Rome Republic To Empire
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The document summarizes the founding and early history of Rome from 1000 BC to 285 AD. It describes how the Latins established the small town of Rome and were later conquered by the more advanced Etruscans. In 509 BC, the Latins rebelled and gained freedom, establishing the Roman Republic with a system of rule by representatives rather than a monarchy or direct democracy. The Republic expanded through military conquests of neighboring territories. Internal problems and civil wars eventually weakened the Republic. Julius Caesar became dictator for life, effectively ending the Republic. His adopted heir Octavian defeated his rivals Mark Antony and Cleopatra, establishing the Roman Empire with himself as the first emperor, Augustus. The empire reached its height but also faced
Rome Republic To Empire
- 2. The Founding of Rome The Italian Peninsula was occupied by three groups of people: Etruscans Latins Greeks (Colonies) The Etruscans were a well- organized society and were friends and traders with the Greeks The Latins were a loosely organized group of poor tribes. They established a small town called Rome. The Greeks had colonized southern Italy and Sicily for raw materials. The Greeks were Trading partners with the Etruscans. Italy 1000 B.C.
- 3. The Founding of Rome Humble Beginnings The Latins built a small village on a hill above the Tiber River. The village was called Rome. Latins lived in clay huts with straw roofs. They were farmers, shepherds and peasants. They had no written language. Shortly before 600B.C. the Latins were conquered by the Etruscans who were more advanced and larger in numbers. The Latins were reduced to slave labor. In 509 B.C. the Latins rebelled and gained their freedom.
- 4. The Founding of Rome No kings no Democracy The Latins needed a government. They disliked the idea of a monarchy because their former Etruscan masters had been ruled by cruel kings. A Greek style Democracy was not acceptable because the Greeks had been allies of the Etruscans. A prominent man named Lucius Junius Brutus developed the idea of a Republic. It was far from being a monarchy and different enough from a democracy. The Latins also renamed themselves after their city, Rome. Latin had come to mean “slave” under the Etruscans. Lucius Junius Brutus
- 5. The Roman Republic The intent was to share power between the aristocracy (Patricians) and the commoners (Plebians). In reality the Patricians controlled the government through the Consuls, Senate and courts. Democracy – All citizens vote on all laws Republic – All citizens vote for representatives to make laws
- 6. All laws passed in the Senate were said to have been done in the name of… the Senate the People and the Republic of Rome Senātus Populusque RōmānusThis becomes the logo / emblem of the Roman Republic. During the Empire, the Emperors signed laws with the SPQR as if they were truly serving the Senate and the people of Rome.
- 7. The Roman Republic Flaw One feature of the Roman Republic was Dictators. In times of emergency, the Senate would appoint 1 person to rule until the danger had passed. The Dictator would then give up total power and return to normal life. They were rewarded for their service. This actually worked 86 times! The Roman Republic prized public service and civic virtue. Titus Manlius Torquatus was Dictator 3 times Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus Is the most famous Dictator. Know for his “civic virtue”. He was the model of Roman dictatorship.
- 8. The Roman Republic Expansion The Roman Republic expanded through military conquest. Rome’s powerful challenger was the Kingdom of Carthage in North Africa. Rome fought three wars with Carthage. Carthage was defeated and exterminated. Rome would dominate the Mediterranean Sea for 622 years. Carthage Roman Republic Greece The Carthaginian General Hannibal invaded Rome with Elephants
- 9. The Roman Republic The Roman Republic annexed Greece and Macedonia. The Romans would copy Greek culture: art, philosophy, architecture and religion. Rome becomes the Guarantor of Egyptian security and the major purchaser of Egyptian grain.
- 10. The Roman Republic Internal Problems Rewarding soldiers with plunder made them loyal to their generals not to Rome. 3 slave uprisings Final uprising comprised 150,000 slaves commanded by a gladiator/slave named Spartacus 12 Civil Wars Generals-Senators-Patricians allying and fighting each other for power Constant internal fighting was weakening the republic militarily, financially and socially. Dictators were no longer working, so the Senate tried to put an end to the conflicts by having three men run Rome together. A Triumvirate! What could go wrong?
- 11. The Roman Republic Internal Problems The First Triumvirate 60 BC. Dies during a failed invasion of modern day Iraq. Plots to remove Caesar and then openly challenges him while he is away invading Gaul, (France). Returns to Rome with his loyal army and chases Pompey from Rome to Greece to Egypt. Caesar “convinces” the Senate to give him the title of Dictator for Life.
