Role of sustainability indices in tall buildings
- 1. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE TALL STRUCTURES Evolution and Innovation ROLE OF SUSTAINABILITY INDICES IN TALL BUILDINGS A J I T S A B N I S
- 2. 1. OVERVIEW 2. SUSTAINABILITY IN TRUE SENSE 3. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS 4. SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT 5. CONCEPT OF FIGURE OF MERIT 6. CASE STUDY ………………………………….. Acknowledgements: Some of the Figures, Images and Tables are outsourced from internet. These are being used only for knowledge dissemination and not for commercial use. We thank all those original sources from where these are picked and depicted here.
- 3. It all began at the Rio, Brazil, Earth Summit In 1992. The Convention included the adoption of the UN Framework on Climate Change. This convention set out a framework for action aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to avoid “ dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” 1. OVERVIEW
- 4. FOLLOWED BY: • Kyoto Protocol (COP3) Kyoto, Japan, 1997. Setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. • Placed a heavier burden on developed nations, being responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity
- 5. The detailed rules of Kyoto Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the “ Marrakesh Accords ”. COP 22 is again in MORRACO this month.
- 6. • INDIA PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE. • 195 COUNTRIES PARTICIPATED • DEVELOPED NATIONS PLEDGED • FINACIAL ASSISTANCE OF 100 B-USD • TO STRIVE HARD TO HOLD GLOBAL TEMPRATURE RISE BELOW 1.5 DEGREES • COUNTRIES WERE BOUND BY INDCs THEN CAME : COP 21, THE PARIS SUMMIT, 2015 INDC : Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
- 8. • Annually, 220 billion rupees of CSR money is to be spent on environmental initiatives. • Propagate Sustainable Living • Adopt Eco-friendly Paths / Mechanisms • Reduce GHG emission by 35% by 2025 • Generate 40% of the total power required using renewable energy technologies. • Create additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes by 2030. • In addition to this India has strategized many GHG reduction measures. India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)
- 9. INDIA CO2 6.5% Construction Industry contribution 40 % OPERATIVRE PHASE 75 to 80 % PRE USE AND OTHER PHASES 20 TO 25 % EXTENSIVE STUDY DONE ON THIS PHASE NEGLECTED PHASE . HENCE OUR FOCUS
- 10. PRE USE AND OTHER PHASES 20 TO 25 % CRADLE TO CRADLE SYSTEM BOUNDARY
- 11. 2. SUSTAINABILITY IN TRUE SENSE TRUE SUSTAINABILITY: Holistic Integration of all the three independent environmental entities. We focus on the sphere of Natural Environment.
- 12. World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) : "development which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Resource Depletion- Global Warming-Ecological Rucksack Impact Sustainable development Most appropriate definition for engineers
- 13. An indicator helps us to understand where we are, which way we are going and how far we are from where we want to be. A good indicator alerts to a problem before it gets too bad and helps you recognize what needs to be done to fix the problem. Sustainability Indicator ? Indicators of a sustainable community point to areas where the links between the economy, environment and society are weak.
- 14. COMPENDIUM OF SUSTAINABLE INDICATOR INITIATIVE TALKS ABOUT 500 + INDICATORS LIVING PLANET INDEX (LPI) : Global Biodiversity Indicator ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT INDEX (EFI) : Measures Land and Water requirement to sustain life on earth. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) : Deals with Social Dimension, Literacy, Life expectancy etc. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX (ESI) : Quantifies whether a country is capable of preserving its Natural Resources ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI) : Deals with stresses in human beings due to environmental deterioration.
