Bauer Media Group is a large, privately owned international media company headquartered in Hamburg, Germany. It operates over 300 magazines across 15 countries, as well as online, television, and radio stations. Examples of magazines produced include Bella and Take a Break.
IPC Media is a large UK-based publisher of consumer magazines and digital content. It owns over 60 well-known media brands across multiple platforms. Examples include NME and Country Life magazines.
Emap International was a British business-to-business media company specializing in industry magazines, events, and conferences. It owned brands in sectors like retail, health, construction, and fashion. Examples of magazines included Architects Journal and Retail.