Robotix Tutorial 6
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The document discusses sensors used in robotics. It describes common sensors like light dependent resistors (LDRs), light emitting diodes (LEDs), thermistors, and infrared (IR) photo diodes that are used to detect light, temperature, and proximity. It provides an example of how an optical sensor array and steering controller can be used to make a line following robot that tracks a line on a surface using sensor feedback. The line following algorithm assigns weights to the sensor readings and uses the weighted sum to determine the line position and control the robot's steering.
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Obstacle Avoidance Robot: Design and Developmentrdramdayalpro **Obstacle Avoidance Robot: Design and Development**
### **Introduction**
Obstacle avoidance is a fundamental requirement for autonomous robots to navigate their environments efficiently and safely. An **Obstacle Avoidance Robot** (OAR) is designed to detect and avoid obstacles while moving through a predefined or unknown space. These robots have applications in various fields such as industrial automation, search and rescue operations, autonomous vehicles, and home automation. The primary goal of an obstacle avoidance system is to enable the robot to move independently without human intervention while preventing collisions.
### **Working Principle of an Obstacle Avoidance Robot**
The obstacle avoidance robot relies on sensors to detect obstructions in its path and makes real-time decisions to navigate safely. The general working principle involves:
1. **Sensor Detection:** The robot uses sensors such as ultrasonic, infrared (IR), or LiDAR to scan its surroundings.
2. **Data Processing:** The data from the sensors is processed using a microcontroller or an onboard computer to identify potential obstacles.
3. **Decision Making:** Based on the sensor input, an algorithm determines the best possible path to avoid obstacles.
4. **Actuation:** The motor driver executes the movement commands, steering the robot away from obstructions.
### **Components of an Obstacle Avoidance Robot**
#### **1. Sensors**
- **Ultrasonic Sensors:** Emit sound waves and measure the time taken for the echo to return, allowing for distance measurement.
- **Infrared Sensors:** Detect objects by measuring the reflection of IR rays.
- **LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging):** Provides a high-resolution 3D map of the surroundings by measuring reflected laser light.
- **Camera/Vision Sensors:** Used in advanced robots to detect and classify obstacles using image processing.
#### **2. Microcontroller or Processor**
- **Arduino:** Commonly used for basic robots due to ease of programming and affordability.
- **Raspberry Pi:** Preferred for robots that require image processing and machine learning.
- **Microcontrollers like PIC or STM32:** Used in real-time embedded systems for fast decision-making.
#### **3. Motor Driver and Actuators**
- **DC Motors or Servo Motors:** Drive the wheels or legs of the robot.
- **Stepper Motors:** Used for precise movement control.
- **Motor Driver Circuit:** Controls the power and direction of motors (e.g., L298N, H-Bridge circuits).
#### **4. Power Supply**
- **Battery Pack:** Lithium-ion or lead-acid batteries provide power.
- **Solar Panels:** Used for sustainable energy in outdoor applications.
#### **5. Software and Algorithms**
- **Embedded C/Python:** Programming languages used for robot control.
- **Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
IRJET - The Line Follower -and- Pick and Place Robot
IRJET - The Line Follower -and- Pick and Place RobotIRJET Journal This document describes the design and implementation of a line follower and pick-and-place robot. It discusses the components used, including an Arduino microcontroller, IR sensors for line following, ultrasonic sensors for object detection, motor drivers, and servo motors. It explains how the line follower robot uses IR sensors to follow a black line on a white surface. The pick-and-place robot uses a robotic arm attached to a mobile base to pick up and transport objects. The arm consists of motors to control movement and a servo motor for gripping. The system is controlled wirelessly via Bluetooth from a mobile app. The robots were designed and built as prototypes to demonstrate their capabilities in automated tasks.
Line of the system that follower Robot.pptx
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robotics and its componentsAmandeep Kaur Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. A robot is usually an electro-mechanical machine that can be programmed and guided by a computer to perform tasks automatically. Isaac Asimov popularized the three laws of robotics: 1) a robot cannot harm a human, 2) a robot must obey human orders unless they conflict with the first law, and 3) a robot must protect its own existence as long as it does not conflict with the first two laws. Common robot projects include line-following robots, wall-following robots, and robots that use sensors like IR sensors, temperature sensors, and timers.
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embedded system reportmanish katara The document provides an introduction to robotics and line path followers. It discusses what robots are and their common applications. Robots are mechanical devices that perform automated tasks under direct or indirect human control. They are used for dangerous, difficult, repetitive or dull tasks. The document also describes different types of mobile robots, including rolling and walking robots. It then discusses the basic components, working and circuit diagram of a line path follower robot. Key sensors used in robots like IR sensors and their operating methods of through-beam, reflex and proximity detection are explained.
Final presentation
Final presentationPrabinDawadi2 This slide was made for partial fulfillment of engineering project by students of the department of electrical and electronics engineering Kathmandu University, Nepal.
Cybersecurity and its Application Perspective.pptx
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Robotics- IntroductionNarayani Naresh Kumar This document provides an overview of robots, including their essential parts and types. It describes what a robot is, the key components that robots require like sensing, movement, energy and intelligence. It outlines different types of robots for industrial, domestic, medical and other applications. The document discusses the essential electronics and mechanical components needed for building robots, such as breadboards, sensors, motors, and integrated circuits. It provides examples of basic robot types like line followers that detect black and white surfaces using light sensors.
Presentation1
Presentation1Paras Mishra This document describes a line following robot project created by students at the Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science Indore. The robot uses 3 IR sensor pairs and 2 motors to follow a black line on a white surface. It works by using the IR sensors to detect the line and send signals to the motor control circuitry, which instructs the motors to move the robot forward or turn as needed to stay on the line. The document discusses the components, working model, block diagram, applications and conclusions of the project. It proposes areas for future work, such as using a microcontroller and color sensors to add obstacle avoidance and other capabilities to the robot.
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340211628-Line-Follower-Robot-Presentation.pdfdivyanshuranjan9973 The document describes a line following robot with obstacle detection capabilities. It uses a PIC microcontroller, IR sensors, motors and other components. The robot follows a black line but can detect and stop for objects in its path, then continue once the object is removed. It has applications in automated delivery systems, factories and tours. The hardware and software work together to sense the line and navigate corners while avoiding obstacles.
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- 1. TECHNOLOGY ROBOTICS SOCIETY Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
- 2. A TUTORIAL ON ROBOTICS Sensors
- 3. Basic Parts Of Our Mobile Robot Locomotion system Power supply system Actuators Sensory devices for feedback Sensor Data processing unit Control system Copyright © Robotix Team, IIT Kharagpur
- 4. Sensors Analogous to human sensory organs Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin Sensors help the robot knowing its surroundings better Improves its actions and decision making ability Provides feedback control
- 5. LDR - Light Dependent Resistor Made of cadmium sulphide Resistance between two terminals vary depending on the intensity of light Can be used to differentiate contrast colours
- 6. LED – Light Emitting Diodes Used generally with LDRs to make a complete sensor module. Act as a source of light for the LDRs. The main specification of LED are its current rating=20mA, typical cut in voltage=2V,voltage is around 4.5V.
- 7. Thermistor Manufactured from the oxides of the transition metals - manganese, cobalt, copper and nickel Resistor depends on temperature Commonly available temperature sensors are LM35,DS1621 thermistor.
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- 12. Block Layout of Line Follower Optical Sensor Array Steering Controller Left Motor Right Motor
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