- 15. CITY DEVELOPMENT INDEX (CDI) INFRASTRUCTURE INDEX WASTE INDEX ECONOMIC INDEX EDUCATIONAL INDEX HEALTH INDEX Transportation Communication Electricity Potable Water Waste Water Treatment Solid Waste
- 16. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING Fossil Fuel Depletion Ozone Depletion Smog Acidification Eutrophication Deforestation, Soil Erosion Habitat Alteration Loss of Bio-Diversity Water Depletion Ecological Toxicity Human Health / Carcinogenic
- 17. 4. SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS Built Environment Impacts Natural Environment. Assessing total Energy Impact involves Life Cycle Analysis from extraction stage to end of life stage. But has its own limitations. Assessment of Green House Gas emissions in terms of Carbon Dioxide equivalent is complicated due to several processes involved from equipment efficiency to Transport efficiency. UNEP calls for development of country specific sustainable indicators that help in assessing the overall energy impact applicable to any building or infrastructure project. This calls for developing new Sustainability Indicators
- 18. Whole Building Life Cycle Analysis : Involves three methods- Input-out put analysis-Process Analysis and Hybrid Analysis-First two have limitations-Third combines both and hence more realistic. SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR ENERGY IMPACT ANALYSIS TPSI-Tall Building Projects Sustainability Indicator : Takes into account sub-systems involved in a construction process. Specialized only for buildings that are more than 20 floors. This threshold limit is on the established fact that beyond 20 floors, energy efficiency dramatically changes. MIPS – Material Intensity per Service Unit Indicator : Quantifies ecological disturbances due to technological interferences using FoM concept.
- 19. NEW SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR ENERGY IMPACT ANALYSIS Green Building Rating Systems : Most Green Building Rating systems available today are criteria based. Whole building process are categorized into several criteria and credited with points – Normalizing them into Star Ratings or other nomenclature. They are good to streamline the processes but do not accurately measure the impact of BE on NE. None of the systems include properties of materials and integrate them in the assessment process. This lacunae calls for development of a New Sustainability Indicator, applicable for entire Built environment with ease.
- 20. • SUSTAINABILITY IS COMPLEX PHENOMENA • TOO MANY VARIABLES • LACK OF Dependable DATA • LIMITATIONS IN EXISTING ASSESSMENT TOOLS • UNEP CALL FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRY SPECIFIC INDICATORS IN CONCLUSION ;
- 21. Sustainability Development Index (SDI) based on Figure of Merit (FoM) concept and evaluate sustainability Levels in TALL buildings. SDI developed is expressed in terms Sustainability Percentage.
- 22. 5. Figure of Merit (FoM) Figure of Merit (FoM) has several contextual definitions and has been extensively used in various fields of engineering to assess the most suitable option amongst available alternatives.
- 23. Figure of Merit to be a mathematical expression where inputs are some of the important engineering characteristics of a material and the output data validating these characteristics. Engineering characteristics of a Material Validation of input Characteristics FoM- Mathematical Expression
- 24. Figure of Merit (FoM) Applications In engineering designs- FoM is applied to find out material suitability, Compare utility, applicability and design options. In commercial domain- FoM helps end users to decide upon the dependability of a particular brand. In risk assessment- FoM helps in decision making in respect of a type of risk mitigation measure to be adopted. Studies show many examples of FoM applications and formulations using engineering parameters.
- 25. REFERENCE ENGINEERING PROPERTY 1 REFERENCE ENGINEERING PROPERTY 2 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY COST STIMULANT 2 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY COST STIMULANT 1 FIGURE OF MERIT (FoM) Figure of Merit (FoM) Construction E = Modulus of Elasticity in GPa ; ρ = Density of material in Kg/ m3; Cm = Cost of material in INR / m3; Ca = Cost of construction per square meter Figure of Merit ( FoM) ZC = E/ρ x Cm x 1/Ca
- 26. Sustainability Development Index Interaction Model (SDIIM)
