REPORT ON AUDIT COURSE PYTHON BY SANA 2.pdf

A Report
On Audit Course (Python)
TAUGHT BY
PROF. KANNAN MOUDGALYA
IIT BOMBAY
Submitted By Submitted To
SANA PARVEEN MOINA MAM
21PKPM102 (Assistant Professor)
GM6514
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM STUDIES
ZAKIR HUSAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGYALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY,
ALIGARH
2022-2023

Table of Content
CHAPTER 1. Introduction
1.1 Python
1.2 Scripting Language
1.3 Object-Oriented Programming
1.4 History of Python
1.5 Behind the Scene of Python
CHAPTER 2. Downloading & Installing Python
2.1 Downloading Python
2.2 Installing Python
2.3 Setup path of variable
2.4 Running The Python IDE
2.5 Python Code Execution.
CHAPTER 3. Data Types & Operator
3.1 Variables

3.2 String
3.3 Python Operator
3.3.1 Arithmetic Operator
3.3.2 Comparison Operator
3.3.3 Logical Operator
CHAPTER 4. Tuple & List
4.1 Tuple
4.1.1 Accessing Tuple Values
4.1.2 Built-in Operation
4.1.3 Built-in Functions
4.2 List
4.2.1 Accessing List Values
4.2.2 Built-in Operation
4.2.3 Built-in Functions
CHAPTER 5. Loops & Conditional Statements
5.1 Loops 5.1.1Loops
Definition

5.1.2 Loops Example
5.2 Conditional Statement
5.2.1 Conditional Statement Definition
5.2.2 Conditional Statement Example
5.3 Function
5.3.1 Syntex & Examples
CHAPTER 6. Uses & Scope
6.1 Scope of Python
6.2 What can we do With Python?
6.3 Who Uses Python Today?
6.4 Why do People Use Python

Python
Chapter-: 1
Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming
language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows
programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages
such as C++ or Java. The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on
both a small and large scale.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, and
functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic
memory management and has a large andcomprehensive standard library. Python interpreters
are available for installation on many operating systems, allowing Python code execution on a
wide variety of systems.
Scripting Language
A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts, and programs
written for a special run-time environment that automates the execution of tasks that could
alternatively be executed one by one by a humanoperator.
Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled). Primitives are usually
elementary tasks or API calls, and the language allows them to be combined into more complex
programs. Environments that can be automated through scripting include software
applications, web pages within a

web browser, the shells of operating systems (OS), embedded systems, as wellas numerous
games.
A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a particular
environment; in the case of scripting an application, this is also known as an extension
language. Scripting languages are also sometimes referred to as very high-level programming
languages, as they operate at ahigh level of abstraction, or as control languages.
Object Oriented Programming Language
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on theconcept of
"objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code,
in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A distinguishing feature of objects is that
an object's procedures canaccess and often modify the data fields of the object with which
they are associated (objects have a notion of "this" or "self").
In OO programming, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that
interact with one another. There is significant diversity in object-oriented programming, but
most popular languages are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes, which
typically also determines their type.
History
Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in December 1989
by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successorto the ABC language (itself
inspired by SETL) capable of exception handling and

interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum is Python's principal author,
and his continuing central role in deciding the direction ofPython is reflected in the title
given to him by the Python community, benevolent dictator for life (BDFL).
“Python is an experiment in how much freedom programmers need.Too much
freedom and nobody can read another's code; too little and expressiveness is
endangered.”
- Guido van Rossum

Behind The Scene of Python
About the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996:
Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a "hobby" programming project that
would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. My office ... would be closed,
but I had a home Computer, and not much else on my hands. I decided to write an interpreter
for the new scriptinglanguage I had been thinking about lately: a descendant of ABC that
would appeal to Unix/C hackers. I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in a
slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying Circus).

