut trace for disabling the auto-reset, along with a solder jumper for re-enabling it.
Note: around March 1st, 2009, the Duemilanove started to ship with the ATmega328p instead
of theATmega168.
3.4 Arduino FiOS:
An Arduino intended for use as a wireless node. Has a header for an XBee radio, a connector
for a LiPobattery, and a battery charging circuit.

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3.5 Lilypad Arduino:
A stripped-down, circular Arduino board designed for stitching into clothing and other
fabric/flexible applications. Needs an additional adapter to communicate with a computer.
3.6 Arduino Diecimila
The main change in the Arduino Diecimila is that it can be reset from the computer, without
the need to physically press the reset button on the board. The Diecimila uses a low dropout
voltage regulator which lowers the board's power consumption when powered by an external
supply (AC/DC adapter or battery). A resettable polyfuse protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and surges. It also provides pin headers for the reset line and for 3.3V.
There is a built-in LED on pin 13. Some blue Diecimila boards say "Prototype - Limited
Edition" but are in fact fully-tested production boards (the actual prototypes are red).

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3.7 Arduino NG Rev.C
Revision C of the Arduino NG does not have a built-in LED on pin 13 - instead you'll see two
small unused solder pads near the labels "GND" and "13". There is, however, about 1000 ohms
of resistance on pin 13, so you can connect an LED without external resistor.
3.8 Arduino Extreme
The Arduino Extreme uses many more surface mount components than previous USB Arduino
boards and comes with female pin headers. It also has RX and TX LEDs that indicate when
data is being sent to or from the board.

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3.9 Arduino Mini 04
On this version of the Arduino Mini, two of the pins changed. The third pin became reset
(instead of ground) and fourth pin became ground (instead of being unconnected). These boards
are labelled "Mini 04". Still there are, Arduino Serial, Arduino Serial v2.0, Arduino Nano 3.0,
Arduino Nano 2.x, Serverino(S3V3), Arduino Stamp 02, Mini USB adapter 03, Mini USB
Adapter, Arduino Bluetooth.
3.10 Lilypad Arduino 03
This revision has a 6-pin programming header that's compatible with FTDI USB cables and the
Spark fun FTDI Basic Breakout. It adds support for automatic reset, allowing sketches to be
uploaded without pressing the reset button on the board. The header is surface mounted,
meaning that the board has no pokey bit sticking out the back

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4.Basic Terminologies in ARDUINO:
4.1 Analog to digital converter (ADC): The process of Analog to digital conversion
is shown in figure. The Arduino has 10 bits of Resolution when reading analog signals. 2
power 10=1024 increments Influence also by how fast you sample.
4.2 Pulse width modulation (PWM): The Arduino has 8bit of resolution, when
outputting a signal using PWM. The range of output voltage is from 0 to 5 Volts 2power 8=255
Increments Average of on/off (digital signals to make an average voltage), Duty cycle in 100%
of 5Vo.signal is shown in the following figure.
There are various terms associated with PWM −
 On-Time − Duration of time signal is high.
 Off-Time − Duration of time signal is low.
 Period − It is represented as the sum of on-time and off-time of PWM signal.
 Duty Cycle − It is represented as the percentage of time signal that remains
on during the period of the PWM signal.

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5.Interrupts in Arduino
Interrupts stop the current work of Arduino such that some other work can be done. Suppose
you are sitting at home, chatting with someone. Suddenly the telephone rings. You stop
chatting, and pick up the telephone to speak to the caller. When you have finished your
telephonic conversation, you go back to chatting with the person before the telephone range.
Similarly, you can think of the main routine as chatting to someone, the telephone ringing
causes you to stop chatting. The interrupt service routine is the process of talking on the
telephone. When the telephone conversation ends, you then go back to your main routine of
chatting. This example explains exactly how an interrupt causes a processor to act.
The main program is running and performing some function in a circuit. However, when an
interrupt occurs the main program halts while another routine is carried out. When this routine
finish, the processor goes back to the main routine again.

