ROMAN-CIVILIZATION.pdf for educational purposes
- 1. THE GRANDEUR THAT WAS ROME PREPARED BY: JOHN PAUL L. PRANES, LPT
- 3. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING • Rome was originally a little city on the bank of the Tiber River in Italy. • Italy appears as a boot- shaped peninsula in Southern Europe. • Italy comes from the Latin term italus, which means “boot”.
- 4. THE LATIN AND OTHER MIGRANTS •Indo-European tribes settled in the fertile plain of Latinium, south of the Tiber River, at about 2000 B.C. •At about 800 and 500 BC, others migrated to Italy, They were the Etruscans from Crete, the Greeks, and the Gauls.
- 5. LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME
- 6. LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME According to Roman legend, the city of Rome was founded by Romulus on April 21, 753 B.C.
- 7. LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME He was the twin brother of Remus and traced his ancestry to Mars, god of war, and to Silvia, the female descendant of Trojans.
- 8. LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME The twin Romulus and Remus were thrown into the Tiber River by a wicked usurper to the throne.
- 9. LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME But they were saved by a she-wolf who nursed them with her own milk and raised them in a cave.
- 10. LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME When they grow up in manhood, Romulus and Remus killed the usurper. Romulus built his kingdom on the seven hills of Rome.
- 11. LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME He killed his twin brother Remus in a fight for supremacy. Thus, Rome became known as “The City on Seven Hills.”
- 12. LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME Its present emblem is the figure of a she-wolf nursing twins.
- 13. 7 HILLS OF ROME Palatine Hill, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine.
- 14. FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A REPUBLIC •According to history, the earliest rulers of Rome were the Etruscans who conquered Rome about 600 B.C. •In 509 B.C., the Romans led by Lucius Junius Brutus, rose in arms and drove away the Etruscans. They established a republic that lasted from 509 B.C. to 31 B.C.
- 15. FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A REPUBLIC • The Roman Republic, however, was not democratic. The Senate (government) was controlled by the aristocracy called “patricians”. • They were the only ones who could hold public office and make laws. The poor people called “plebeians” or “plebs” had no say in government.
- 16. FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A REPUBLIC In 494 B.C., the plebeians rose in revolt. They marched to Rome and threatened to build their own city. This frightened the patricians who gave in to the demands of the poor people.
- 17. FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A REPUBLIC In 451 B.C., the laws of Rome were written on twelve tablets of bronze which were fixed to the main platform in the public square (forum) where everybody could see them. These “Twelve Tables of Laws” were Rome’s first written code.
- 18. FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A REPUBLIC •The patrician rulers and judges could no longer fool the people as they did earlier when the laws were not written down. •In time, the plebeians were allowed to marry rich Romans and to become high officials in the government.
- 19. ROME AS MASTER OF ITALY • After becoming the master of central Italy, Rome turned to the south and fought the Greeks. The Greek leader was Pyrrhus, the cousin of Alexander the Great. • He won an earlier battle against the Romans but eventually lost in the Battle of Beneventum (275 B.C.) where Southern Italy also fell into Roman hands.
- 20. THE PUNIC WARS (264-146 B.C.) Rome expansion brought it into conflict with Carthage, another power in the Mediterranean. Carthage was located near modern Tunisia in North Africa. It was an independent and commercial empire with a vast naval fleet. Its powerful navy dominated the Mediterranean Sea.
- 21. THE PUNIC WARS (264-146 B.C.) •Rome and Carthage fought three Punic Wars. “Punic” comes from the Latin word Puni for Phoenician because Carthage was founded by Phoenicians immigrants.
- 22. THE PUNIC WARS (264-146 B.C.) •Rome almost lost everything to the Carthaginian general called Hannibal. •He boldly crossed the Alps, and mountains of Italy with war elephants and 49,000 soldiers.
- 23. THE PUNIC WARS (264-146 B.C.) • Cleverly, Rome went on the attack and sent Scipio Africanus and an army to invade Carthage. • Hannibal was recalled to his home country, but his mercenary (paid) soldiers deserted him, so he lost the fight.
- 24. THE PUNIC WARS (264-146 B.C.) • Hannibal killed himself at Bithynia in 182 B.C. • Carthage was doomed. The great orator Cato of Rome incited the Romans with the stirring cry “Carthage must be destroyed!” Thus, the Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C.
- 25. THE RISE OF CAESAR • Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar formed a coalition known as the First Triumvirate. • Each sought to win military glory in different parts of the Roman realm.