Downloading Python
Chapter-: 2
If you don’t already have a copy of Python installed on your computer, you will
need to open up your Internet browser and go to the Python download page
(http://www.python.org/download/).
Now that you are on the download page, select which software builds you want to
download. For the purposes of this article, we will use the most up-to-date version available
(Python 3.4.1).
Once you have clicked on that, you will be taken to a page with a description ofall the new
updates and features of 3.4.1, however, you can always read that

while the download is in process. Scroll to the bottom of the page till you findthe
“Download” section and click on the link that says “download page.”
Now you will scroll all the way to the bottom of the page and find the “Windows x86 MSI
installer.” If you want to download the 86-64 Bit MSI, feel free to do so. We believe that
even if you have a 64-bit operating system installed on your computer, the 86-bit MSI is
preferable. We say this because it will still run well and sometimes, with the 64-bit
architectures, some of the compiled binaries, and Python libraries don’t work well.

Installing Python
Once you have downloaded the Python MSI, simply navigate to the download location on
your computer, double-click the file, and press Run when the dialog box pops up.
If you are the only person who uses your computer, simply leave the “Install for all users”
option selected. If you have multiple accounts on your PC and don’t want to install it across
all accounts, select the “Install just for me” option then press “Next.”

f you want to change the install location, feel free to do so; however, it is best to leave it asis
and simply select next, otherwise...
Scroll down in the window, find the “Add Python.exe to Path” and click on the small red“x.”
Choose the “Will be installed on local hard drive” option then press “Next.”
Now that you have completed the installation process, click on “Finish.

Setup the Path Variable
Begin by opening the start menu, typing in “environment” and selecting the option “Edit the
system environment variables.”
When the “System Properties” window appears, click on “Environment Variables…”
Once you open the “Environment Variables” window, direct your focus to the bottomhalf.
You will notice that it controls all the “System Variables” rather than just this associated with
your user. Click on “New…” to create a new variable for Python.

Simply enter a name for your Path and the code shown below. For the purposes of this
example, we have installed Python 2.7.3, so we will call the path: “Pythonpath.”
The string that you will need to enter is: “C:Python27; C:Python27Scripts;”
Running The Python IDE

Now that we have successfully completed the installation process and added us
“Environment Variable,” you are ready to create your first basic Python script. Let’s begin by
opening Python’s GUI by pressing “Start” typing “Python” and selecting the “IDLE (Python
GUI).”
Once the GUI is open, we will begin by using the simplest directive possible. This is the
“print” directive which simply prints whatever you tell it to, into a new line. Start by typing a
print directive like the one shown in the image below or copy and paste this text then press
“Enter”: print (“Congratulations on executing your first print directive!”)

Python Code Execution
Python’s traditional runtime execution model: source code you type is translated to byte code,
which is then run by the Python Virtual Machine. Yourcode is automatically compiled, but
then it is interpreted.
The source code extension is .py
The byte code extension is .pyc (compiled Python code)

Data Type
Chapter-: 3
Data types determine whether an object can do something, or whether it just would not make
sense. Other programming languages often determine whether an operation makes sense for
an object by making sure the object cannever be stored somewhere where the operation will
be performed on the object (this type of system is called static typing). Python does not do that.
Instead, it stores the type of an object with the object, and checks when theoperation is
performed whether that operation makes sense for that object(this is called dynamic
typing).
Python has many native data types. Here are the important ones:
Booleans are either True or False.
Numbers can be integers (1 and 2), floats (1.1 and 1.2), fractions (1/2 and
2/3), or even complex numbers.
Strings are sequences of Unicode characters, e.g., an HTML document.
Bytes and byte arrays, e.g., a JPEG image file.
Lists are ordered sequences of values.
Tuples are ordered, immutable sequences of values.
Sets are unordered bags of values.

Variable
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when
you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.
Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and decides what can
be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables,
you can store integers, decimals, or characters in these variables.
Ex:
counter = 100 # An integer assignment
miles = 1000.0 # A floating point
name = "John" # A string
String
In programming terms, we usually call text a string. The term makes sense when you
think of a string as a collection of letters.
This book's letters, numbers, and symbols could be a string.For that
matter, your name could be a string, and so could your address.
Creating Strings
In Python, we create a string by putting quotes around the text. For example, we could take
ourotherwise useless
• "hello"+"world" "helloworld" # concatenation
• "hello"*3 "hellohellohello" # repetition
• "hello"[0] "h" # indexing