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5.1Important features
Here are some important features about interrupts −
 Interrupts can come from various sources. In this case, we are using a hardware
interrupt that is triggered by a state change on one of the digital pins.
 Most Arduino designs have two hardware interrupts (referred to as "interrupt0" and
"interrupt1") hard-wired to digital I/O pins 2 and 3, respectively.
 The Arduino Mega has six hardware interrupts including the additional interrupts
("interrupt2" through "interrupt5") on pins 21, 20, 19, and 18.
 You can define a routine using a special function called as “Interrupt Service Routine”
(usually known as ISR).
 You can define the routine and specify conditions at the rising edge, falling edge or
both. At these specific conditions, the interrupt would be serviced.
 It is possible to have that function executed automatically, each time an event happens
on an input pin.
5.2 Types of Interrupts
There are two types of interrupts −
 Hardware Interrupts − They occur in response to an external event, such as an
external interrupt pin going high or low.
 Software Interrupts − They occur in response to an instruction sent in software. The
only type of interrupt that the “Arduino language” supports is the attach Interrupt ()
function.
Using Interrupts in Arduino
Interrupts are very useful in Arduino programs as it helps in solving timing problems. A good
application of an interrupt is reading a rotary encoder or observing a user input. Generally, an
ISR should be as short and fast as possible. If your sketch uses multiple ISRs, only one can
run at a time. Other interrupts will be executed after the current one finishes in an order that
depends on the priority they have.
Typically, global variables are used to pass data between an ISR and the main program. To
make sure variables shared between an ISR and the main program are updated correctly,
declare them as volatile.
 LOW to trigger the interrupt whenever the pin is low.
 CHANGE to trigger the interrupt whenever the pin changes value.
 FALLING whenever the pin goes from high to low.

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6.LANGUAGE REFERENCES:
The Microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming
language (based on wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on
processing).
6.1 Arduino Programming Language (APL) (based on wiring)
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical
computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming environment.
6.1.2 Wiring
Wiring is an open-source programming framework for microcontrollers. Wiring allows writing
cross-platform software to control devices attached to a wide range of microcontroller boards
to create all kinds of creative coding, interactive objects, spaces or physical experiences. The
framework is thoughtfully created with designers and artists in mind to encourage a community
where beginners through experts from around the world share ideas, knowledge and their
collective experience. There are thousands of students, artists, designers, researchers, and
hobbyists who use Wiring for learning, prototyping, and finished professional work production.
6.2. Arduino development environment (based on processing)
6.2.1 Processing
Processing is an open source programming language and environment for people who want to
create images, animations, and interactions. Initially developed to serve as a software
sketchbook and to teach fundamentals of computer programming within a visual context,
Processing also has evolved into a tool for generating finished professional work. Today, there
are tens of thousands of students, artists, designers, researchers, and hobbyists who use
Processing for learning, prototyping, and production.
6.2.2 Software
The software used by the Arduino is Arduino IDE. the Arduino IDE is a cross-platform
application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming
language and the Wiring project. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other
newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such
as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of
compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need
to edit make files or run programs on command-line interface. Although building on command-
line is possible if required with some third-party tools such as Ion. The Arduino IDE comes
with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project of the same name), which makes many
common input/outputs operations much easier. Arduino programs are written in C/C++,
although users only need define two functions to make a runnable program:
setup () – a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
loop () – a function called repeatedly until the board powers of.