- 28. INTERACTION VALUES ( I1, I2, I3) COMBINING FOM WITH RELEVANT ECO PARAMETERS LEADS TO … SDI = I1+I2+I3
- 29. SDI = I1 + I2 + I3 I1= √ (ZC x EEC x TEC) I2= √ (ZC x ECC x TEC x µ) I3= √ (ZC x EEC x ECC x TEC) ZC = Figure of Merit as defined in Equation 1; EEC = Embodied Energy Coefficient = EE / EE (stone) ECC = Embodied Carbon Coefficient = ECe / ECe (stone) TEC = Transport Energy Coefficient = 0.00285 / EE µ = Time Coefficient = EEC x (Design Period / GWP Time Period) THREE PRIMARY EQUATIONS
- 30. GW: Global Warming , GWP : Global warming Potential , CO2e : Green house gasses expressed CO2 equivalent INTERACTION I3 Materials & Embodied Energy Embodied Energy & GW (CO2e) GW(CO2e) & Materials Figure 2: Evaluation Parameters included in I1,I2 and I3 Synergic Effect of Interaction (I1+I2+I3) GWP Period ( 100 years) Transport Energy Total Cost of Materials Cost of Construction SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDEX (SDI) % INTERACTION I1 INTERACTION I2 Modulus of Elasticity Material Density Embodoed Energy Transport Energy Embodied Carbon GWP Period ( 100 years) Design Life (50 years) Transport Energy Embodied CO2 (e) Modulus of Elasticity Material Density Embodoed Energy Modulus of Elasticity Material Density Embodoed Energy EVALUATION PARAMETERS INCLUDED IN I1, I2, I3 12 ECO PARMTRS
- 31. EE TE CO2e I1 I2 I3 CM vs EE EE vs GW GHG vs CM EE : Embodoed Energy GW : Global Warming GHG : CO2 equivalent SYSTEM INPUTS QUANTIFICATION ENERGY AUDIT APPLICATION Sustainable Development Index Expressed in % ENERGY COEFFICIENTS SDI= (I1+I2+I3) & SDI % Construction Materials and Construction Process Material Consumption Assessment per unit Area of Construction INTERACTIONS SYNERGIC EFFECT Sustainability Rating System BMP VALUES TE : Transport Energy Individual Building Materials within the Building Infrastructure Projects Cluster of Buildings CM : Construction Materials SDI : Sustainability Development Index MATERIALS # Extraction # Processing # Manufacture # Transport # Delivery # Use # Maintain # Dispose CRADLE TO CRADLE # Elasticity Modulus # Material Density # Cost of Material # Cost of Construction # Range Values FIGURE OF MERIT PRIMARY PARAMETERS # Concrete # Steel # Formwork # Structural Glazing # Flooring # Masonry # Plaster # Painting # Waterproofing # Doors # Windows # EmbodiedEnergy # CO2 Emission # Transport Energy # Operational Energy # EE Coefficient # EC Coefficient # DesignPeriod # Recyclability ENERGY AUDIT BENCH MARK PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT INDEX MODEL (SDIM) WITHIN THE SYSTEM OUTSIDE THE SYSTEM
- 32. 6. CASE STUDY BUILDINGS CHOSEN FROM DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES AND DIFFERENT CITIES OF INDIA
- 33. SDI COMPUTATION INVOLVES : • Figures of Merit for various construction materials • Embodied Energy computation per Sqm • Embodied Carbon computation per Sqm • Embodied Energy Coefficient • Embodied Carbon Coefficient • Transport Energy Coefficient • I1- Interaction between Materials and EE • I2- Interaction between EE and Global Warming • I3- Interaction between Global Warming and Materials
- 34. From the EE distribution chart, it can be seen that Concrete, Steel, Formwork, Windows and Masonry are important from energy efficiency consideration.
- 36. From the ECe distribution chart, it can be seen that Concrete, Steel, Formwork, Windows and Masonry are important from energy efficiency consideration.
- 38. From the SDI % distribution chart, it can be seen that Steel, Formwork, Concrete, Windows and Flooring are important from Sustainability assessment point of view.
- 42. P1, 34 P2, 46 P3, 46 P4, 57 P5, 68 P6, 25 P7, 35P8, 50 P9, 36 P10, 40 P11, 39 P12, 32 P13, 30 P15, 42 P16, 43 STEEL-SDI % VALUES
- 43. P1, 1 P2, 1 P3, 2 P4, 2 P5, 1 P6, 7 P7, 8 P8, 12 P9, 13 P11, 1 P12, 8 P15, 1 WINDOWS-SDI %
- 45. In Conclusion Role of Sustainability Indices is to help assessing the energy impact of Built Environment in Buildings and Infrastructure Projects. Sustainability Development Index (SDI) discussed here is one of the methods where : Sustainability Levels of subsystems within the building can be computed and expressed in percentage. Sustainability Level of a building in its entirety as compared to a Benchmark Project can be expressed in terms of percentage. Sustainability level of building clusters in a particular locality. SDI can be an excellent tool in Rating a Building from Energy perspective.
- 46. THANK YOU ALL