- 12. The Roman Republic The end Julius Caesar becomes “Dictator for life”. But keeps the Senate for “show”. He becomes the hero of the Plebeians by increasing the number of people on the dole. Building sewers in poor areas of Rome and increasing fresh water supplies. He offers more games for the people’s entertainment. Caesar has a daughter from his first wife but no other children. He adopts his great-nephew ( daughter’s grandson ) Gaius Julius Caesar Octavius
- 13. Julius Caesar Caesar meets Cleopatra Cleopatra Ceasarion Death of Caesar Julius Caesar
- 14. 2nd Triumvirate 43 – 33BC. Following Caesar's death, the 2nd Triumvirate was formed to hunt down Caesar’s killers. The three divided up the Republic. Octavian was a thinker and disliked Marc Antony who he considered a “man who’s head was all muscle”. Octavian believed that he alone should inherit Caesar’s power and property. Quickly removed from power by Octavian. Antony married Octavian’s sister to “keep the peace”. Antony meets Cleopatra because he needs money. Cleopatra needs protection from Octavian because of Ceasarion. They fall in love and are married. Italy and the West Eastern half North Africa
- 15. Octavian goes to war with Antony and Cleopatra Civil War Octavian Cleopatra and Marc Antony Cleopatra and Antony are defeated by Octavian. Battle of Actium. Antony and Cleopatra return to Egypt and commit suicide. “Antony wait”- Cleopatra Ceasarion is killed by Octavian when he takes Egypt The Republic Ends
- 16. Roman Empire The Beginning Octavian returns to Rome Victorious. He has the Senate proclaim his father a God. The title, “Divi Filius” (son of the divine) is added to his name. He convinces the Senate to call all future dictators of Rome Ceasar. He is rewarded with the title Ceasar for life…ergo he is a living god. He then adds the title, “Imperator” (which is what soldiers call a victorious general). Octavian becomes Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus 1st Emperor of Rome
- 17. Roman Empire The Beginning Augustus ruled for 40 years. 63 BC. – 14AD. His reign was one of stability within the Empire. He attempted to bring new moral standards to Roman life through laws which his own family constantly violated. He failed disastrously to conquer the Germanic tribes. All of his heirs died mysterious deaths except for his 2nd wife Livia’s son, Tiberius. Augustus died, most likely from poisoning Rome entered a period of internal peace known as the Pax Romana ( Peace of Rome). Livia, the “Poison Queen”
- 18. Roman Empire The Beginning Following the 40-year reign of Augustus the Julian family ruled Rome. Tiberius 14 – 37AD Caligula37 – 41AD Claudius41 – 54AD Nero 54 – 68AD Year of 5 Emperors 68AD Ruled for 22 years. Went insane as a result of syphilis. Was suffocated by Caligula. Ruled for 3 years. Went insane and was assassinated by the Pretorian Guard. Ruled for 13 years. A good ruler but bad judge of wives. Poisoned by 3rd wife in favor of her son. Ruled for 13 years. A “mommy’s boy” who went insane. Murdered his mother, and committed suicide. Following Nero, three generals claimed the throne. They killed each other in 1 year.
- 19. Roman Empire The Roman Empire would last for 503 years. A total of 136 Emperors ruled the Empire with an average length of 3 years on the throne. There were some good emperors but far more bad ones. Only 32 emperors are believed to have died of natural causes. Rome’s power and wealth acted like a magnet attracting men of all types to wear the purple. Emperors learned to keep the Plebeians of Rome fed and entertained and to keep the Patricians at arm’s length or under his thumb. The Imperial system becomes weaker as struggles for the Throne throw the Empire into turmoil. Vespasian Ended the year of 5 Emperors. Established a new dynasty and ruled for 10 years
- 20. Roman Empire At it’s height, the Roman Empire covered 1.699 million miles. The Population of the Empire was 56.8 million. The slave population was about 40%, or 23 million The economy of Rome was based on farming and trade. Large companies were formed to facilitate trade with all parts of the Empire. Goods from Egypt could be in the city of Rome within 20 days.