• "hello"[-1] "o" # (from end)
• "hello"[1:4] "ell" # slicing
• len("hello") 5 # size
• "hello" < "jello" 1 # comparison
• "e" in "hello" 1 # search
Python Operator
Arithmetic Operator
Operator Meaning Example
+ Add two operands or unary plus
x + y
+2
- Subtract the right operand from the left or unary minus
x - y
-2
* Multiply two operands x * y
/
Divide the left operand by the right one (always results in
float)
x / y
%
Modulus – the remainder of the division of the left operand
by theright
x % y
(remainderof
x/y)
//
Floor division – a division that results in the whole
numberadjusted to the left in the number line
x // y
** Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right
x**y (x to the
power y)

Comparison Operator
> Greater than - True if the left operand is greater than the right x > y
< Less than - True if the left operand is less than the right x < y
== Equal to - True if both operands are equal
x ==
y
!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal
x!=
y
>=
Greater than or equal to - True if the left operand is greater than or
equalto the right
x >=
y
<=
Less than or equal to - True if the left operand is less than or equal to
theright
x <=
y
Logical Operator
Operator Meaning Example
and True if both the operands are true x and y
or True if either of the operands is true x or y
not
True if the operand is false (complements
theoperand)
not x

Tuples
Chapter-: 4
A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, justlike lists. The
differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and tuples
use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.
Creating a tuple is as simple as putting different comma-separated values. Optionally you
can put these comma-separated values between parenthesesalso. For example −
tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
tup3 = "a", "b", "c", "d";
Accessing Values in Tuples:
To access values in a tuple, use the square brackets for slicing along with theindex or
indices to obtain the value available at that index. For example −
tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);
print "tup1[0]: ", tup1[0]
print "tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5]
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −tup1[0]:
physics
tup2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
Basic Tuples Operations
Tuples respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean concatenation and
repetition here too, except that the result is a new tuple,

not a string. In fact, tuples respond to all of the general sequence operationswe used on
strings in the prior chapter −
Python Expression Results Description
Len ((1, 2, 3)) 3 Length
(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Concatenation
('Hi!',) * 4 ('Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!') Repetition
3 in (1, 2, 3) True Membership
for x in (1, 2, 3): print x, 1 2 3 Iteration
Built-in Tuple Functions
Python includes the following tuple functions −
SN Function with Description
1 cmp(tuple1, tuple2) Compares elements of both tuples.
2 len(tuple) Gives the total length of the tuple.
3 max(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with max value.
4 min(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with min value.
5 tuple(seq) Converts a list into tuple.

List
The list is the most versatile datatype available in Python which can be written asa list of
comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. An important thing about a list is
that items in a list need not be of the same type.
Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated valuesbetween
square brackets. For example −
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];
Similar to string indices, list indices start at 0, and lists can be sliced,
concatenated, and so on.
Accessing Values in Lists:
To access values in lists, use the square brackets for slicing along with the indexor indices to
obtain the value available at that index. For example −
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
print "list1[0]: ", list1[0]
print "list2[1:5]: ",
list2[1:5]Output: list1[0]:
physics list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4,
5]
Update: list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
print "Value available at index 2: "
print list [2] list
[2] = 2001;
print "New value available at index 2: "

print list [2]
Output: Value available at index 2: 1997New
value available at index 2: 2001
Delete list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];print list1
del list1[2];
print "After deleting value at index 2: "print
list1
['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000] Output:
After deleting value at index 2:['physics',
'chemistry', 2000]
Basic List Operation
Python Expression Results Description
Len ([1, 2, 3]) 3 Length
[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation
['Hi!'] * 4 ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition
3 in [1, 2, 3] True Membership
for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, 1 2 3 Iteration
Built-in List Functions & Methods:

