Role of secondary metabolite in plant defence
- 1. ROLE OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN PLANT DEFENSE MECHANISM Submitted To The Principal Mahatma Gandhi mission College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Aurangabad Affiliated to Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani ( ISO 9001:2008 Certified) Submitted by Shinde Devidas Raghu Registration no- MGM/CABT/2011/65 Semester-VII (new) CS-4713 Seminar guide Asst. professor - V.D.DESHMUKH Department of Plant
- 2. Sr.No Content Slide No. 1 Introducttion 3 2 Types of metabolites 3 3 Classification of sec.metaboolites 5 4 Resistance 6 5 Types of Resistance 6 6 Defense mechanism 9 7 Role of Sec.Metabolism 16 8 Applications 17 Index
- 3. ROLE OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN PLANT DEFENSE MECHANISM INTRODUCTION Plants synthesize a vast range of organic compounds that are traditionally classified as primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites compounds that have essential roles associated with photosynthesis, respiration, and growth and development Examples :- Phytosterols, acyl lipids, nucleotides, amino acids
- 4. Secondary metabolites organic molecules that are not involved in the normal growth and development of an plant. Absence of it does not result in immediate death, but in long-term impairment of the organism’s survivability, often playing an important role in plant defense. Most of secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, phenolic compounds and alkaloids are classified based on their biosynthetic origin. Do not have generally recognised roles in the photosynthesis, respiration, solute transport, translocation, nutrient assimilation and differentiation. major role in the adaptation of plants to the changing environment and in overcoming stress constraints. Examples;-solasodine,alkaloid,glycoalkoloide, Anthocynin, Flavonoids, Solanin, Alanine,Tomatidine,etc
- 5. Classification of secondary metabolites 1. Terpens 2. Phenollic compound 3. Nitrogen containing compound
- 6. Resistance Ability or capability of plant to prevent itself from foreign invading pathogen . Types of Resistance Two types of resistance. 1. Horizontal resistance 2. Vertical resistance Horizontal resistance All plants have certain but not always the same level of possibly unspecific resistance that is effective each of their pathogen such resistance is called as Horizontal resistance or it also called partial/polygenic/Quntitative Probably controlled by several genes therefore the name
- 7. limited number of genes, usually less than 4 to 5 are most effective to resistance. Several genes involved in partial resistance seems to exit their influence by controlling the numerous steps of physiological process in the plant that provide material and structure that makes up the defense mechanism. Many cases one of these genes alone may be ineffective against the pathogen and play minor role in total horizontal resistance(minor gene resistance)
- 8. Vertical resistance Race specific resistance is always controlled by one or few genes.so called as Monogenic. Oligogenic resistance Race specific resistance inhibits the initial establishment of pathogen. Complete resistance may be provided by single gene and it provide a resistance. Ex- Wheat has 20 to 40 genes for resistance against leaf rust fungus puccnia recondite. Also referred as Monogenic/R-gene resistance/race specific resistance. Host and pathogen appears incompatible. Host responds with hypersensitive reaction may appear immune or inhibit pathogen reproduction.
- 9. Defense The ability or capability to fight against the invading pathogens Mechanism of Defense two kinds of defense mechanism viz. 1. Active mechanism of defense. 2. Passive mechanism of defense . 1. Chemical defense Defense response in plants can be induced by physical presence of fungal spore, pathogen, penetration, nonspecific elicitors. Qualitative metabolites are a toxins that interfere the Geranium produces chemical compound in its petals to
- 10. It produces the chemicals within 30 minutes of ingestion the paralyzes the herbivore plants have evolved many secondary metabolites involved in plant. 1. Local signal It is first response activated before induction of expression and protein synthesis. Example:-Ion fluxes, reactive oxygen species(ROS) production photophosphorylation on cascade. 2. Cytoskeleton Defense the attack of potential pathogen prior to penetration. plant defense protein as osmotin and chitinase are associated with cytoskeleton.
- 11. 2.Mechanical defenses The Thorns on the stem of raspberry plant, serves as a mechanical defense against the herbivory. plant structural defenses on stems and leaves can deter, injure, or kill the grazer. Some defensive compounds are produced internally but are released onto the plants surface. Ex- resins, lignins, silica, and wax cover the epidermis of terrestrial plants Very smooth and slippery structure making feeding difficult. Some plants produces gummosis or sap that traps insects.
- 12. 1.Thigmonasty movement of plant that occur in response to touch, are used as a defense in some plant. The leaves of sensitive plant close up rapidly in response to direct touch, vibration, or even electrical and thermal stimuli. Ex-Mimosa pudica 2. Leaf shedding and colour Leaf shedding may be a response that provides protection against disease and pest such as leaf miners and gall forming insects. change of leaf color prior to fall of pathogen. plants leaves stem may be covered with sharp prickles, spines, thorns, or trichomes hairs on the leaf often with barbs, sometimes containing irritants or poisons.
- 13. . plant structural features like spines and thorns reduce feeding Branching and leaf arrangement may also to reduce herbivore impact. In coconut and other palms, may protect their fruit by layers of amours special skills to climb the tall and relatively smooth trunk.
- 14. Plant disease resistance Plant protects by two ways viz. by preformed mechanisms and by infection-induced responses of the immune system Disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant disease resistance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage despite substantial pathogen levels. Plant disease resistance is crucial to the reliable production of food, provides significant reductions in agricultural use of land, water, fuel and other inputs. Plants in both natural and cultivated populations carry inherent disease resistance, but this has not always protected them.
- 15. Non-protein amino acids Many plants also contain unusual amino acid called non-protein amino. They exert their toxicity. block the synthesis of or uptake of protein amino acid while other can be mistakenly incorporated into protein. After ingestion, canavanine is recognized by herbivore enzyme plants that synthesize non- protein amino acids are not susceptible to the toxicity of these compounds but gains defense to herbivorous animals, insects and pathogenic microbes.
- 16. Role of Secondary Metabolites in Defense For protect the plant from invading pathogens Helps to improve the shelf life of plant. Helps to keep the the plant healthy. Decreases the infection by some diseases and pests also. Useful in preparation of perfumes, or aromatic substances. It has virtually imp in attracting the animals for pollination. Sometimes for else were for seed dispersal. Decreases the use of insecticides,pesticides,and fungicides also. It improves the immunity of plant.
- 17. Applications It has wide application in pharmaceutical. In production of insecticides. In preparation of pesticides. In drug development. In preparation of antibiotics. Useful for the defense purpose. In plant it regulate the metabolism process. It acts as coloring agents itself
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