- 21. Roman Empire achievements Water Management The Romans were masters at supplying fresh clean water to their cities and towns. Fresh water and the removal of sewage resulted in better health for the population. Aqueducts Cistern for water storage Fountains for public water and decoration Public restrooms Sewer systems
- 22. Roman Empire Achievements Roads The Romans built over 55,000 miles of paved roads throughout the empire. Roads connected every major city. The roads made travel faster. The movement of the army faster plus merchants and traders could move goods easier and faster. The road system also allowed the central government to be in communications with the far-flung corners of the empire. Crossing stones kept people out of the “muck” of the streets and regulated the width of wagons and carts Mile marker showing distance and who built the road. A Roman road over 2,000 years old and still used today.
- 23. Roman Empire Achievements Apartment Buildings As the population increased, Romans learned to build multi-story apartment buildings. Some eventually reached seven stories. They were dark, foul smelling, smoky and crime ridden. Public fountain Apartments Shops & Restaurants Public Toilet. About 1 on every block
- 24. Roman Empire Achievements Shopping Malls and Fast Food The Romans developed “take-away” food and indoor shopping malls. Walk up food shops served soups, cooked meats, bread, fresh fruits and vegetables, baked pastries and wine. This food was popular for apartment dwellers since cooking fires could easily destroy an entire building. Trajan’s Market was an enclosed 4 story shopping mall. Inside Trajan’s Market
- 25. Roman Empire Achievements Public Entertainment Rome kept the people happy with entertainment and food. It was free to the poor ( Bread & Circuses ). If the people were fed and distracted, then they paid no attention to what the government was doing. The Coliseum, where gladiators fought to the death for public amusement. Every large roman town had one. The Circus Maximus was a chariot race track. Roman theater copied a lot from Greek theater, (comedies & tragedies).
- 26. Roman Empire The Division In 285 AD. The Emperor Diocletian believed that going forward under the current system of Roman Imperial Government was unsustainable. He decided to split the Empire into halves in order to be more manageable. The two halves of the Empire were to be ruled by two equal emperors. One Emperor of the Western Empire. One Emperor of the Eastern Empire. Western Empire Eastern Empire The division of Rome was intended to ensure the survival of the Empire. It had the opposite effect in the long run. The Western Empire suffered from constant barbarian attacks and financial problems. Constantinople Rome
- 27. Military Causes Poorly trained soldiers. Little loyalty among soldiers. Germanic invasion . Political Causes Oppressive government losses popular support. Government corruption. Division of empire. Internal power struggles. Empire too large. Collapse of the Roman Empire Economic Causes Increase in taxes to support the army and bureaucracy Reliance on slave labor. Indenture of farmers to wealthy landowners. Social Causes Population declined due to disease and war. Decline in patriotism, discipline and devotion to duty. Upper classes devoted to luxury and self-interest. Christianity. Roman Empire The collapse Latifundia Wealthy Romans bought private farms and joined them together to create mega farms. The original farmers were unemployed and the farms were worked by large numbers of slaves. Unemployed = not paying taxes Slaves = not paying taxes Barbarians Huns- invaded northern Europe from the East, pushing the Germanic tribes, (Visigoths) south and west to invade Rome from the north, and the Vandals were pushed south to the northern coast of Africa where they invaded Rome from the south. The collapse of Rome happened suddenly. The causes for the collapse had been festering and growing unchecked for a long time.
- 28. Roman Empire The collapse In 476 AD. The barbarian leader, Odoacer captured the city of Rome and forced the 15 year old Western Emperor, Romulus Augustus to surrender the crown. This marks the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire would adapt and survive for another 977 years. Emperor Romulus Augustus Odoacer
- 29. Types of Government Monarch (king or queen)- Born with the power Emperor – Born with or takes power over many nations Dictator – given the power Tyrant – seizes the power by force Autocracy – Rule by one leader Ephors – rule by a few nobles Triumvirate – rule by a group of three authoritarians Oligarchy – Rule by a few Direct Democracy – every citizen votes on all laws Indirect Democracy / Republic - Citizens vote for representatives to make laws for the people Democracy – Rule by the people = a type of government we have already see in class so far.
- 30. Autocracy: rule by one person - Neolithic tribes ERV kings Pharaoh of Egypt Emperor of China Oligarchy: rule by a few - Triumvirates in Ancient Rome Tyranny: one person with total authority – (usually seized) Early Greek kings Roman Emperors Direct Democracy: rule by many with direct participation- Athenian democracy Republic Representative Democracy: rule by many through elected representatives - The Roman Republic Feudalism/Autocracy: contract between lord and vassal- Medieval European kings Japan Representative or Constitutional Democracy: Elected representatives of the people with a written framework of laws England after 1688 The United States The Path to Democratic Thought