SN Function with Description
1 CMP (list1, list2) Compares elements of both lists.
2 Len (list) Gives the total length of the list.
3 max(list) Returns item from the list with max value.
4 min(list) Returns item from the list with min value.
5 list(seq) Converts a tuple into the list.
Python includes the following list of methods
SN Methods with Description
1 list.append(obj) Appends object obj to list
2 list.count(obj) Returns count of how many times obj occurs in the list
3 list.extend(seq) Appends the contents of seq to list
4 list.index(obj) Returns the lowest index in a list that obj appears
5 list. insert(index, obj) Inserts object obj into a list at offset index
6 list.pop(obj=list[-1]) Removes and returns the last object or obj from the list
7 list.remove(obj) Removes object obj from the list
8 list.reverse() Reverses objects of the list in place
9 list.sort([func]) Sorts objects of a list, use compare func if given

Chapter-: 5
Loops
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for morecomplicated
execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statementsmultiple times.
The following diagram illustrates a loop statement −
Python programming language provides the following types of loops to handlelooping
requirements.
Loop Type Description
while loop Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given
condition is TRUE. It tests the condition beforeexecuting the
loop body.
for loop Executes a sequence of statements multiple timesand
abbreviates the code that manages the loop

variable.
nested loops You can use one or more loop inside any anotherwhile,
for or do. while loop.
Example:
For Loop:
>>> for mynum in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
print "Hello", mynum
Hello 1
Hello 2
Hello 3
Hello 4
Hello 5
While Loop:
>>> count = 0
>>> while (count < 4):
print 'The count is:', countcount
= count + 1
The count is: 0
The count is: 1
The count is: 2
The count is: 3

Conditional Statements:
Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of theprogram and
specifying actions taken according to the conditions.
Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce TRUE or FALSE as
outcome. You need to determine which action to take and whichstatements to execute if
outcome is TRUE or FALSE otherwise.
Python programming language provides following types of decision-makingstatements.
Click the following links to check their detail.
Statement Description
if statements An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed
by one or more statements.
if...else statements An if statement can be followed by an optional else
statement, which executes when the boolean expressionis
FALSE.
nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else if statement(s).

Example:
If Statement:
>>> state = “Texas”
>>> if state == “Texas”:
print “TX
TX
If...Else Statement:
>>> if state == “Texas”
print “TX”
else:
print “[inferior state]”
If...Else...If Statement:
>>> if name == “Paige”
print “Hi Paige!”
elif name == “Walker”:
print “Hi Walker!”
else:
print “Imposter!”
Function
Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function nameand parentheses
(()).

Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses. You can also
define parameters inside these parentheses.
The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - thedocumentation
string of the function.
The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.
The statement returns [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back anexpression to
the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the same asreturn None.
Syntex:
def functionname (parameters):
"function_docstring" function_suite
return [expression]
Example:
1. def printme (str):
"This prints a passed string into this function"print str
return
2. # Function definition is here
def printme (str):
"This prints a passed string into this function"print str
return;
# Now you can call printme function printme ("I'm first
call to user defined function!") printme ("Again second
call to the same function")

Chapter-: 6
Scope of Python
Science
- Bioinformatics
System Administration
-Unix
-Web logic
-Web sphere
Web Application Development
-CGI
Testing scripts
What Can We do With Python?
System programming
Graphical User Interface Programming
Internet Scripting
Component Integration
Database Programming
Gaming, Images, XML, Robot and more
Who Uses Python Today?
 Python is being applied in real revenue-generating products by realcompanies.

 Google makes extensive use of Python in its web search system, andemploys
Python’s creator.
 Intel, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Seagate, Qualcomm, and IBM use Pythonfor hardware
testing.
 ESRI uses Python as an end-user customization tool for its popular GISmapping
products.
 The YouTube video sharing service is largely written in Python.
Why Do People Use Python?
The following primary factors cited by Python usersseem to
be these:
 Python is object-oriented
o Structure supports such concepts as polymorphism, operation
overloading, and multiple inheritance.
 Indentation
o Indentation is one of the greatest futures in Python.
 It's free (open source)
o Downloading and installing Python is free and easy
o Source code is easily accessible
 It's powerful
o Dynamic typing
o Built-in types and tools
o Library utilities
o Third-party utilities (e.g., Numeric, NumPy, SciPy)
o Automatic memory management
 It's portable
o Python runs virtually every major platform used today
o As long as you have a compatible Python interpreter installed, Python
programs will run in exactly the same manner, irrespectiveof platform

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