- 26. THE RISE OF CAESAR •Pompey went to the Middle East but failed to conquer the Persians. •Crassus campaigned in Parthia, but his army was annihilated by the famous Parthian cavalry and he himself was slain.
- 27. THE RISE OF CAESAR •Caesar campaigned in Gaul and became the most successful member of the Triumvirate. •Pompey fled to Greece and Caesar marched in triumph as he enter Rome.
- 28. THE RISE OF CAESAR •Caesar campaigned in Gaul and became the most successful member of the Triumvirate. •Pompey fled to Greece and Caesar marched in triumph as he enter Rome.
- 29. THE RISE OF CAESAR •Caesar’s military exploits made him famous among the Romans. Both Pompey and the Senate, fearing Caesar’s rising popularity, ordered him to disband the army and return to Rome. •The crisis had now come. At the Rubicon River, which separated Gaul from Italy, Caesar pondered his dilemma.
- 30. THE RISE OF CAESAR • If he crossed it, he might lose his prestige and even his life. He made his decision. As he plunged into the river with his army, he said, “The die is cast!”. Thus making an important decision is still known as “crossing the Rubicon”.
- 31. THE RISE OF CAESAR •Caesar defeated Pompey, his rival in Thessaly (48 B.C.). Pompey escaped to Egypt where he was assassinated. •Caesar rushed to Egypt and had a romance with the beautiful Queen Cleopatra, “Serpent of Nile.”
- 32. THE RISE OF CAESAR • After his victories in Egypt and Asia Minor, he sent his famous message to Roman Senate, “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered). • The Senate made him dictator for life and conferred upon him all the powers of government. He was practically an “uncrowned king.”
- 33. THE RISE OF CAESAR • So many senators turned against him. They feared that he was planning to establish a monarchy. On March 15, 44 B.C. the tragic “Ides of March” they assassinated him inside the Senate. • Among the assassins were his two friends, Brutus and Cassius.
- 34. CONTRIBUTION OF JULIUS CAESAR • He improved the government of Rome by appointing capable governors. • He established colonies so that the landless Roman families might own their lands. • He financed many public works to relieve unemployment. • He granted Roman citizenship to the Spaniards, Gauls and other non-Italian peoples. • In 45 B.C., he issued a new calendar that added an extra day every fourth year to form a “leap year”
- 35. END OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC •After Caesar’s assassination, Cicero, the famous orator, took charge of the republic. He tried to win the people’s support, but failed. His failure led to the formation of the Second Triumvirate, consisting of Octavian, Mark Anthony and Lepidus.
- 36. END OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC •They brought their combined forces against the armies. In 42 B.C. they defeated the republican forces in Philippi, Macedonia.
- 37. END OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC •In a naval battle in Actium off the coast of Epirus on September 2, 31 B.C.,Octavian crushed the combined fleets of Anthony and Cleopatra. Both committed suicide and Egypt became a Roman province.
- 38. EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE • Octavian became the master of the Roman world. The Roman senator made him the emperor. The republic was placed by an empire. In 27 B.C. the Senate conferred on him the name Augustus. With this new name, he assumed power as the first emperor of the Roman Empire.
- 39. EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE •Augustus introduced good governance into the empire. He appointed honest and efficient officials, especially in provinces. •He removed the corrupt and unworthy politicians from the Senate.
- 40. EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE •He improved the system of taxation. •He drained the swamps, built roads, and aqueducts, and promoted agriculture and commerce.
- 41. EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE •Above all, he adorned Rome with magnificent marble edifices, such as temples, palaces, baths, and theaters. •Thus he said proudly, “I found Rome a city of brick; I left it a city of marble.”
- 42. 1st CENTURY EMPERORS •Emperor Tiberius left Rome for a haven of debauchery in Capri, Italy.
- 43. 1st CENTURY EMPERORS •Caligula was known as the mad emperor and even elected his horse a consul.
- 44. 1st CENTURY EMPERORS •Nero started the persecution of Christians and the great fire in Rome in 64 A.D.
- 45. 4 GOOD EMPERORS •Trajan was a military commander born in Spain and not an aristocrat in Rome.
- 46. 4 GOOD EMPERORS •Hadrian was also a Spaniard, under his rule, Roman architecture reached its peak.
- 47. 4 GOOD EMPERORS •Antoninus gave Rome a firm and kind rule which earned him the title of “Pius”.
- 48. 4 GOOD EMPERORS •Marcus Aurelius was a renowned writer and philosopher of the Stoic philosophy.