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A typical first program for a microcontroller simply blinks a LED on and off. In the Arduino
environment, the user might write a program like this
#define LED_PIN 13
void setup () {
pin Mode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // enable pin 13 for digital output
}
void loop () {
digital Write (LED_PIN, HIGH); // turn on the LED
delay (1000); // wait one second (1000
milliseconds)
digital Write (LED_PIN, LOW); // turn off the LED
delay (1000); // wait one second
}

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7.LCD interfacing with Arduino
From the circuit diagram, we can observe that the RS pin of the LCD is connected to the pin
12 of the Arduino. The LCD of R/W pin is connected to the ground. The pin 11 of the Arduino
is connected to the enable signal pin of LCD module. The LCD module & Arduino module are
interfaced with the 4-bit mode in this project. Hence there are four input lines which are DB4
to DB7 of the LCD. This process very simple, it requires fewer connection cables and also, we
can utilize the most potential of the LCD module.
LCD Interfacing with the Arduino Module
The digital input lines (DB4-DB7) are interfaced with the Arduino pins from 5-2. To adjust the
contrast of the display here we are using a 10K potentiometer. The current through the back
LED light is from the 560-ohm resistor. The external power jack is provided by the board to
the Arduino. Using the PC through the USB port the Arduino can power. Some parts of the
circuit can require the +5V power supply it is taken from the 5V source on the Arduino board.

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In Arduino based embedded system design, the Liquid Crystal Display modules play a very
important role. Hence it is very important to learn about how to interface with an Arduino of
16×2 in embedded system design. The display units are very important in communication
between the human world and the machine world. The display unit work on the same principle,
it does not depend on the size of the display it may be big or the small. We are working with
the simple displays like 16×1 and 16×2 units. The 16×1 display unit has the 16 characters
which present in one line and 16×2 display units have 32 characters which are present in the 2
line. We should know that to display each character there are 5×10 pixels. Thus, to display one
character all the 50 pixels should be together. In the display, there is a controller which is
HD44780 it is used to control the pixels of characters to display.
The following schematic diagram shows the LCD module interfacing with the Arduino.
Schematic Diagram

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8.OTHER APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO
The following are the applications of the Arduino
 For making Drones
 For making Line follower Robot
 For usage in Internet of Things (IoT).
 For making security devices for home.
 For Automatic Opening Dustbin with Ultrasonic Sensor.
 For making line follower robot.
 To measure Temperature.
 Mini Stereo Radio with RDA5807.
 Traffic Light Count Down Timer
 Parking Lot Counted
 Weighing Machines
 Medical Instrument
 Emergency Light for Railways
 Window Aircon controller
 Washing Machine
 Microwave Over
 Security Systems
 CCTV Switchers
 ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module-based home appliances control.
 GSM based Farm motor controlling.
 Android phone-controlled robot car.
 Water level indicator.
 GRBL CNC mini router.
 Learning & experimenting
 Prototyping & validation
 Sacrificial concepts (user research)
 temporary installations & demonstrations

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9.Advantages of the Arduino
1. Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller
platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand,
and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50.
2. Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
3. Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is
easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as
well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so
students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with the look and feel of
Arduino.
4. Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source
tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded
through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the
leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly,
you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
5. Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA8
and ATMEGA168 microcontrollers. The plans for the modules are published under a
Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of
the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build
the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.
6. Easy to learn for beginners: Programming environment is easy-to-use for beginners, yet
flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. Another big advantage of
Arduino is its library of examples present inside the software of Arduino IDE.

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10.Reference
1. https://www.quora.com
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/arduino_stepper_motor.htm
3. https://www.learnvern.com
4. https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-interrupts-tutorial/
5. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Froboticsbackend.com%2Fardui
nointerrupts%2F&psig=AOvVaw2tigtq28CWTLwJeEpsvGle&ust=1592746151730000&
source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCPDO4fm_kOoCFQAAAAAdAAAAA
BAJ
6. Jonathan Oxer, Hugh blamings’ “Practical Arduino-cool projects for open source
hardware”
7. Simon monk “30 ARDUINO PROJECTS for the EVIL GENIUS”.
8. http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Projects/ArduinoUsers
9. . http://www.arduinothedocumentary.org
10. http://www.google.com
11. http://www.accessories.android.com

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